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Mustafa MS, Shafique MA, Aheed B, Ashraf F, Ali SMS, Iqbal MF, Haseeb A. The impact of ketogenic diet on drug-resistant epilepsy in children: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1495-1503. [PMID: 38315271 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by high-fat and low-carbohydrate intake, is currently gaining widespread popularity as a treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). In addition to the traditional ketogenic diet, several variants have been introduced to enhance compliance and flexibility, such as the modified Atkins diet (MAD) and the low glycemic index diet (LGID). These adaptations aim to provide patients with more manageable and sustainable options while harnessing the potential therapeutic benefits of DRE. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the KD in pediatric patients who exhibit DRE. In this study, we conducted a thorough review of existing literature by searching Cochrane, Embase, Medline, and PubMed. Our approach involved predefined criteria for data extraction and the assessment of study quality. Eleven RCTs with 788 participants were included in this study. The pooled effect estimates revealed a significant association between dietary interventions and seizure frequency reduction of > 50% (OR 6.68, 96% CI 3.52, 12.67) and > 90% (OR 4.37, 95% CI 2.04, 9.37). Dietary interventions also increased the odds of achieving seizure freedom (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.61, 10.60). The common adverse effects included constipation (39.07%) and vomiting (10%). In conclusion, dietary interventions, notably the KD, hold promise for pediatric DRE, reducing seizures and achieving freedom. These non-pharmacological options improve the quality of life of non-responsive and non-surgical patients. The KD has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach. Further research is needed to address the limitations and investigate their long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqlain Mustafa
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashir Shafique
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Bilal Aheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farheen Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Sinaan Ali
- Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, National Stadium Rd, Karachi, Karachi City, Sindh, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanak Wara Nanakwara, Karachi, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
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Yılmaz Ü, Nalbantoğlu Ö, Güzin Y, Edizer S, Akışin Z, Pekuz S, Kırkgöz HH, Yavuz M, Ünalp A, Özkan B. The effect of ketogenic diet on thyroid functions in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:5261-5269. [PMID: 33846882 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diet (KD) remains a valuable treatment option for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, it may cause many well-known adverse effects such as dyslipidemia or kidney stones. But, its effects on thyroid functions are largely unknown. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the KD on thyroid functions in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHOD A total of 66 children (35 females) aged 3-193 months (median, 52 months) with drug-resistant epilepsy who received a KD for at least 12 months were enrolled in the study. All children were started on KD with 3:1 ratio which was then adjusted as clinically necessary. Serum free-thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were measured before starting treatment and at the first, sixth and twelfth months of treatment. Changes in FT4 and TSH concentrations over 12 months were analyzed. RESULTS Median serum FT4 and TSH concentrations, and the frequencies of patients with low FT4 and high TSH concentrations did not change significantly in the study sample over the 12-month study period. Serum FT4 levels increased significantly and TSH concentrations decreased insignificantly in four patients receiving L-thyroxine replacement therapy. During the 12-month treatment period, BMI-SDS increased, and the number of antiepileptic drugs decreased significantly. CONCLUSION It appears that KD therapy does not impair thyroid functions in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. KD can be used safely along with L-thyroxine replacement even in children with pre-existing subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünsal Yılmaz
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Nalbantoğlu
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yiğithan Güzin
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Selvinaz Edizer
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Akışin
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Pekuz
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Hilal Kırkgöz
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Yavuz
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aycan Ünalp
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Alsancak, 35210, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Behzat Özkan
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Health Sciences University Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diets (KDs) are high in fat and low in carbohydrates and have been suggested to reduce seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. Such diets may be beneficial for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. This is an update of a review first published in 2003, and last updated in 2018. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of ketogenic diets for people with drug-resistant epilepsy. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) and MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 26 April 2019) on 29 April 2019. The Cochrane Register of Studies includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We imposed no language restrictions. We checked the reference lists of retrieved studies for additional relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA RCTs or quasi-RCTs of KDs for people of any age with drug-resistant epilepsy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied predefined criteria to extract data and evaluated study quality. We assessed the outcomes: seizure freedom, seizure reduction (50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency), adverse effects, cognition and behaviour, quality of life, and attrition rate. We incorporated a meta-analysis. We utilised an intention-to-treat (ITT) population for all primary analyses. We presented the results as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS We identified 13 studies with 932 participants; 711 children (4 months to 18 years) and 221 adults (16 years and over). We assessed all 13 studies to be at high risk of performance and detection bias, due to lack of blinding. Assessments