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Ashbridge Z, Fielden SDP, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Zhang L. Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7779-7809. [PMID: 35979715 PMCID: PMC9486172 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
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Diao Y, Hu J, Cheng S, Ma F, Li MQ, Hu X, Li YY, He J, Xu Z. Dense Alkyne Arrays of a Zr(IV) Metal–Organic Framework Absorb Co2(CO)8 for Functionalization. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5626-5631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Hu JY, Sun YQ, Xiao R, Cheng S, He J, Zeller M, Wong WY, Xu Z. Symmetrically backfolded molecules emulating the self-similar features of a Sierpinski triangle. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6032-6037. [PMID: 31165853 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized self-similar molecules (G3 and G2; based on phenylalkynyl backbones) with symmetrically backfolded shapes inspired by the famous fractal of a Sierpinski triangle. Unlike the more traditional, starburst dendrimers, the centripetal-shaped Sierpinski molecules feature side branches symmetrically bent away from the growth direction of the main branch, thus contrasting the natural-tree shape. Molecule G3 exhibits three distinct levels of the structural hierarchy comprising the primary, secondary and tertiary branches, while the smaller G2 contains only features of the 1st and 2nd orders. In spite of the much larger conjugated backbone of G3, its solution UV-vis absorption and fluorescence exhibit no red shift relative to G2. In a test of nitrobenzene sensing, a thin film of G3 deposited from THF was more sensitively quenched in fluorescence than the smaller G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan-Qiong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shengxian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drives, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, China and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
The first synthetic molecular trefoil knot was prepared in the late 1980s. However, it is only in the last few years that more complex small-molecule knot topologies have been realized through chemical synthesis. The steric restrictions imposed on molecular strands by knotting can impart significant physical and chemical properties, including chirality, strong and selective ion binding, and catalytic activity. As the number and complexity of accessible molecular knot topologies increases, it will become increasingly useful for chemists to adopt the knot terminology employed by other disciplines. Here we give an overview of synthetic strategies towards molecular knots and outline the principles of knot, braid, and tangle theory appropriate to chemistry and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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Almond-Thynne J, Blakemore DC, Pryde DC, Spivey AC. Site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl halides - understanding the trends for pharmaceutically important classes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:40-62. [PMID: 28451148 PMCID: PMC5304707 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of heteroaryl polyhalides with aryl boronates are surveyed. Drawing on data from literature sources as well as bespoke searches of Pfizer's global chemistry RKB and CAS Scifinder® databases, the factors that determine the site-selectivity of these reactions are discussed with a view to rationalising the trends found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Almond-Thynne
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
| | - David C Blakemore
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - David C Pryde
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
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7
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Yang C, Wong YL, Xiao R, Zeller M, Hunter AD, Yiu SM, Xu Z. Complex Metal-Organic Frameworks from Symmetrically Backfolded Dendrimers. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong
| | - Yan-Lung Wong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry; Youngstown State University; One University Plaza Youngstown, OH 44555 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Purdue University; 560 Oval Drives West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Allen D. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry; Youngstown State University; One University Plaza Youngstown, OH 44555 USA
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Prajapati D, Schulzke C, Kindermann MK, Kapdi AR. Selective palladium-catalysed arylation of 2,6-dibromopyridine using N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective palladium-catalysed arylation of 2,6-dibromopyridine has been developed by employing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Selective mono-arylation was performed in water/acetonitrile solvent at ambient temperature and low catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Prajapati
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - C. Schulzke
- Institute fur Biochemie
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald
- D-17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - M. K. Kindermann
- Institute fur Biochemie
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald
- D-17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - A. R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
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Ayme JF, Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Lemonnier JF, Markevicius A, Muryn CA, Zhang G. Lanthanide Template Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13142-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506886p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Lemonnier
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Augustinas Markevicius
