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Reddy PRV, Cherukuri M, Eshwara VK, Kudru CU, Prabhu RVK. Diagnostic Potential of Serum Interleukin-6 in Predicting Bacteremia in Adult Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024; 28:637-644. [PMID: 38994269 PMCID: PMC11234134 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the potential of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a diagnostic marker in predicting bacteremia and to determine its association with severity and outcome among sepsis patients. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted, comprising a cohort of 118 patients admitted to the ICU with suspected sepsis from January 2019 to April 2020. Results Among the 108 patients analyzed, 60 (55.6%) were bacteremic and 48 (44.4%) were nonbacteremic. Of 60 patients with bacteremia, 13 (21.6%) had sepsis and 47 (78.3%) had septic shock. In predicting bacteremia, the area under the curve (AUC) for IL-6 was 0.512 [95% CI, 0.400-0.623]. The AUC for IL-6 in differentiating sepsis from septic shock was 0.724 [95% CI, 0.625-0.823]. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting bacteremia for IL-6 were 66% and 67%, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.04) and APACHE II score (p = 0.025) were significant predictors of bacteremia, whereas lactate (p = 0.04), and APACHE II score (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of sepsis severity. Patients with elevated levels of procalcitonin PCT (p = 0.024), APACHE II (p = 0.003), and SOFA (p = 0.002) scores had significantly higher mortality rates. Conclusion C-reactive protein and APACHE II score, lactate and APACHE II score, and PCT, SOFA, and APACHE II scores performed better in predicting bacteremia, sepsis severity, and clinical outcome, respectively compared with IL-6. How to cite this article Reddy PRV, Cherukuri M, Eshwara VK, Kudru CU, Prabhu RVK. Diagnostic Potential of Serum Interleukin-6 in Predicting Bacteremia in Adult Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):637-644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penna RV Reddy
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mounika Cherukuri
- Faculty of General Medicine, Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana K Eshwara
- Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekar Udyavara Kudru
- Faculty of General Medicine, Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - RV Krishnananda Prabhu
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Diacci C, Burtscher B, Berto M, Ruoko TP, Lienemann S, Greco P, Berggren M, Borsari M, Simon DT, Bortolotti CA, Biscarini F. Organic Electrochemical Transistor Aptasensor for Interleukin-6 Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38141020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensor for the detection of interleukin 6 (IL6), an important biomarker associated with various pathological processes, including chronic inflammation, inflammaging, cancer, and severe COVID-19 infection. The biosensor is functionalized with oligonucleotide aptamers engineered to bind specifically IL6. We developed an easy functionalization strategy based on gold nanoparticles deposited onto a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) gate electrode for the subsequent electrodeposition of thiolated aptamers. During this functionalization step, the reduction of sulfide bonds allows for simultaneous deposition of a blocking agent. A detection range from picomolar to nanomolar concentrations for IL6 was achieved, and the selectivity of the device was assessed against Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), another cytokine involved in the inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Diacci
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marcello Berto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Pierpaolo Greco
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Università di Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Fossato di Mortara 17-193, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marco Borsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Carlo A Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Fossato di Mortara 17-193, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Jesadabundit W, Jampasa S, Crapnell RD, Dempsey NC, Banks CE, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O. Toward the rapid diagnosis of sepsis: dendritic copper nanostructure functionalized diazonium salt modified screen-printed graphene electrode for IL-6 detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:362. [PMID: 37608141 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, an infectious disease affecting millions of people's health worldwide each year, calls for urgent attention to an improvement of analytical devices. Chemiluminescence immunoassay is a typical diagnostic method utilized to assess the risk development of sepsis. However, due to its high-cost, delayed, and complicated procedure, the practical utilization is therefore undoubtedly limited, especially for point-of-care test. Herein, we fabricated for the first time an immunosensor based on dendritic copper nanostructures (CuNSs) combined with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-AB, the diazonium salt) as antibody linker modified on a screen-printed graphene electrode for the early detection of the sepsis biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6). The electrode fabrication is made by electrodeposition, thus eliminating the multistep of nanomaterial synthesis and time wasting. The resulting dendritic CuNSs significantly increase the effective surface area (1.2 times) and the sensor's performance. The morphology of this combination was characterized using CV, EIS, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. In the detection process, the appearance of IL-6 suppresses the current response of the redox probe indicator measured by differential pulse voltammetry due to the antibody-antigen complex. The subtraction of signal (ΔI) was interpreted as IL-6 concentration. This sensor exhibited a linear range from 0.05 to 500 pg mL-1 with low detection limit of 0.02 pg mL-1, proving a possibility for early sepsis screening. In addition, the established immunosensor can successfully quantify IL-6 in human serum sample, in which the results agreed well with those achieved using the standard approach, further showing high practical applicability of this developed immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitchuta Jesadabundit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakda Jampasa
