1
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Shibata N, Cahard D. N-Fluoro Ammonium Salts of Cinchona Alkaloids in Enantioselective Electrophilic Fluorination. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300096. [PMID: 37096873 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
From 2000, our two research groups independently and simultaneously designed and developed a novel family of electrophilic fluorinating reagents based on the use of Cinchona alkaloids. The chiral N-fluoro ammonium salts demonstrated the highest efficiency compared to prior art in enantioselective electrophilic fluorination for a wide range of substrates. In this account, we tell our respective stories, how the same idea germinated in our laboratories, the characterization of the chiral reagents, the use in stoichiometric quantity then the development of a catalytic version, the application to the synthesis of chiral fluorinated molecules of pharmaceutical interest, and finally the exploitation of our reagents by other teams and for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Shibata
- Department of Engineering, Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA - Normandie Université, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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2
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Eitzinger A, Otevrel J, Haider V, Macchia A, Massa A, Faust K, Spingler B, Berkessel A, Waser M. Enantioselective Bifunctional Ammonium Salt-Catalyzed Syntheses of 3-CF 3S-, 3-RS-, and 3-F-Substituted Isoindolinones. Adv Synth Catal 2021; 363:1955-1962. [PMID: 33897314 PMCID: PMC8050839 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the ammonium salt-catalyzed synthesis of chiral 3,3-disubstituted isoindolinones bearing a heteroatom functionality in the 3-position. A broad variety of differently substituted CF3S- and RS-derivatives were obtained with often high enantioselectivities when using Maruoka's bifunctional chiral ammonium salt catalyst. In addition, a first proof-of-concept for the racemic synthesis of the analogous F-containing products was obtained as well, giving access to one of the rare examples of a fairly stable α-F-α-amino acid derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eitzinger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstr. 694040LinzAustria
| | - Jan Otevrel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstr. 694040LinzAustria
- Department of Chemical DrugsFaculty of PharmacyMasaryk UniversityPalackeho 1946/1612 00BrnoCzechia
| | - Victoria Haider
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstr. 694040LinzAustria
| | - Antonio Macchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e BiologiaUniversità di SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II, 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e BiologiaUniversità di SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II, 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Kirill Faust
- Institute of CatalysisJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstr. 694040LinzAustria
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department of ChemistryCologne UniversityGreinstrasse 450939CologneGermany
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstr. 694040LinzAustria
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3
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Ishihara K, Nishimura K, Yamakawa K. Enantio- and Site-Selective α-Fluorination of N-Acyl 3,5-Dimethylpyrazoles Catalyzed by Chiral π-Cu II Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17641-17647. [PMID: 32633892 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective α-fluorination reactions of carbonyl compounds are among the most powerful and efficient synthetic methods for constructing optically active α-fluorinated carbonyl compounds. Nevertheless, α-fluorination of α-nonbranched carboxylic acid derivatives is still a big challenge because of relatively high pKa values of their α-hydrogen atoms and difficulty of subsequent synthetic transformation without epimerization. Herein we show that chiral copper(II) complexes of 3-(2-naphthyl)-l-alanine-derived amides are highly effective catalysts for the enantio- and site-selective α-fluorination of N-(α-arylacetyl) and N-(α-alkylacetyl) 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles. The substrate scope of the transformation is very broad (25 examples including a quaternary α-fluorinated α-amino acid derivative). α-Fluorinated products were converted into the corresponding esters, secondary amides, tertiary amides, ketones, and alcohols with almost no epimerization in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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4
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Eder I, Haider V, Zebrowski P, Waser M. Recent Progress in the Asymmetric Syntheses of α‐Heterofunctionalized (Masked) α‐ and β‐Amino Acid Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Eder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Victoria Haider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Paul Zebrowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz Austria
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5
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Ishihara K, Nishimura K, Yamakawa K. Enantio‐ and Site‐Selective α‐Fluorination of
N
‐Acyl 3,5‐Dimethylpyrazoles Catalyzed by Chiral π–Cu
II
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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6
