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Barbateskovic M, Klingenberg SL, Krauss SR, Kong D, Wu Z, Petersen SB, Kenfelt M, Gluud C. Concentrations, Number of Doses, and Formulations of Aluminium Adjuvants in Vaccines: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1763. [PMID: 38140168 PMCID: PMC10871092 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium adjuvants are commonly used in vaccines to boost the effects of vaccination. Here, we assessed the benefits and harms of different aluminium adjuvants vs. other aluminium adjuvants or vs. the same aluminium adjuvant at other concentrations, administered a different number of doses, or at different particle sizes used in vaccines or vaccine excipients. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis to assess the certainty of evidence with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). We obtained data from major medical databases until 20 January 2023 and included 10 randomized clinical trials of healthy volunteers. The comparisons assessed higher vs. lower aluminium adjuvant concentrations; higher vs. lower number of doses of aluminium adjuvant; and aluminium phosphate adjuvant vs. aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. For all three comparisons, meta-analyses showed no evidence of a difference on all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, and adverse events considered non-serious. The certainty of evidence was low to very low. None of the included trials reported on quality of life or proportion of participants who developed the disease being vaccinated against. The benefits and harms of different types of aluminium adjuvants, different aluminium concentrations, different number of doses, or different particle sizes, therefore, remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Barbateskovic
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
| | - Sarah Louise Klingenberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
| | - Sara Russo Krauss
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
| | - Dezhao Kong
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
- The Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, China
- Department of Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Zhangtong Wu
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
- The Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, China
- Department of Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Sesilje B. Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Stiepel RT, Duggan E, Batty CJ, Ainslie KM. Micro and nanotechnologies: The little formulations that could. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10421. [PMID: 36925714 PMCID: PMC10013823 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first publication of micro- and nanotechnology in medicine was in 1798 with the use of the Cowpox virus by Edward Jenner as an attenuated vaccine against Smallpox. Since then, there has been an explosion of micro- and nanotechnologies for medical applications. The breadth of these micro- and nanotechnologies is discussed in this piece, presenting the date of their first report and their latest progression (e.g., clinical trials, FDA approval). This includes successes such as the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) as well as the most popular nanoparticle therapy, liposomal Doxil. However, the enormity of the success of these platforms has not been without challenges. For example, we discuss why the production of Doxil was halted for several years, and the bankruptcy of BIND therapeutics, which relied on a nanoparticle drug carrier. Overall, the field of micro- and nanotechnology has advanced beyond these challenges and continues advancing new and novel platforms that have transformed therapies, vaccines, and imaging. In this review, a wide range of biomedical micro- and nanotechnology is discussed to serve as a primer to the field and provide an accessible summary of clinically relevant micro- and nanotechnology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca T. Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Eliza Duggan
- North Carolina School of Science and MathematicsDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cole J. Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Joshua PE, Ilo CC, Ukachukwu UG, Odimegwu DC, Asomadu RO, Ezeorba TPC. Could eggshell membrane be an adjuvant for recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine?: A preliminary investigation. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37035528 PMCID: PMC10074367 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the invasiveness of the Hepatitis B infection, its vaccines are only formulated with FDA-approved alum-based adjuvants, which poorly elicit a lasting immune response, hence the need for a more effective adjuvant system. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and toxicity of eggshell membranes (ESM) when administered as an adjuvant for the recombinant HBV vaccine (rHBsAg) in albino mice. Differential white blood cell analysis, as well as the titer measurement of Immunoglobulin G, subclass G1 and G2a on indirect ELISA, was performed to measure the immune-modulatory potentials of ESM. Moreover, analysis of the liver marker enzyme (AST and ALT) and body/liver weights was performed to ascertain the toxicity level of ESM. Finally, Immuno-informatic analysis was used to investigate the immune-modulatory potential of individual member proteins of ESM. Results Our results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group's lymphocyte count after boost-dose administration compared to the controls, whereas there was no significant change in the granulocyte population. Furthermore, the formulations (ESM-rHBsAg) significantly improved IgG and IgG1 titers after each successive immunization. Body/liver weight and liver function showed ESM non-toxic to mice. The immunoinformatic analysis discovered ovalbumin, lysozyme-C, and UFM-1 as the member proteins of ESM with immune-modulatory activities of activating antigen-presenting cells (APC). Conclusion This study has provided a clue into the potential valorization of eggshell membranes and their peptides as an adjuvant for vaccines such as HBV. We recommend more in-depth molecular analysis to support our findings as well as foster real-life application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43094-023-00481-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Elijah Joshua
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Charity Chinyere Ilo
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Rita Onyekachukwu Asomadu
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
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George PJ, Marches R, Nehar-Belaid D, Banchereau J, Lustigman S. The Th1/Tfh-like biased responses elicited by the rASP-1 innate adjuvant are dependent on TRIF and Type I IFN receptor pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961094. [PMID: 36119026 PMCID: PMC9478378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ov-ASP-1 (rASP-1), a parasite-derived protein secreted by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, is an adjuvant which enhances the potency of the influenza trivalent vaccine (IIV3), even when used with 40-fold less IIV3. This study is aimed to provide a deeper insight into the molecular networks that underline the adjuvanticity of rASP-1. Here we show that rASP-1 stimulates mouse CD11c+ bone marrow-derived dendritic (BMDCs) to secrete elevated levels of IL-12p40, TNF-α, IP-10 and IFN-β in a TRIF-dependent but MyD88-independent manner. rASP-1-activated BMDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells (IFN-γ+) that was TRIF- and type I interferon receptor (IFNAR)-dependent, and into Tfh-like cells (IL21+) and Tfh1 (IFN-γ+ IL21+) that were TRIF-, MyD88- and IFNAR-dependent. rASP-1-activated BMDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th17 (IL-17+) cells only when the MyD88 pathway was inhibited. Importantly, rASP-1-activated human blood cDCs expressed upregulated genes that are associated with DC maturation, type I IFN and type II IFN signaling, as well as TLR4-TRIF dependent signaling. These activated cDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve human CD4+ T cells into Th1, Tfh-like and Th17 cells. Our data thus confirms that the rASP-1 is a potent innate adjuvant that polarizes the adaptive T cell responses to Th1/Tfh1 in both mouse and human DCs. Notably, the rASP-1-adjuvanted IIV3 vaccine elicited protection of mice from a lethal H1N1 infection that is also dependent on the TLR4-TRIF axis and IFNAR signaling pathway, as well as on its ability to induce anti-IIV3 antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Radu Marches