varied from low to high risk of bias for all other domains. We rated the evidence for all outcomes as low to very low certainty. Ketogenic diets versus usual care for children Seizure freedom (RR 3.16, 95% CI 1.20 to 8.35; P = 0.02; 4 studies, 385 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and seizure reduction (RR 5.80, 95% CI 3.48 to 9.65; P < 0.001; 4 studies, 385 participants; low-certainty evidence) favoured KDs (including: classic KD, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) KD combined, MCT KD only, simplified modified Atkins diet (MAD) compared to usual care for children. We are not confident that these estimated effects are accurate. The most commonly reported adverse effects were vomiting, constipation and diarrhoea for both the intervention and usual care group, but the true effect could be substantially different (low-certainty evidence). Ketogenic diet versus usual care for adults In adults, no participants experienced seizure freedom. Seizure reduction favoured KDs (MAD only) over usual care but, again, we are not confident that the effect estimated is accurate (RR 5.03, 95% CI 0.26 to 97.68; P = 0.29; 2 studies, 141 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Adults receiving MAD most commonly reported vomiting, constipation and diarrhoea (very low-certainty evidence). One study reported a reduction in body mass index (BMI) plus increased cholesterol in the MAD group. The other reported weight loss. The true effect could be substantially different to that reported. Ketogenic diet versus ketogenic diet for children Up to 55% of children achieved seizure freedom with a classical 4:1 KD after three months whilst up to 85% of children achieved seizure reduction (very low-certainty evidence). One trial reported a greater incidence of seizure reduction with gradual-onset KD, as opposed to fasting-onset KD. Up to 25% of children were seizure free with MAD and up to 60% achieved seizure reduction. Up to 25% of children became seizure free with MAD and up to 60% experienced seizure reduction. One study used a simplified MAD (sMAD) and reported that 15% of children gained seizure freedom rates and 56% achieved seizure reduction. We judged all the evidence described as very low certainty, thus we are very unsure whether the results are accurate. The most commonly reported adverse effects were vomiting, constipation and diarrhoea (5 studies, very low-certainty evidence). Two studies reported weight loss. One stated that weight loss and gastrointestinal disturbances were more frequent, with 4:1 versus 3:1 KD, whilst one reported no difference in weight loss with 20 mg/d versus 10 mg/d carbohydrates. In one study, there was a higher incidence of hypercalcuria amongst children receiving classic KD compared to MAD. All effects described are unlikely to be accurate. Ketogenic diet versus ketogenic diet for adults One study randomised 80 adults (aged 18 years and over) to either MAD plus KetoCal during the first month with MAD alone for the second month, or MAD alone for the first month followed by MAD plus KetoCal for the second month. No adults achieved seizure freedom. More adults achieved seizure reduction at one month with MAD alone (42.5%) compared to MAD plus KetoCal (32.5%), however, by three months only 10% of adults in both groups maintained seizure reduction. The evidence for both outcomes was of very low certainty; we are very uncertain whether the effects are accurate. Constipation was more frequently reported in the MAD plus KetoCal group (17.5%) compared to the MAD only group (5%) (1 study, very low-certainty evidence). Diarrhoea and increase/change in seizure pattern/semiology were also commonly reported (17.5% to 20% of participants). The true effects of the diets could be substantially different to that reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that KDs could demonstrate effectiveness in children with drug-resistant epilepsy, however, the evidence for the use of KDs in adults remains uncertain. We identified a limited number of studies which all had small sample sizes. Due to the associated risk of bias and imprecision caused by small study populations, the evidence for the use of KDs was of low to very low certainty. More palatable but related diets, such as the MAD, may have a similar effect on seizure control as the classical KD, but could be associated with fewer adverse effects. This assumption requires more investigation. For people who have drug-resistant epilepsy or who are unsuitable for surgical intervention, KDs remain a valid option. Further research is required, particularly for adults with drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Martin-McGill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Rebecca Bresnahan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Paul N Cooper
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford, UK
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Ketogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric epilepsy: review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:1099-1109. [PMID: 32173786 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ketogenic diet (KD), containing high levels of fat and low levels of carbohydrates, has been used to treat refractory epilepsy since the 1920s. In the past few decades, there has been more interest in less restrictive KDs such as the modified Atkins diet (MAD). PURPOSE Our aim was to review all evidence regarding the efficacy and tolerability of the KD and MAD from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. METHODS We reviewed the current literature using Cochrane, EMBASE, and MEDLINE (using PubMed). We implemented predefined criteria regarding dataextraction and study quality. RESULTS We identified five RCTs that generated seven publications and recruited 472 children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy (≤ 18 years). The primary outcome (seizure frequency reduction (SFR) ≥ 50%) was attained in 35-56.1% of the participants in the intervention group, compared with 6-18.2% in the control group. Our meta-analysis underlined the significant efficacy of the KD compared with the control group: RR = 5.1 (95% CI 3.18-8.21, p < 0.001). Additionally, only two studies mentioned possible biomarkers to objectively evaluate the efficacy. Secondary outcomes, such as seizure severity and quality of life, were studied in three trials, leading to indecisive generalization of these findings. Gastro-intestinal adverse effects were the most prevalent, and no severe adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION Despite the heterogeneity between all studies, the beneficial results underline that dietary interventions should be considered for children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy who are not eligible for epilepsy surgery. Future studies should be multi-center and long-term, and evaluate potential biomarkers and adverse effects.