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Neufeld R, Michel R, Herbst-Irmer R, Schöne R, Stalke D. Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M=Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia. Chemistry 2016; 22:12340-6. [PMID: 27457218 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (MHMDSs) are one of the most utilised weakly nucleophilic Brønsted bases in synthetic chemistry and especially in natural product synthesis. Like lithium organics, they aggregate depending on the employed donor solvents. Thus, they show different reactivity and selectivity as a function of their aggregation and solvation state. To date, monomeric LiHMDS with monodentate donor bases was only characterised in solution. Since the first preparation of LiHMDS in 1959 by Wannagat and Niederprüm, all efforts to crystallise monomeric LiHMDS in the absence of chelating ligands failed. Herein, we present ammonia adducts of LiHMDS, NaHMDS, KHMDS, RbHMDS and CsHMDS with unprecedented aggregation motifs: 1) The hitherto missing monomeric key compound in the LiHMDS aggregation architectures. Monomeric crystal structures of trisolvated LiHMDS (1) and NaHMDS (2), showing unique intermolecular hydrogen bonds, 2) the unprecedented tetrasolvated KHMDS (3) and RbHMDS (4) dimers and 3) the disolvated CsHMDS (5) dimer with very close intermolecular Si-CH3 ⋅⋅⋅Cs s-block "agostic" interactions have been prepared and characterised by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reent Michel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schöne
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Jiang H, Zhang G, Liu Y, Guo X, Liu Z, Yan H, Liu H, Huang X. Theoretical insights into the reaction mechanism and solvation effect of conjugate addition of dimethyl propanedioate to 1-nitroprop-1-ene catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Zhu CL, Maeno M, Zhang FG, Shigehiro T, Kagawa T, Kawada K, Shibata N, Ma JA, Cahard D. ChiralN-Fluorodibenzenesulfonimide Analogues for Enantioselective Electrophilic Fluorination and Oxidative Fluorination. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Wang X, Yang T, Cheng X, Shen Q. Enantioselective Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of β-Ketoesters: A Case of Reactivity and Selectivity Bias for Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12860-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Yang T, Cheng X, Shen Q. Enantioselective Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of β-Ketoesters: A Case of Reactivity and Selectivity Bias for Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Mollet K, Goossens H, Piens N, Catak S, Waroquier M, Törnroos KW, Van Speybroeck V, D'hooghe M, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐oxazin‐3‐ones through Ring Transformation of 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐(1,2‐dihydroxyethyl)‐β‐lactams and a Study of Their Reactivity. Chemistry 2013; 19:3383-96. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mollet
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐62‐21
| | - Hannelore Goossens
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Belgium), Member of QCMM‐Alliance, Ghent‐Brussels (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐66‐97
| | - Nicola Piens
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐62‐21
| | - Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Belgium), Member of QCMM‐Alliance, Ghent‐Brussels (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐66‐97
- Current address: Syngenta Crop Protection, Münchwilen AG, 4332 Stein (Switzerland)
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Belgium), Member of QCMM‐Alliance, Ghent‐Brussels (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐66‐97
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, 5007 Bergen (Norway)
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Belgium), Member of QCMM‐Alliance, Ghent‐Brussels (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐66‐97
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐62‐21
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 9‐264‐62‐21
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12
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Tanzer EM, Schweizer WB, Ebert MO, Gilmour R. Designing fluorinated cinchona alkaloids for enantioselective catalysis: controlling internal rotation by a fluorine-ammonium ion gauche effect (φ(NCCF)). Chemistry 2012; 18:2006-13. [PMID: 22250061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The C9 position of cinchona alkaloids functions as a molecular hinge, with internal rotations around the C8-C9 (τ(1)) and C9-C4' (τ(2)) bonds giving rise to four low energy conformers (1; anti-closed, anti-open, syn-closed, and syn-open). By substituting the C9 carbinol centre by a configurationally defined fluorine substituent, a fluorine-ammonium ion gauche effect (σ(C-H) → σ(C-F)*; F(δ-)⋅⋅⋅N(+)) encodes for two out of the four possible conformers (2). This constitutes a partial solution to the long-standing problem of governing internal rotations in cinchonium-based catalysts relying solely on a fluorine conformational effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Tanzer