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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Petersen SB, Gluud C. Was amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate adequately evaluated before authorisation in Europe? BMJ Evid Based Med 2021; 26:285-289. [PMID: 32763959 PMCID: PMC8639934 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp aluminium adjuvant 'amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate' (AAHS), primarily used in the Gardasil vaccines against human papilloma virus, has been criticised for lack of evidence for its safety. Documentation from Danish authorities and answers from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) suggest that AAHS may not have been sufficiently evaluated. Documentation from the Danish Medicines Agency shows discrepancies in the trial documents of two prelicensure clinical trials with Gardasil in 2002 and 2003. For both trials, the Agency seems to have authorised potassium aluminium sulfate as the adjuvant and not AAHS. In addition, the participants in the trial launched in 2002 were informed that the comparator was saline, even though the comparator was AAHS in an expedient consisting of L-histidine, polysorbate-80, sodium borate and sodium chloride. According to the EMA, AAHS was first introduced in Europe in 2004 as the adjuvant in Procomvax, a vaccine against the hepatitis B virus and Haemophilus influenza type b. The EMA reports that AAHS was introduced without any prelicensure safety evaluation. The adjuvant is described by the company to be both physically and functionally distinct from all other previously used aluminium adjuvants. There is a need for rigorous evaluation of benefits and harms of the adjuvant AAHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesilje B Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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González Pérez AM, Nájera Botello L, Suarez Massa D, Roustan Gullón G, Alfageme Roldán F. Sonography of subcutaneous nodules following immunization with histopathological correlation: a three-case series. J Ultrasound 2021; 25:355-360. [PMID: 33400252 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-020-00554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous nodules are a rare adverse event following immunization frequently associated with suboptimal injection procedures and aluminium-containing vaccines. We present three cases of subcutaneous nodules following immunization describing their clinical signs, histopathological features and ultrasound findings and demonstrating the use of sonography as an aid to the diagnosis of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María González Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Nájera Botello
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C/Manuel de Falla 2, 29022, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Suarez Massa
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C/Manuel de Falla 2, 29022, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gastón Roustan Gullón
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C/Manuel de Falla 2, 29022, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alfageme Roldán
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C/Manuel de Falla 2, 29022, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Calle Joaquín Rodrigo, 1, 28222, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Korang SK, Juul S, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, Siddiqui F, Ong G, Klingenberg S, Veroniki AA, Bu F, Thabane L, Thomsen AR, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C. Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING VACCINE Project). Syst Rev 2020; 9:262. [PMID: 33218366 PMCID: PMC7678579 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has rapidly spread worldwide. Several human randomized clinical trials assessing potential vaccines are currently underway. There is an urgent need for a living systematic review that continuously assesses the beneficial and harmful effects of all available vaccines for COVID-19. METHODS/DESIGN We will conduct a living systematic review based on searches of major medical databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL) and clinical trial registries from their inception onwards to identify relevant randomized clinical trials. We will update the literature search once a week to continuously assess if new evidence is available. Two review authors will independently extract data and conduct risk of bias assessments. We will include randomized clinical trials comparing any vaccine aiming to prevent COVID-19 (including but not limited to messenger RNA; DNA; non-replicating viral vector; replicating viral vector; inactivated virus; protein subunit; dendritic cell; other vaccines) with any comparator (placebo; "active placebo;" no intervention; standard care; an "active" intervention; another vaccine for COVID-19) for participants in all age groups. Primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality; a diagnosis of COVID-19; and serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes will be quality of life and non-serious adverse events. The living systematic review will include aggregate data meta-analyses, trial sequential analyses, network meta-analyses, and individual patient data meta-analyses. Within-study bias will be assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) and Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) approaches will be used to assess certainty of evidence. Observational studies describing harms identified during the search for trials will also be included and described and analyzed separately. DISCUSSION COVID-19 has become a pandemic with substantial mortality. A living systematic review assessing the beneficial and harmful effects of different vaccines is urgently needed. This living systematic review will regularly inform best practice in vaccine prevention and clinical research of this highly prevalent disease. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020196492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kwasi Korang
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Juul
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Eik Nielsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Feinberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faiza Siddiqui
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giok Ong
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Sarah Klingenberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Areti Angeliki Veroniki
- Department of Primary Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Fanlong Bu
- Centre for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janus C. Jakobsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ivanov K, Garanina E, Rizvanov A, Khaiboullina S. Inflammasomes as Targets for Adjuvants. Pathogens 2020; 9:E252. [PMID: 32235526 PMCID: PMC7238254 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an essential part of the innate immune system. They are necessary for the development of a healthy immune response against infectious diseases. Inflammasome activation leads to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, which stimulate the adaptive immune system. Inflammasomes activators can be used as adjuvants to provide and maintain the strength of the immune response. This review is focused on the mechanisms of action and the effects of adjuvants on inflammasomes. The therapeutic and prophylaxis significance of inflammasomes in infectious diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Ivanov
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (K.I.); (E.G.); (A.R.)
- University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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