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina C Dempsey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Rathinaraj Benjamin S, de Lima F. Current and Prospective of Breast Cancer Biomarkers. Mol Biotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers have shown great promise over the past decade the process of drug development more effective and have become an integral part of diagnosis of diseases. Biosensors were integrated with biomarker detection and point-of-care detection for signal amplification, high specificity and sensitivity, rapid response time, low cost, simplicity and multi-analytical testing. In order to detect more sensitively, these particular biomarkers have been explored with the possibility of real-time measurements in order to develop simple and compact systems which can analyze complex specimens. Various biosensors including electrochemical biosensors have recently been developed based on disease-specific biomarkers in the diagnosis of cancer disease. The main objective of the book chapter is to review research with new materials/methods in electrochemical biosensing techniques to detection of breast cancer biomarkers and evaluating latest techniques for detection of important analytes in real samples. In this book chapter, the recent development of electrochemical biosensors of breast cancer biomarkers will be reviewed. Furthermore, recent and future trend application of breast cancer biomarkers will be discussed.
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Korent A, Žagar Soderžnik K, Šturm S, Žužek Rožman K, Redon N, Wojkiewicz JL, Duc C. Facile Fabrication of an Ammonia-Gas Sensor Using Electrochemically Synthesised Polyaniline on Commercial Screen-Printed Three-Electrode Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 21:E169. [PMID: 33383812 PMCID: PMC7796403 DOI: 10.3390/s21010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer, widely used in gas-sensing applications. Due to its classification as a semiconductor, PANI is also used to detect reducing ammonia gas (NH3), which is a well-known and studied topic. However, easier, cheaper and more straightforward procedures for sensor fabrication are still the subject of much research. In the presented work, we describe a novel, more controllable, synthesis approach to creating NH3 PANI-based receptor elements. The PANI was electrochemically deposited via cyclic voltammetry (CV) on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The morphology, composition and surface of the deposited PANI layer on the Au electrode were characterised with electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and profilometry. Prior to the gas-chamber measurement, the SPE was suitably modified by Au sputtering the individual connections between the three-electrode system, thus showing a feasible way of converting a conventional three-electrode electrochemical SPE system into a two-electrode NH3-gas detecting system. The feasibility of the gas measurements' characterisation was improved using the gas analyser. The gas-sensing ability of the PANI-Au-SPE was studied in the range 32-1100 ppb of NH3, and the sensor performed well in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Korent
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Ž.S.); (S.Š.); (K.Ž.R.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Žagar Soderžnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Ž.S.); (S.Š.); (K.Ž.R.)
| | - Sašo Šturm
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Ž.S.); (S.Š.); (K.Ž.R.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Žužek Rožman
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Ž.S.); (S.Š.); (K.Ž.R.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nathalie Redon
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Environment and Energy, F-59000 Lille, France; (N.R.); (J.-L.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Jean-Luc Wojkiewicz
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Environment and Energy, F-59000 Lille, France; (N.R.); (J.-L.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Caroline Duc
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Environment and Energy, F-59000 Lille, France; (N.R.); (J.-L.W.); (C.D.)
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Rizzo P, Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Fortini F, Marracino L, Rapezzi C, Ferrari R. COVID-19 in the heart and the lungs: could we "Notch" the inflammatory storm? Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:31. [PMID: 32274570 PMCID: PMC7144545 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From January 2020, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) originated in China has spread around the world. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The presence of myocarditis, cardiac arrest, and acute heart failure in COVID-19 patients suggests the existence of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiac disease. The Notch signalling is a major regulator of cardiovascular function and it is also implicated in several biological processes mediating viral infections. In this report we discuss the possibility to target Notch signalling to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and interfere with the progression of COVID-19- associated heart and lungs disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy.