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Muryn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gen Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Huang SL, Lin YJ, Li ZH, Jin GX. Self-Assembly of Molecular Borromean Rings from Bimetallic Coordination Rectangles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11218-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Huang SL, Lin YJ, Li ZH, Jin GX. Self-Assembly of Molecular Borromean Rings from Bimetallic Coordination Rectangles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Chambron JC, Sauvage JP. Topologically complex molecules obtained by transition metal templation: it is the presentation that determines the synthesis strategy. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
This tutorial review outlines the different template strategies that chemists have employed to synthesise knotted molecular topologies. Metal ion coordination, hydrogen bonding and aromatic donor-acceptor interactions have all been used to direct the formation of well-defined crossing points for molecular strands. Advances in the methods used to covalently capture the interwoven structures are highlighted, including the active metal template strategy in which metal ions both organise crossing points and catalyse the bond forming reactions that close the loop to form the topologically complex product. Although most non-trivial knots prepared to date from small-molecule building blocks have been trefoil knots, the first pentafoil knot was recently synthesised. Possible future directions and strategies in this rapidly evolving area of chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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15
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Li Z, Ishizuka H, Sei Y, Akita M, Yoshizawa M. Extended Fluorochromism of Anthracene Trimers with ameta‐Substituted Triphenylamine or Triphenylphosphine Core. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1789-94. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiou Li
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5230
| | - Hiromi Ishizuka
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5230
| | - Yoshihisa Sei
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5230
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5230
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5230
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16
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Engelhard DM, Freye S, Grohe K, John M, Clever GH. NMR-Based Structure Determination of an Intertwined Coordination Cage Resembling a Double Trefoil Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4747-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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NMR-spektroskopische Strukturaufklärung eines verflochtenen Koordinationskäfigs mit der Form eines doppelten Kleeblattknotens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Ioannidou HA, Kizas C, Koutentis PA. Selective Stille coupling reactions of 3-chloro-5-halo(pseudohalo)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones. Org Lett 2011; 13:5886-9. [PMID: 21988706 DOI: 10.1021/ol2025235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-chloro-5-halo(pseudohalo)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones (halo/pseudohalo = Br, I, OTf) are prepared from 3,5-dichloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one (3) in good yields. Of these the triflate reacts with tributyltin arenes (Stille couplings) chemoselectively to give only the 5-aryl-3-chloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones in high yields. This allowed the preparation of a series of unsymmetrical biaryl thiadiazines and ultimately a series of oligomers. Furthermore, treatment of 3-chloro-5-iodo-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one (10) with Bu(3)SnH and Pd(OAc)(2) gave the bithiadiazinone which can also be further arylated via the Stille reaction to give bisthien-2-yl and bis(N-methylpyrrol-2-yl) analogs.
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Barran PE, Cole HL, Goldup SM, Leigh DA, McGonigal PR, Symes MD, Wu J, Zengerle M. Active-Metal Template Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12280-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Forgan RS, Sauvage JP, Stoddart JF. Chemical Topology: Complex Molecular Knots, Links, and Entanglements. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5434-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200034u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross S. Forgan
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Arias KI, Zysman-Colman E, Loren JC, Linden A, Siegel JS. Synthesis of a D3-symmetric “trefoil” knotted cyclophane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9588-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hintermann L, Dang TT, Labonne A, Kribber T, Xiao L, Naumov P. The AZARYPHOS family of ligands for ambifunctional catalysis: syntheses and use in ruthenium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydration of terminal alkynes. Chemistry 2009; 15:7167-79. [PMID: 19544504 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The family of AZARYPHOS (aza-aryl-phosphane) phosphane ligands, containing a phosphine unit and sterically shielded nitrogen lone pairs in the ligand periphery, is introduced as a tool for developing ambifunctional catalysis by the metal center and nitrogen lone pairs in the ligand sphere. General synthetic strategies have been developed to synthesize over 25 examples of structurally diverse (6-aryl-2-pyridyl)phosphanes (ARPYPHOS), (6-alkyl-2-pyridyl)phosphanes (ALPYPHOS), 4,6-disubsituted 1,3-diazin-2-ylphosphanes or 1,3,5-triazin-2-ylphosphanes, quinazolinylphosphanes, quinolinylphosphanes, and others. The scalable syntheses proceed in a few steps. The incorporation of AZARYPHOS ligands (L) into complexes [RuCp(L)(2)(MeCN)][PF(6)] (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) gives catalysts for the anti-Markovnikov hydration of terminal alkynes of the highest known activities. Electronic and steric ligand effects modulate the reaction kinetics over a range of two orders of magnitude. These results highlight the importance of using structurally diverse ligand families in the process of developing cooperative ambifunctional catalysis by a metal and its ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hintermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Reetz MT, Guo H, Ma JA, Goddard R, Mynott RJ. Helical Triskelion Monophosphites as Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4136-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard J. Mynott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E. Fenlon
