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Structure-activity relationship studies of four novel 4-aminopyridine K + channel blockers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:52. [PMID: 31919372 PMCID: PMC6952366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Aminopyridine (4AP) is a specific blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels (KV1 family) clinically approved for the symptomatic treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It has recently been shown that [18F]3F4AP, a radiofluorinated analog of 4AP, also binds to KV1 channels and can be used as a PET tracer for the detection of demyelinated lesions in rodent models of MS. Here, we investigate four novel 4AP derivatives containing methyl (-CH3), methoxy (-OCH3) as well as trifluoromethyl (-CF3) in the 2 and 3 position as potential candidates for PET imaging and/or therapy. We characterized the physicochemical properties of these compounds (basicity and lipophilicity) and analyzed their ability to block Shaker K+ channel under different voltage and pH conditions. Our results demonstrate that three of the four derivatives are able to block voltage-gated potassium channels. Specifically, 3-methyl-4-aminopyridine (3Me4AP) was found to be approximately 7-fold more potent than 4AP and 3F4AP; 3-methoxy- and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminopyridine (3MeO4AP and 3CF34AP) were found to be about 3- to 4-fold less potent than 4AP; and 2-trifluoromethyl-4-AP (2CF34AP) was found to be about 60-fold less active. These results suggest that these novel derivatives are potential candidates for therapy and imaging.
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Brugarolas P, Sánchez-Rodríguez JE, Tsai HM, Basuli F, Cheng SH, Zhang X, Caprariello AV, Lacroix JJ, Freifelder R, Murali D, DeJesus O, Miller RH, Swenson RE, Chen CT, Herscovitch P, Reich DS, Bezanilla F, Popko B. Development of a PET radioligand for potassium channels to image CNS demyelination. Sci Rep 2018; 8:607. [PMID: 29330383 PMCID: PMC5766510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) demyelination represents the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to other neurological conditions. Quantitative and specific imaging of demyelination would thus provide critical clinical insight. Here, we investigated the possibility of targeting axonal potassium channels to image demyelination by positron emission tomography (PET). These channels, which normally reside beneath the myelin sheath, become exposed upon demyelination and are the target of the MS drug, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). We demonstrate using autoradiography that 4-AP has higher binding in non-myelinated and demyelinated versus well-myelinated CNS regions, and describe a fluorine-containing derivative, 3-F-4-AP, that has similar pharmacological properties and can be labeled with 18F for PET imaging. Additionally, we demonstrate that [18F]3-F-4-AP can be used to detect demyelination in rodents by PET. Further evaluation in Rhesus macaques shows higher binding in non-myelinated versus myelinated areas and excellent properties for brain imaging. Together, these data indicate that [18F]3-F-4-AP may be a valuable PET tracer for detecting CNS demyelination noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brugarolas
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jorge E Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerome J Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Dhanabalan Murali
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Onofre DeJesus
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, NIH/NINDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Linenberger ML, Price TH. Use of Cellular and Plasma Apheresis in the Critically Ill Patient: Part II: Clinical Indications and Applications. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 20:88-103. [PMID: 15855221 DOI: 10.1177/0885066604273479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apheresis is the process of separating the blood and removing or manipulating a cellular or plasma component for therapeutic benefit. Such procedures may be indicated in the critical care setting as primary or adjunctive therapy for certain hematologic, neurologic, renal, and autoimmune/rheumatologic disorders. In part I of this series, the technical aspects of apheresis were described and the physiologic rationale and clinical considerations were discussed. This review highlights the pathophysiologic basis, specific clinical indications, and treatment parameters for disorders that more commonly require management in the intensive care unit. The choice of plasma or cellular apheresis in these cases is guided by wellaccepted, evidence-based clinical treatment guidelines. For some disorders, such as liver failure, severe sepsis, and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome, apheresis treatment approaches remain experimental. Ongoing studies are investigating the potential utility of conventional plasma exchange, ex vivo plasma manipulation, and newer technologies for these and other disorders in severely ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Linenberger
- Apheresis and Cellular Therapy, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Lee CJ, Lim SH, Shin CM, Kim YJ, Choe YK, Cheong SH, Lee KM, Lee JH, Kim YH, Cho KR, Lee SE, Bae JS. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome as a cause of persistent neuromuscular weakness after a mediastinoscopic biopsy -A case report-. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59:45-8. [PMID: 20651998 PMCID: PMC2908227 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.59.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many causes of prolonged postoperative muscle weakness, including drugs, residual anesthetics, cerebrovascular events, electrolyte imbalance, hypothermia, and neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscular diseases are relatively rare, with the most common being myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). We report an unusual case in which a patient who was given a muscle relaxant during mediastinoscopy developed postoperative muscle weakness that was ultimately diagnosed as secondary to LEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Ruiz-Antorán B, Agustí Escasany A, Vallano Ferraz A, Danés Carreras I, Riba N, Mateu Escudero S, Costa J, Sánchez Santiago MB, Laredo L, Durán Quintana JA, Castillo JR, Abad-Santos F, Payares Herrera C, Sádaba Díaz de Rada B, Gómez Ontañón E. Use of non-specific intravenous human immunoglobulins in Spanish hospitals; need for a hospital protocol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:633-41. [PMID: 20204337 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) use in non-approved indications, the increase in consumption and its high cost recommend rationalisation in its utilisation. AIMS To assess the use of IVIG in Spanish hospitals. METHODS An observational, prospective and multicentre drug utilisation study was conducted in 13 tertiary Spanish hospitals. Data were collected for 3 months in patients receiving any IVIG. Patient demographics, indication for IVIG use, dosage regimen and cost of treatment were collected. RESULTS Five hundred and fifty-four patients (mean age of 52 years) were included in the study. A total of 1,287 prescriptions were administered, and the average number of prescriptions per patient was 2.3. The mean daily dose was 24 g (range 0.6-90 g). Overall, IVIG was prescribed for authorised indications in 335 patients (60%) with 953 prescriptions (74%), for non-authorised indications with scientific evidentiary support in 86 patients (16%) with 137 prescriptions (11%), and non-authorised and non-accepted indications in 133 patients (24%) with 197 prescriptions (15%). The most frequent authorised indications were primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, and the most frequent non-authorised and non-accepted indications were multiple sclerosis and bullous dermatosis. The mean cost of IVIG per patient for authorised indications was 2,636.2 <euro>, non-authorised indications with scientific support 5,262.1 <euro> and non-accepted indications 3,555.8 <euro>. CONCLUSIONS IVIG is prescribed for a significant number of non-authorised and non-accepted indications with a notable cost. There is an important variability in IVIG prescriptions between hospitals, indicating room for improvement in IVIG use and the need for a consensus of protocol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Ruiz-Antorán
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, C/ Manuel de Falla 1, 28222, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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