| | | | | | - Luisa Marracino
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
- Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital of Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
- Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital of Cona, Ferrara, Italy
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Corr M, Waterfield T, Fairley D, McKenna J, Shields MD. A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in predicting invasive bacterial infection in children. Syst Rev 2020; 9:69. [PMID: 32241288 PMCID: PMC7119004 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early recognition of invasive bacterial infections (IBI) in children can be difficult. Clinically it is often challenging to differentiate between the early stages of an IBI and a benign self-limiting viral infection. These challenges mandate a cautious approach resulting in the overuse of antimicrobial drugs with resultant antimicrobial resistance. Due to these challenges, there is growing research into the role of biomarkers for the early identification of children with IBI. Earlier and more accurate diagnoses may lead to improved clinical outcomes for children and reduced antimicrobial resistance. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is a biomarker that has been shown to be elevated in patients with IBI. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proADM at identifying children with IBI. METHODS To identify relevant studies we will search MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus from 1980 to the present day for all human clinical trials involving children that report the test accuracy of MR-proADM. We will include case-control studies, cohort studies and randomised control trials reported in any language. In addition, we will hand-search reference lists and grey literature including conference abstracts and web searches. Two reviewers will independently screen study titles and abstracts for eligibility followed by full-text assessment and data extraction including population, setting, timing and use of index test and reference standard used. Methodological quality will be assessed, by two authors, according to the revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2), any discrepancies will be resolved by a third author. The following test characteristics will be extracted into 2 × 2 tables for all included studies: true positives, false positives, true negatives and false negatives. Study-specific estimates of sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals will be displayed in forest plots. DISCUSSION This review will report the normal ranges for MR-proADM in health and the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proADM at identifying children with IBI. The review will help to define where in the diagnostic pathway MR-proADM could be useful including potential as a point-of-care test for children at first presentation with IBI. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018096295.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Corr
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Thomas Waterfield
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | | | | | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
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Molano Franco D, Gómez Duque M, Beltrán E, Villabón González M, Robayo Valbuena IF, Franco LF, Cárdenas Colmenares JA, Estupiñán Monsalve Á, Sánchez Vanegas G, Arévalo Rodriguez I, Zamora Romero J. Medicina de precisión en sepsis: utilidad de los biomarcadores en pacientes biomarcadores en pacientes críticamente enfermos. REPERTORIO DE MEDICINA Y CIRUGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.31260/repertmedcir.01217273.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Durante años la evolución del cuidado intensivo ha intentado ofrecer una atención basada en protocolos y paquetes de manejo agrupados por patologías y cuadro sindromáticos. Aunque se logró disminuir la mortalidad en diferentes patologías (sepsis y síndromes coronario agudo y de distrés respiratorio agudo), no se han resuelto por completo los problemas clínicos, en especial el diagnóstico y el manejo. Una nueva opción ha surgido en el horizonte denominada “medicina de precisión”, entendida como estrategia de prevención y tratamiento que tiene en cuenta la variabilidad individual. La sepsis es un síndrome con múltiples aristas en cuanto al fenotipo y genotipo, cuyo diagnóstico temprano es relevante para los desenlaces clínicos. Hasta el momento el enfoque principal ha sido la identificación de un germen etiológico para diferenciarla del síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS). En los últimos años el paradigma en enfermedades infecciosas ha cambiado debido a estudios que demuestran como la respuesta inmunitaria del paciente séptico tiene un papel clave en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, con implicaciones en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento, que podrían ayudar a cambiar el abordaje en los próximos años gracias a una estrategia basada en medicina de precisión. Hoy los aislamientos microbiológicos y los cultivos siguen siendo el estándar de referencia con varias desventajas como el tiempo para obtener resultados, sobre todo en infecciones por gérmenes resistentes u hongos, que pueden retrasar el inicio de la terapia antimicrobiana. Como alternativa se ha planteado el uso de biomarcadores en sepsis que siendo productos de la respuesta inflamatoria del individuo ante la infección, son útiles para el diagnóstico y pronóstico primordialmente en los críticamente enfermos. Decidimos realizar esta revisión narrativa acerca de la utilidad de los biomarcadores en pacientes con sepsis críticamente enfermos, para enfocarlos en un modelo de medicina personalizada.