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Martin‐McGill KJ, Jackson CF, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD001903. [PMID: 30403286 PMCID: PMC6517043 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001903.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diets (KDs), being high in fat and low in carbohydrates, have been suggested to reduce seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. At present, such diets are mainly recommended for children who continue to have seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (drug-resistant epilepsy). Recently, there has been interest in less restrictive KDs, including the modified Atkins diet (MAD), and the use of these diets has extended into adult practice. This is an update of a review first published in 2003 and last updated in 2016. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of KDs for drug-resistant epilepsy by reviewing the evidence from randomised controlled trials. SEARCH METHODS For the latest update we searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialized Register (11 April 2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 11 April 2017), MEDLINE (Ovid, 11 April 2017), ClinicalTrials.gov (11 April 2017) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, 11 April 2017). We imposed no language restrictions. We checked the reference lists of retrieved studies for additional reports of relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials of ketogenic diets for people with drug-resistant epilepsy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied predefined criteria to extract data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS We identified 11 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that generated 15 publications.All trials applied an intention-to-treat analysis with varied randomisation methods. The 11 studies recruited 778 patients; 712 children and adolescents and 66 adults. We assessed all 11 studies to be at low to unclear risk of bias for the following domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment and selective reporting. For the other domains (blinding, incomplete outcome data, other bias) assessments were varied (low, unclear and high risk of bias). We could not conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the studies and the quality of the evidence was low to very low (GRADE ratings).Reported rates of seizure freedom reached as high as 55% in a classical 4:1 KD group after three months and reported rates of seizure reduction reached as high as 85% in a classical 4:1 KD group after three months (GRADE rating low).One trial found no significant difference between the fasting-onset and gradual-onset KD for rates of seizure freedom, and reported a greater rate of seizure reduction in the gradual-onset KD group.Studies assessing the efficacy of the MAD reported seizure freedom rates of up to 25% and seizure reduction rates of up to 60% in children. One study used a simplified MAD (sMAD) and reported seizure freedom rates of 15% and seizure reduction rates of 56% in children. One study utilised a MAD in adults and reported seizure reduction rates of 35%, but no patients became seizure free (GRADE rating low).Adverse effects of the dietary interventions were experienced in all studies. The most commonly reported adverse effects were gastrointestinal syndromes. It was common that adverse effects were the reason for participants dropping out of trials (GRADE rating low). Other reasons for dropout included lack of efficacy and non-acceptance of the diet (GRADE rating low).Although there was some evidence for greater antiepileptic efficacy for a classical 4:1 KD over lower ratios, the classical 4:1 KD was consistently associated with more adverse effects.One study assessed the effect of dietary interventions on quality of life, cognition and behavioural functioning, reporting participants in the KD group to be more active, more productive and less anxious after four months, compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was found in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) between the KD group and control group at four or 16 months (GRADE rating very low). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The RCTs discussed in this review show promising results for the use of KDs in epilepsy. However, the limited number of studies, small sample sizes and the limited studies in adults, resulted in a low to very low overall quality of evidence.There were adverse effects within all of the studies and for all KD variations, such as short-term gastrointestinal-related disturbances and increased cholesterol. However, study periods were short, therefore the long-term risks associated with these adverse effects is unknown. Attrition rates remained a problem with all KDs and across all studies; reasons for this being lack of observed efficacy and dietary tolerance.Only one study reported the use of KDs in adults with epilepsy; therefore further research would be of benefit.Other more palatable but related diets, such as the MAD, may have a similar effect on seizure control as the classical KD, but this assumption requires more investigation. For people who have medically intractable epilepsy or people who are not suitable for surgical intervention, KDs remain a valid option; however, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Martin‐McGill
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyLower LaneLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustDietetics OfficeLower LaneLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Cerian F Jackson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyLower LaneLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Rebecca Bresnahan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyLower LaneLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Robert G Levy
- The Croft Shifta Health CentreBelfield RoadRochdaleUKOL16 2UP
| | - Paul N Cooper
- Salford Royal Hospitals NHS TrustCentre for Clinical NeurosciencesHope HospitalStott LaneSalfordGreater ManchesterUKM6 8HD
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Hasan-Olive MM, Lauritzen KH, Ali M, Rasmussen LJ, Storm-Mathisen J, Bergersen LH. A Ketogenic Diet Improves Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Bioenergetics via the PGC1α-SIRT3-UCP2 Axis. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:22-37. [PMID: 30027365 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD; high-fat, low-carbohydrate) can benefit refractory epilepsy, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. We used mice inducibly expressing a mutated form of the mitochondrial DNA repair enzyme UNG1 (mutUNG1) to cause progressive mitochondrial dysfunction selectively in forebrain neurons. We examined the levels of mRNAs and proteins crucial for mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. We show that hippocampal pyramidal neurons in mutUNG1 mice, as well as cultured rat hippocampal neurons and human fibroblasts with H2O2 induced oxidative stress, improve markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and function when fed on a KD, and when exposed to the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate, respectively, by upregulating PGC1α, SIRT3 and UCP2, and (in cultured cells) increasing the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the NAD+/NADH ratio. The mitochondrial level of UCP2 was significantly higher in the perikarya and axon terminals of hippocampus CA1 pyramidal neurons in KD treated mutUNG1 mice compared with mutUNG1 mice fed a standard diet. The β-hydroxybutyrate receptor GPR109a (HCAR2), but not the structurally closely related lactate receptor GPR81 (HCAR1), was upregulated in mutUNG1 mice on a KD, suggesting a selective influence of KD on ketone body receptor mechanisms. We conclude that progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in mutUNG1 expressing mice causes oxidative stress, and that exposure of animals to KD, or of cells to ketone body in vitro, elicits compensatory mechanisms acting to augment mitochondrial mass and bioenergetics via the PGC1α-SIRT3-UCP2 axis (The compensatory processes are overwhelmed in the mutUNG1 mice by all the newly formed mitochondria being dysfunctional).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahdi Hasan-Olive
- Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy and CMBN/SERTA Healthy Brain Ageing Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Knut H Lauritzen
- Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy and CMBN/SERTA Healthy Brain Ageing Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy and CMBN/SERTA Healthy Brain Ageing Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda H Bergersen
- Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy and CMBN/SERTA Healthy Brain Ageing Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wijnen BF, de Kinderen RJ, Lambrechts DA, Postulart D, Aldenkamp AP, Majoie MH, Evers SM. Long-term clinical outcomes and economic evaluation of the ketogenic diet versus care as usual in children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 132:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Appavu B, Vanatta L, Condie J, Kerrigan JF, Jarrar R. Ketogenic diet treatment for pediatric super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure 2016; 41:62-5. [PMID: 27475280 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study whether ketogenic diet (KD) therapy leads to resolution of super-refractory status epilepticus in pediatric patients without significant harm. METHOD A retrospective review was performed at Phoenix Children's Hospital on patients with super-refractory status epilepticus undergoing ketogenic diet therapy from 2011 to 2015. RESULTS Ten children with super-refractory status epilepticus, ages 2-16 years, were identified. 4/10 patients had immune mediated encephalitis, including Rasmussen encephalitis, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis, and post-infectious mycoplasma encephalitis. Other etiologies included Lennox Gastaut Syndrome, non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, PCDH19 and GABRG2 genetic epilepsy, New Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. 4/10 patients' EEG features suggested focal with status epilepticus, and 6/10 suggested generalized with status epilepticus. Median hospital length was 61days and median ICU length was 27days. The median number of antiepileptic medications prior to diet initiation was 3.0 drugs, and the median after ketogenic diet treatment was 3.5 drugs. Median duration of status epilepticus prior to KD was 18days. 9/10 patients had resolution of super-refractory status epilepticus in a median of 7days after diet initiation. 8/9 patients were weaned off anesthesia within 15days of diet initiation, and within 1day of achieving ketonuria. 1/10 patients experienced side effects on the diet requiring supplementation. CONCLUSION Most patients achieved resolution of status epilepticus on KD therapy, suggesting it could be an effective therapy that can be utilized early in the treatment of children with super refractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Appavu
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Ambulatory Building, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
| | - Lisa Vanatta
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Ambulatory Building, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
| | - John Condie
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Ambulatory Building, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
| | - John F Kerrigan
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Ambulatory Building, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
| | - Randa Jarrar
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Ambulatory Building, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
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IJff DM, Postulart D, Lambrechts DAJE, Majoie MHJM, de Kinderen RJA, Hendriksen JGM, Evers SMAA, Aldenkamp AP. Cognitive and behavioral impact of the ketogenic diet in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 60:153-157. [PMID: 27206235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ketogenic diet (KD) is increasingly used for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in childhood because of the beneficial effect on seizure reduction. The aim of the current study was to objectively assess cognition and aspects of behavior during the first 4months of a randomized controlled study in children and adolescents. METHODS Participants from a tertiary epilepsy center were randomized to a KD group (intervention) or a care-as-usual (CAU) group (control). Follow-up assessments on cognition and behavior were performed approximately 4months after initiation of the KD with a combination of parent report questionnaires and individually administered psychological tests for the children. RESULTS A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study, 28 patients from the KD group and 22 patients from the CAU group. The KD group showed lower levels of anxious and mood-disturbed behavior and was rated as more productive. Cognitive test results showed an improvement of activation in the KD group. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a positive impact of the KD on behavioral and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. More specifically, an activated mood and cognitive activation were observed in patients treated with the KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M IJff
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; MHENS School of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Debby Postulart
- Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marian H J M Majoie
- Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Reina J A de Kinderen
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G M Hendriksen
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Center of Neurological Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M A A Evers
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, National Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; MHENS School of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD), being high in fat and low in carbohydrates, has been suggested to reduce seizure frequency. It is currently used mainly for children who continue to have seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Recently, there has been interest in less restrictive KDs including the modified Atkins diet (MAD) and the use of these diets has extended into adult practice. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence for efficacy and tolerability from randomised controlled trials regarding the effects of KD and similar diets. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialized Register (30 March 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 30 March 2015), MEDLINE (Ovid, 30 March 2015), ClinicalTrials.gov (30 March 2015) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, 30 March 2015). We imposed no language restrictions. We checked the reference lists of retrieved studies for additional reports of relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies of KDs and similar diets for people with epilepsy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied pre-defined criteria to extract data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS We identified seven randomised controlled trials that generated eight publications.All trials applied an intention-to-treat analysis with varied randomisation methods. The seven studies recruited 427 children and adolescents and no adults. We could not conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the studies.Reported rates of seizure freedom reached as high as 55% in a 4 : 1 KD group after three months and reported rates of seizure reduction reached as high as 85% in a 4 : 1 KD group after three months.One trial found no significant difference between the fasting-onset and gradual-onset KD for rates of seizure freedom and reported a greater rate of seizure reduction in the gradual-onset KD group.Studies assessing the efficacy of the MAD reported seizure freedom rates of up to 10% and seizure reduction rates of up to 60%. One study compared the MAD to a 4 : 1 KD, but did not report rates of seizure freedom or seizure reduction.Adverse effects were fairly consistent across different dietary interventions. The most commonly reported adverse effects were gastrointestinal syndromes. It was common that adverse effects were the reason for participants dropping out of trials. Other reasons for drop-out included lack of efficacy and non-acceptance of the diet.Although there was some evidence for greater antiepileptic efficacy for a 4 : 1 KD over lower ratios, the 4 : 1 KD was consistently associated with more adverse effects.No studies assessed the effect of dietary interventions on quality of life, or cognitive or behavioural functioning. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The randomised controlled trials discussed in this review show promising results for the use of KDs in epilepsy. However, the limited number of studies, small sample sizes and a sole paediatric population resulted in a poor overall quality of evidence.There were adverse effects within all of the studies and for all KD variations, such as short-term gastrointestinal-related disturbances, to longer-term cardiovascular complications. Attrition rates remained a problem with all KDs and across all studies, reasons for this being lack of observed efficacy and dietary tolerance.There was a lack of evidence to support the clinical use of KD in adults with epilepsy, therefore, further research would be of benefit.Other more palatable but related diets, such as the MAD ketogenic diet, may have a similar effect on seizure control as classical KD but this assumption requires more investigation. For people who have medically intractable epilepsy or people who are not suitable for surgical intervention, a KD remains a valid option; however, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, UK, L9 7LJ