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Ishimaru T, Shibata N, Horikawa T, Yasuda N, Nakamura S, Toru T, Shiro M. Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Enantioselective Fluorination of Allyl Silanes, Silyl Enol Ethers, and Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4157-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Ishimaru T, Shibata N, Horikawa T, Yasuda N, Nakamura S, Toru T, Shiro M. Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Enantioselective Fluorination of Allyl Silanes, Silyl Enol Ethers, and Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Wolfer J, Bekele T, Abraham CJ, Dogo-Isonagie C, Lectka T. Catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of 1,4-benzoxazinones: a remarkably enantioselective route to alpha-amino acid derivatives from o-benzoquinone imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7398-400. [PMID: 17036371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Wolfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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16
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Wolfer J, Bekele T, Abraham CJ, Dogo-Isonagie C, Lectka T. Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,4-Benzoxazinones: A Remarkably Enantioselective Route to α-Amino Acid Derivatives fromo-Benzoquinone Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Brandes S, Niess B, Bella M, Prieto A, Overgaard J, Jørgensen KA. Non-Biaryl Atropisomers in Organocatalysis. Chemistry 2006; 12:6039-52. [PMID: 16789058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new class of 6'-hydroxy cinchona alkaloids, with a non-biaryl atropisomeric functionalisation at position 5' of the quinoline core can be prepared by an easy amination procedure. These are the first derivatives for which the principle of atropisomerism is engrafted in the classical core of the cinchona alkaloids. The aminated cinchona alkaloids are effective organocatalysts for the Michael addition of beta-keto esters to acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, in up to 93 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess), as well as for the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts amination of a variety of 2-naphthols, permitting the preparation of the latter in up to 98 % ee. The aminated 8-amino-2-naphthol itself is the first chiral organocatalyst based on non-biaryl atropisomerism. The two enantiomers of this chiral primary amine can be used for the direct alpha-fluorination of alpha-branched aldehydes. The fluorinated compounds can thereby be accessed in up to 90 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandes
- The Danish National Research Foundation, Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Huber DP, Stanek K, Togni A. Consecutive catalytic electrophilic fluorination/amination of β-keto esters: toward α-fluoro-α-amino acids? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Shibata N, Kohno J, Takai K, Ishimaru T, Nakamura S, Toru T, Kanemasa S. Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Fluorination and Chlorination Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Capable of Two-Point Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4204-7. [PMID: 15942966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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20
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Shibata N, Kohno J, Takai K, Ishimaru T, Nakamura S, Toru T, Kanemasa S. Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Fluorination and Chlorination Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Capable of Two-Point Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Oestreich M. Strategies for Catalytic Asymmetric Electrophilic ? Halogenation of Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2324-7. [PMID: 15827954 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Oestreich M. Strategien zur katalytischen asymmetrischen elektrophilen ?-Halogenierung von Carbonylverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Nyffeler PT, Durón SG, Burkart MD, Vincent SP, Wong CH. Selectfluor: Mechanismen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nyffeler PT, Durón SG, Burkart MD, Vincent SP, Wong CH. Selectfluor: Mechanistic Insight and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 44:192-212. [PMID: 15578736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of hydrogen atoms with fluorine substituents in organic substrates is of great interest in synthetic chemistry because of the strong electronegativity of fluorine and relatively small steric footprint of fluorine atoms. Many sources of nucleophilic fluorine are available for the derivatization of organic molecules under acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. However, electrophilic fluorination has historically required molecular fluorine, whose notorious toxicity and explosive tendencies limit its application in research. The necessity for an electrophilic fluorination reagent that is safe, stable, highly reactive, and amenable to industrial production as an alternative to very hazardous molecular fluorine was the inspiration for the discovery of selectfluor. This reagent is not only one of the most reactive electrophilic fluorinating reagents available, but it is also safe, nontoxic, and easy to handle. In this Review we document the many applications of selectfluor and discuss possible mechanistic pathways for its reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Nyffeler
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 357, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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25
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Baudequin C, Loubassou JF, Plaquevent JC, Cahard D. Enantioselective electrophilic fluorination: a study of the fluorine-transfer from achiral N–F reagents to cinchona alkaloids. J Fluor Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(03)00085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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