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Molano Franco D, Arevalo‐Rodriguez I, Roqué i Figuls M, Montero Oleas NG, Nuvials X, Zamora J. Plasma interleukin-6 concentration for the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 4:CD011811. [PMID: 31038735 PMCID: PMC6490303 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011811.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The definition of sepsis has evolved over time, along with the clinical and scientific knowledge behind it. For years, sepsis was defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the presence of a documented or suspected infection. At present, sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. Even though sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality in critically ill patients, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes it as a healthcare priority, it still lacks an accurate diagnostic test. Determining the accuracy of interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in plasma, which is proposed as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis, might be helpful to provide adequate and timely management of critically ill patients, and thus reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration for the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in critically ill adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Web of Science on 25 January 2019. We screened references in the included studies to identify additional studies. We did not apply any language restriction to the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included diagnostic accuracy studies enrolling critically ill adults aged 18 years or older under suspicion of sepsis during their hospitalization, where IL-6 concentrations were evaluated by serological measurement. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the references to identify relevant studies and extracted data. We assessed the methodological quality of studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. We estimated a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve by fitting a hierarchical summary ROC (HSROC) non-linear mixed model. We explored sources of heterogeneity using the HSROC model parameters. We conducted all analyses in the SAS statistical software package and R software. MAIN RESULTS We included 23 studies (n = 4192) assessing the accuracy of IL-6 for the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill adults. Twenty studies that were available as conference proceedings only are awaiting classification. The included participants were heterogeneous in terms of their distribution of age, gender, main diagnosis, setting, country, positivity threshold, sepsis criteria, year of publication, and origin of infection, among other factors. Prevalence of sepsis greatly varied across studies, ranging from 12% to 78%. We considered all studies to be at high risk of bias due to issues related to the index test domain in QUADAS-2. The SROC curve showed a great dispersion in individual studies accuracy estimates (21 studies, 3650 adult patients), therefore the considerable heterogeneity in the collected data prevented us from calculating formal accuracy estimates. Using a fixed prevalence of sepsis of 50% and a fixed specificity of 74%, we found a sensitivity of 66% (95% confidence interval 60 to 72). If we test a cohort 1000 adult patients under suspicion of sepsis with IL-6, we will find that 330 patients would receive appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy, while 130 patients would be wrongly considered to have sepsis. In addition, 370 out of 1000 patients would avoid unnecessary antibiotic therapy, and 170 patients would have been undiagnosed of sepsis. This numerical approach should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations described above. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our evidence assessment of plasma interleukin-6 concentrations for the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill adults reveals several limitations. High heterogeneity of collected evidence regarding the main diagnosis, setting, country, positivity threshold, sepsis criteria, year of publication, and the origin of infection, among other factors, along with the potential number of misclassifications, remain significant constraints for its implementation. The 20 conference proceedings assessed as studies awaiting classification may alter the conclusions of the review once they are fully published and evaluated. Further studies about the accuracy of interleukin-6 for the diagnosis of sepsis in adults that apply rigorous methodology for conducting diagnostic test accuracy studies are needed. The conclusions of the review will likely change once the 20 studies pending publication are fully published and included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Molano Franco
- Fundacion Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital de San JoséDepartment of Critical CareCarrera 19 # 8‐32BogotaBogotaColombia11001
| | - Ingrid Arevalo‐Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS). CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)Clinical Biostatistics UnitCtra. Colmenar Km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
- Cochrane Associate Centre of MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC). Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTECentro Asociado Cochrane de EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Marta Roqué i Figuls
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171Edifici Casa de ConvalescènciaBarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08041
| | - Nadia G Montero Oleas
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC). Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTECentro Asociado Cochrane de EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Xavier Nuvials
- Hospital Vall d’HebronDepartment of Critical Care MedicinePasseig Vall d’Hebron 119‐129BarcelonaSpain08035
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)SODIR research groupBarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Zamora
- Cochrane Associate Centre of MadridMadridSpain
- Women’s Health Research Unit, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal (IRYCIS). CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)Clinical Biostatistics UnitMadridSpain
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Serrano L, Patel KR, Silverberg JI. Association between atopic dermatitis and extracutaneous bacterial and mycobacterial infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:904-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Development of a needle shaped microelectrode for electrochemical detection of the sepsis biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in real time. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:806-814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Onyenekwu CP, Okwundu CI, Ochodo EA. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and presepsin for the diagnosis of sepsis in adults and children. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinelo P Onyenekwu
- Ben Carson Snr School of Medicine, Babcock University; Department of Chemical Pathology; Ilishan-Remo Ogun State Nigeria 121103
| | - Charles I Okwundu
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Francie van Zijl Drive Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa 7505
| | - Eleanor A Ochodo
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Francie van Zijl Drive Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa 7505
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