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11
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Jackson CF, Makin SM, Marson AG, Kerr M. Non-pharmacological interventions for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD005502. [PMID: 26355236 PMCID: PMC7265116 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005502.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to drug treatment and continue to experience seizures whilst taking one or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Several non-pharmacological interventions that may be used in conjunction with or as an alternative to AEDs are available for refractory patients. In view of the fact that seizures in people with intellectual disabilities are often complex and refractory to pharmacological interventions, it is evident that good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to assess the efficacy of alternatives or adjuncts to pharmacological interventions.This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review (Beavis 2007) published in The Cochrane Library (2007, Issue 4). OBJECTIVES To assess data derived from randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities.Non-pharmacological interventions include, but are not limited to, the following.• Surgical procedures.• Specialised diets, for example, the ketogenic diet, or vitamin and folic acid supplementation.• Psychological interventions for patients or for patients and carers/parents, for example, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback and educational intervention.• Yoga.• Acupuncture.• Relaxation therapy (e.g. music therapy). SEARCH METHODS For the latest update of this review, we searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialised Register (19 August 2014), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via CRSO (19 August 2014), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 19 August 2014) and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, 1887 to 19 August 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria and extracted study data. MAIN RESULTS One study is included in this review. When two surgical procedures were compared, results indicated that corpus callosotomy with anterior temporal lobectomy was more effective than anterior temporal lobectomy alone in improving quality of life and performance on IQ tests among people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. No evidence was found to support superior benefit in seizure control for either intervention. This is the only study of its kind and was rated as having an overall unclear risk of bias. The previous update (December 2010) identified one RCT in progress. The study authors have confirmed that they are aiming to publish by the end of 2015; therefore this study (Bjurulf 2008) has not been included in the current review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the need for well-designed randomised controlled trials conducted to assess the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on seizure and behavioural outcomes in people with intellectual disabilities and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerian F Jackson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Selina M Makin
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Anthony G Marson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Michael Kerr
- Hadyn Ellis Building, European Cancer Stem Cell Research, Cardiff UniversityCardiffWalesUKCF24 4HQ
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12
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Cao D, Badoe E, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Hu Y, Liao J. First Application of Ketogenic Diet on a Child With Intractable Epilepsy in Ghana. Child Neurol Open 2015; 2:2329048X15604593. [PMID: 28503594 PMCID: PMC5417030 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x15604593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa is higher than in other parts of the world, but it is short of the effective measure on treating intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy surgery is not easy to be performed due to the high cost and demand of operational skills. The authors planned to perform ketogenic diet therapy for the children with intractable epilepsy in Ghana with regard to its low cost and simple procedure. The candidate is a 10-month-old girl with epilepsy with unknown etiology. Her seizures couldn't be controlled by more than 3 antiepileptic drugs. Her development delayed severely due to frequent seizures. The authors successfully applied ketogenic diet for her. Her seizures were completely controlled after 2 weeks' therapy. Her mental condition was improved after that. The authors get much experience from this case for further developing ketogenic diet in Africa. This is the first report that ketogenic diet was applied to control intractable epilepsy in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Cao
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Eben Badoe
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine and Child Health, University of Ghana
| | - Yanwei Zhu
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Jianxiang Liao, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China.
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13
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Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an increasing interest in the potential association between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and epilepsy. Both T1D and epilepsy are common conditions in children and adolescents, and therefore, their association might represent simply a coincidence or be related to common underlying mechanisms with a potential causal relationship. Few epidemiological studies have been performed in the pediatric population, and they have reached discordant conclusions, with some studies reporting an increased prevalence of epilepsy in children and adolescents with T1D, whereas others have not confirmed this finding. Several mechanisms could explain the occurrence of epilepsy in young people with T1D, such as metabolic abnormalities (hypo/hyperglycemia) and autoantibodies, along with a genetic predisposition and the presence of brain lesions/damage. Further studies are required to better define whether there is a causal relationship between the two conditions and to understand the underlying mechanisms.
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14
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Cecil KM, Mulkey SB, Ou X, Glasier CM. Brain ketones detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in an infant with Ohtahara syndrome treated with ketogenic diet. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:133-7. [PMID: 24907925 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atypical resonances on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examinations are occasionally found in children undergoing a metabolic evaluation for neurological conditions. While a radiologist's first instinct is to suspect a pathological metabolite, usually the origin of the resonance arises from an exogenous source. We report the appearance of distinct resonances associated with a ketogenic diet in a male infant presenting with Ohtahara syndrome. These resonances can be confused in interpretation with lactate and glutamate. To confirm assignments, the basis set for quantification was supplemented with simulations of β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone and acetoacetate in LCModel spectroscopy processing software. We were able to quantitate the levels of end products of a ketogenic diet and illustrate how to distinguish these resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 5033, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA,
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15
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Giordano C, Marchiò M, Timofeeva E, Biagini G. Neuroactive peptides as putative mediators of antiepileptic ketogenic diets. Front Neurol 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24808888 PMCID: PMC4010764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various ketogenic diet (KD) therapies, including classic KD, medium chain triglyceride administration, low glycemic index treatment, and a modified Atkins diet, have been suggested as useful in patients affected by pharmacoresistant epilepsy. A common goal of these approaches is to achieve an adequate decrease in the plasma glucose level combined with ketogenesis, in order to mimic the metabolic state of fasting. Although several metabolic hypotheses have been advanced to explain the anticonvulsant effect of KDs, including changes in the plasma levels of ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and brain pH, direct modulation of neurotransmitter release, especially purinergic (i.e., adenosine) and γ-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission, was also postulated. Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are potent modulators of synaptic activity, and their levels are regulated by metabolic states. This is the case for neuroactive peptides such as neuropeptide Y, galanin, cholecystokinin, and peptide hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). In particular, the GHRP ghrelin and its related peptide des-acyl ghrelin are well-known controllers of energy homeostasis, food intake, and lipid metabolism. Notably, ghrelin has also been shown to regulate the neuronal excitability and epileptic activation of neuronal networks. Several lines of evidence suggest that GHRPs are upregulated in response to starvation and, particularly, in patients affected by anorexia and cachexia, all conditions in which also ketone bodies are upregulated. Moreover, starvation and anorexia nervosa are accompanied by changes in other peptide hormones such as adiponectin, which has received less attention. Adipocytokines such as adiponectin have also been involved in modulating epileptic activity. Thus, neuroactive peptides whose plasma levels and activity change in the presence of ketogenesis might be potential candidates for elucidating the neurohormonal mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of KDs. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for altered regulation of the synthesis of neuropeptides and peripheral hormones in response to KDs, and we try to define a possible role for specific neuroactive peptides in mediating the antiepileptic properties of diet-induced ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giordano
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marchiò
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Timofeeva
- Département Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
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Galicia-Connolly E, Adams D, Bateman J, Dagenais S, Clifford T, Baydala L, King WJ, Vohra S. CAM use in pediatric neurology: an exploration of concurrent use with conventional medicine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94078. [PMID: 24736474 PMCID: PMC3988088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that up to 60% of children with neurologic conditions have tried complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). OBJECTIVE To assess the use of CAM among patients presenting to neurology clinics at two academic centers in Canada. METHODS A survey instrument was developed to inquire about use of CAM products and therapies, including reasons for use, perceived helpfulness, and concurrent use with conventional medicine, and administered to patients or their parents/guardians at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) in Ottawa. RESULTS Overall CAM use at the Stollery was 78%, compared to 48% at CHEO. The most common CAM products used were multi-vitamins (84%), vitamin C (37%), homeopathic remedies (24%), and fish oil/omega 3 s (22%). The most common CAM practices used were massage (47%), chiropractic (37%), faith healing (18%), aromatherapy (16%), homeopathy (16%), and relaxation (16%). Many patients used CAM products at the same time as conventional medicine but just over half (57%) discussed this concurrent use with their physician. CONCLUSION CAM use is common in pediatric neurology patients and most respondents felt that it was helpful, with few or no harms associated. However, this use is often undisclosed, increasing possibility of interactions with conventional drugs. We urge clinicians to inquire about CAM use during routine history taking at every patient visit. Parents would clearly like more information about CAM from their specialty clinics; such information would be easier to share if more primary data were available about the safety and effectiveness of commonly used therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Adams
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin Bateman
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon Dagenais
- Palladian Health, West Seneca, New York, United States of America
| | - Tammy Clifford
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology & Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lola Baydala
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - W. James King
- Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunita Vohra
- CARE Program, PedCAM Network, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Kossoff EH. Nonpharmacological approaches: diet and neurostimulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 111:803-8. [PMID: 23622228 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52891-9.00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are many children with intractable epilepsy who do not respond to anticonvulsant medications yet are not candidates for resective epilepsy surgery. For these children and more, nonpharmacologic therapies can be very helpful. The primary therapies include diet and neurostimulation. Dietary therapies available currently include the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, medium chain triglyceride diet, and low glycemic index treatment. Neurostimulation, using electricity to abort seizures, includes vagus nerve stimulation only at this time. However, other treatments such as deep brain stimulation and cortical responsive stimulation (NeuroPace) are under active development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Kossoff
- John M. Freeman Pediatric Epilepsy Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Willmott NS, Bryan RAE. Scurvy in child with epilepsy on a ketogenic diet with oral complications. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 9:148-52. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jóźwiak S, Kossoff EH, Kotulska-Jóźwiak K. Dietary treatment of epilepsy: rebirth of an ancient treatment. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2011; 45:370-8. [PMID: 22101998 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1921, the ketogenic diet has been in continuous use for children with difficult-to-control epilepsy. After decades of relative disuse, it is now both extremely popular and well studied, with approximately two-thirds of children demonstrating significant seizure reduction after 6 months. It is being used for less intractable seizures in children as well as recently adults. Modifications that help improve tolerability include the medium chain triglyceride diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index treatment. Major side effects include acidosis, increased cholesterol, kidney stones, gastroesophageal reflux, and growth disturbance. However, these side effects are usually treatable and nowadays often even preventable. Future non-epilepsy indications such as Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, and brain tumors are under active investigation. This dietary treatment for epilepsy has undergone a rebirth. Its widespread use in Poland and Europe is a welcome additional treatment for those with drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Jóźwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology of the Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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de Kinderen RJA, Lambrechts DAJE, Postulart D, Kessels AGH, Hendriksen JGM, Aldenkamp AP, Evers SMAA, Majoie MHJM. Research into the (Cost-) effectiveness of the ketogenic diet among children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21262002 PMCID: PMC3039580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures which have a high impact on the individual as well as on society as a whole. In addition to the economic burden, epilepsy imposes a substantial burden on the patients and their surroundings. Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy depend heavily on informal care and on health care professionals. About 30% of patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy. The ketogenic diet can be a treatment of last resort, especially for children. The beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet has been proven, but information is lacking about its cost-effectiveness. In the current study we will evaluate the (cost-) effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy. Methods/Design In a RCT we will compare the ketogenic diet with usual care. Embedded in this RCT will be a trial-based and model-based economic evaluation, looking from a societal perspective at the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the ketogenic diet versus usual care. Fifty children and adolescents (aged 1-18) with intractable epilepsy will be screened for eligibility before randomization into the intervention or the usual care group. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of children with a 50% or more reduction in seizure frequency. Secondary outcomes include seizure severity, side effects/complaints, neurocognitive, socio-emotional functioning, and quality of life. Costs and productivity losses will be assessed continuously by a prospective diary and a retrospective questionnaire. Measurements will take place during consults at baseline, at 6 weeks and at 4 months after the baseline period, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months follow-up after the 4 months consult. Discussion The proposed research project will be the first study to provide data about the cost-effectiveness of the ketogenic diet for children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy, in comparison with usual care. It is anticipated that positive results in (cost-) effectiveness of the proposed intervention will contribute to the improvement of treatment for epilepsy in children and adolescents and will lead to a smaller burden to society. Trial registration The study has been registered with the Netherlands Trial Registry (NTR2498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina J A de Kinderen
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Granata T, Marchi N, Carlton E, Ghosh C, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Alexopoulos AV, Janigro D. Management of the patient with medically refractory epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:1791-802. [PMID: 19951138 PMCID: PMC3761964 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy imposes a significant clinical, epidemiologic and economic burden on societies throughout the world. Despite the development of more than ten new antiepileptic drugs over the past 15 years, approximately a third of patients with epilepsy remain resistant to pharmacotherapy. Individuals who fail to respond, or respond only partially, continue to have incapacitating seizures. Managing patients with medically refractory epilepsy is challenging and requires a structured multidisciplinary approach in specialized clinics. If the problems related to drug resistance could be resolved, even in part, by improving the pharmacokinetic profile of existing drugs, the economic savings would be remarkable and the time required to design drugs that achieve seizure control would be shorter than the discovery of new targets and molecules was required. A promising approach is the use of corticosteroids that may have a dual beneficial effect. Resective brain surgery remains the ultimate and highly successful approach to multiple drug resistance in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Granata
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland, OH, USA, Department of Child Neurology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy, Tel.: +39 022 394 302, Fax: +39 027 063 8217
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Cerebrovascular Research Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Tel.: +1 216 445 0561, Fax: +1 216 445 1466
| | - Erin Carlton
- Cerebrovascular Research Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Tel.: +1 216 445 0561, Fax: +1 216 445 1466
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Cell Biology and Cerebrovascular Research Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Tel.: +1 216 445 0561, Fax: +1 216 445 1466
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland, OH, USA, Tel.: +1 216 445 0561, Fax: +1 216 445 1466
| | - Andreas V Alexopoulos
- Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center, 9500 Euclid Ave, S-51, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Tel.: +1 216 444 3629, Fax: +1 216 445 4378
| | - Damir Janigro
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology and the Cerebrovascular Research Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Tel.: +1 216 445 0561, Fax: +1 216 445 1466
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Abstract
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a rare, age-related syndrome, characterized by multiple seizure types, a specific electro-encephalographic pattern, and mental regression. However, published data on the etiology, evolution, and therapeutic approach of LGS are contradictory, partly because the precise definition of LGS used in the literature varies. In the most recent classification, LGS belongs to the epileptic encephalopathies and is highly refractory to all antiepileptic drugs. Numerous treatments, medical and non-medical, have been proposed and results mostly from open studies or case series have been published. Sometimes, patients with LGS are included in a more global group of patients with refractory epilepsy. Only 6 randomized double-blind controlled trials of medical treatments, which included patients with LGS, have been published. Overall, treatment is rarely effective and the final prognosis remains poor in spite of new therapeutic strategies. Co-morbidities need specific treatment. This paper summarizes the definition, diagnosis and therapeutic approach to LGS, including not only recognized antiepileptic drugs, but also "off label" medications, immune therapy, diet, surgery and some perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenou van Rijckevorsel
- Reference Centre of Refractory Epilepsy, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Mosek A, Natour H, Neufeld MY, Shiff Y, Vaisman N. Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: a prospective pilot study. Seizure 2008; 18:30-3. [PMID: 18675556 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of ketogenic diet (KD) in adults with refractory epilepsy. METHODS Eligible subjects were 18-45 years old with at least two monthly focal seizures (with or without secondary generalization) documented by 8 weeks' follow-up. Classic form of KD treatment (90% fat) was planned for 12 weeks: daily seizure diaries were kept and measurements of the urinary ketones were recorded. Blood studies were done monthly and resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate utilization; body composition and quality of life (QOL) were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS Nine patients were enrolled (average age 28+/-6 years; seven women). Only two subjects concluded the study per protocol due to an early drop-out. The average length of KD treatment was 8+/-4 weeks (two patients completed 12 weeks of KD; feelings of hunger and lack of efficacy resulted in withdrawal of the rest). The two patients who concluded the study had a more than 50% reduction in the frequency of the seizures. The others experienced no improvement. Adherence to the KD protocol (100%) was documented by constant ketonuria and increased fat utilization as indicated by the change in respiratory quotient (p<0.031). The KD increased the cholesterol levels (mainly LDL; p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In our experience with relatively small adult population, adherence to KD is difficult. In patients who had compliance over 3 weeks (6/8), KD does not seem to have a significant effect. Yet, the significant reduction in the two patients who concluded the study per protocol may indicate that some patients may benefit from this diet. Significant increase in LDL levels and the unlikable dietary changes are additional impediments to its implementation among adults with refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Mosek
- The Headache Clinic of the Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Neal EG, Chaffe H, Schwartz RH, Lawson MS, Edwards N, Fitzsimmons G, Whitney A, Cross JH. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Remahl S, Dahlin MG, Amark PE. Influence of the ketogenic diet on 24-hour electroencephalogram in children with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38:38-43. [PMID: 18054691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is a therapeutic diet used to treat medically refractory epilepsy in children. It was found to be effective and safe. Apart from a reduced number of seizures, positive cognitive effects were described. The mechanisms of action are not fully understood, but both antiseizure and antiepileptogenic effects were proposed. Among other changes ascribed to the introduction of the diet, changes in electroencephalogram patterns might contribute to an understanding of the effects of the ketogenic diet. In this study, 23 children (mean age, 6.5 years) with pharmacoresistant epilepsy were started on the diet. They were examined via 24-hour ambulatory electroencephalogram directly before starting the diet, and after 3 months of treatment. The changing electroencephalogram pattern was evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively. Background activity, interictal epileptiform activity, ictal activity, and seizure reduction were evaluated. Quality of life was estimated on a visual analog scale. In 15 of 23 patients, the electroencephalogram indicated improvement in terms of more normal background activity or decreased interictal epileptiform activity. This improvement was seen in both seizure-reduction responders and nonresponders, and was not predictive of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Remahl
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Institution, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Beavis J, Kerr M, Marson AG. Non-pharmacological interventions for epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005502. [PMID: 17943860 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005502.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients remain refractory to drug treatment and continue to experience seizures whilst taking one or more antiepileptic drugs. There are a number of non-pharmacological interventions available to refractory patients which may be used in conjunction with or as an alternative to antiepileptic medication. In view of the fact that seizures in intellectually disabled people are often complex and refractory to pharmacological interventions it is evident that good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of alternatives or adjuncts to pharmacological interventions are needed in this population. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to assess the data available from randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions in patients with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2006), MEDLINE OVID (1966 to October 2006) and PsychInfo OVID (1806 to October 2006). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied inclusion criteria and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS No RCTs were found for this study population. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review has highlighted the need for well-designed randomised controlled trials to assess the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on seizure and behavioural outcomes in an intellectually disabled epilepsy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beavis
- Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Welsh Centre for Learning Disability, Meridian Court, North Road, Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF14 3BG.
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Abstract
The ketogenic diet, a high fat, adequate protein, low carbohydrate diet, has, during the past decade, had a resurgence of interest for the treatment of difficult-to-control seizures in children. This review traces its history, reviews its uses and side effects, and discusses possible alternatives and the diet's possible mechanisms of action. Finally, this review looks toward possible future uses of the ketogenic diet for conditions other than epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Freeman
- John M. Freeman Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287-7247, USA.
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Kneen R, Appleton RE. Alternative approaches to conventional antiepileptic drugs in the management of paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:936-41. [PMID: 17056869 PMCID: PMC2082960 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.080002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there has been a rapid expansion in the number and types of available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), but there is increasing concern amongst parents and carers about their unwanted side effects. Seizure control is achieved in approximately 75% of children treated with conventional AEDs, but non-conventional (or non-standard) medical treatments, surgical procedures, dietary approaches, and other non-pharmacological treatment approaches may have a role to play in those with intractable seizures or AED toxicity. Many of the approaches are largely common sense and are already incorporated into our current practice, including, for example, avoidance techniques and lifestyle advice, while others require further investigation or appear to be impractical in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kneen
- Department of Neurology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
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Keene DL. A systematic review of the use of the ketogenic diet in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 35:1-5. [PMID: 16814077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet has been used in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy since the 1920s. A systematic review of the efficacy, adverse reactions, and costs associated with using the diet was performed. PubMed and Ovid searches were performed using the keywords epilepsy/therapy, dietary therapy, ketogenic diet, adverse events, and costs. Cochrane library was searched. Bibliographies of papers located by searches and review articles were compiled. Papers published after 1990 were selected if they were written in either English or French and reported on the use of classic ketogenic diet in patients under age 18 years of age with medically refractory epilepsy. Outcome measures were degree of seizure control, duration patient remained on diet, and occurrence of adverse events. Twenty-six studies were found. No prospective-controlled studies were found. Fourteen studies met all criteria for inclusion. The studies indicated that some children report reduction in seizure frequency. The estimated rate for obtaining complete seizure control was 15.6% (95% confidence interval 10.4-20.8%) with 33% (95% confidence interval 24.3-41.8%) reporting greater than 50% reduction in seizures. Adverse events were not frequent; however, 16 cases of death occurring while on the diet were found. No cost/benefit studies were located. There is evidence to support the cautious use of ketogenic diet in children with refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Keene
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Fasting has been recognized as a treatment for seizures since ancient times. The ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate, adequate-protein, high-fat diet that biochemically mimics the fasting state and has been used to successfully treat seizures for 85 years. The diet has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity over the past decade and is gaining acceptance and use worldwide. Many studies over the past several years have explored possible mechanisms of action for the ketogenic diet. This review addresses these studies, as well as recent research regarding possible indications for the diet, variations in its initiation, side effect profiles, and the recent use of modified formulations to improve tolerability.
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Abstract
Heilbronn and Ravussin discuss the findings and implications of a study in PLoS Biology of caloric restriction in fruit flies. Are there implications for humans?
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie K Heilbronn
- Health and Performance Enhancement Division, Pennington Biomedical Research Centre, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Abstract
Approximately one third of children with epilepsy have persistent seizures despite trials of multiple antiepileptic medications. For some of these patients, epilepsy surgery may provide freedom from seizures. However, in many cases, epilepsy surgery is not a viable treatment option. Nonpharmacological approaches are a useful adjunct to help manage seizures in these children. This review examines the role of vagus nerve stimulation, the ketogenic diet, and various forms of EEG biofeedback therapy in children with intractable epilepsy. Although the mechanism of action is not known precisely for any of these adjunctive therapies, they add an important and evolving dimension to the management of difficult to control epilepsy in children. In addition, pyridoxine-dependent seizures are discussed as an example of an etiology of refractory seizures that responds well to replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj D Sheth
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53792-5132, USA.
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