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, P. O. Box 3003, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, USA
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Carlson C, Veauthier J, John K, Morris D. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Bimetallic Ytterbocene Complexes: The Impact of Bridging Ligand Geometry. Chemistry 2008; 14:422-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Inverted cucurbit[n]urils (iCB[n]) form as intermediates during the synthesis of cucurbit[n]urils from glycoluril and formaldehyde in HCl (85 degrees C). Product resubmission experiments establish that the diastereomeric iCB[6] and iCB[7] are kinetic products that are less stable thermodynamically than CB[6] or CB[7] (>2.8 kcal mol(-1)). When iCB[6] or iCB[7] is heated under aqueous acidic conditions, a preference for ring contraction is noted in the formation of CB[5] and CB[6], respectively. Interestingly, under anhydrous acidic conditions ring size is preserved with iCB[6] delivering CB[6] cleanly. To establish the intramolecular nature of the iCB[6] to CB[6] conversion under anhydrous, but not aqueous, acidic conditions we performed crossover experiments involving mixtures of iCB[6] and its (13)C=O labeled isotopomer (13)C(12)-iCB[6]. An unusual diastereomeric CB[6] with a Möbius geometry (13) is proposed as a mechanistic intermediate in the conversion of iCB[6] to CB[6] under anhydrous acidic conditions. The improved mechanistic understanding provided by this study suggests improved routes to CB[n]-type compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Bennacef I, Perrio C, Lasne MC, Barré L. Functionalization through Lithiation of (S)-N-(1-Phenylpropyl)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide. Application to the Labeling with Carbon-11 of NK-3 Receptor Antagonist SB 222200. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2161-5. [PMID: 17319724 DOI: 10.1021/jo062285p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithiation of (S)-N-(1-phenylpropyl)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide with the complex n-BuLi/TMEDA (1/1 molar ratio) in THF at -60 degrees C for 5 h occurred selectively at the position 3 of the quinoline ring. This selectivity was shown by the absence of racemization of the stereogenic center and the formation of the corresponding functionalized quinolines in 59-74% yield by subsequent reaction with an electrophile at -60 degrees C for 1 h. The 3-trimethylstannyl derivative was subjected to a Stille reaction using methyl, phenyl, or thienyliodide to afford the alkyl or aryl quinolines in moderate to good yields. This methodology was successfully applied to the radiosynthesis of [11C]SB 222200 using methyl iodide labeled with carbon-11 (beta+ emitter, t1/2=20.4 min) for the in vivo study of NK-3 receptor by positron emission tomography (48-58% radiochemical yields from [11C]CH3I, decay corrected, 45 min total synthesis time).
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Affiliation(s)
- Idriss Bennacef
- Groupe de Développements Méthodologiques en Tomographie par Emission de Positons, UMR CEA 2E, Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Centre Cyceron, 15 Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14070 Caen Cedex, France
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Ren G, Mak TCW, Song M. Application of palladacycle catalyst in the synthesis of mono-arylpyridyl bromides. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sun YQ, He J, Xu Z, Huang G, Zhou XP, Zeller M, Hunter AD. Centripetal molecules as multifunctional building blocks for coordination networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4779-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b709942h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yasui Y, Frantz DK, Siegel JS. Synthesis of 4,4‘-Bisaryl-2,2‘-bisbenzimidazoles as Building Blocks for Supramolecular Structures. Org Lett 2006; 8:4989-92. [PMID: 17048825 DOI: 10.1021/ol061244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4,4'-bisaryl-2,2'-bisbenzimidazoles has been synthesized from the corresponding 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bisbenzimidazoles by Negishi coupling reactions. This procedure affords highly substituted bisbenzimidazoles. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshizumi Yasui
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Universty of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zong QS, Zhang C, Chen CF. Self-Assembly of Triptycene-Based Cylindrical Macrotricyclic Host with Dibenzylammonium Ions: Construction of Dendritic [3]Pseudorotaxanes. Org Lett 2006; 8:1859-62. [PMID: 16623569 DOI: 10.1021/ol0604419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] It was found that a cylindrical macrotricyclic host containing two dibenzo[24]crown-8 cavities could self-assemble with two dibenzylammonium salts to form a stable 1:2 complex in solution and in the solid state, in which multiple hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions between the host and the guest played an important role. Furthermore, a series of dendritic pseudorotaxanes were constructed and structurally studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Shou Zong
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Schröter S, Stock C, Bach T. Regioselective cross-coupling reactions of multiple halogenated nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Loren JC, Gantzel P, Linden A, Siegel JS. Synthesis of achiral and racemic catenanes based on terpyridine and a directionalized terpyridine mimic, pyridyl-phenanthroline. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3105-16. [PMID: 16106292 DOI: 10.1039/b506101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concatenated macrocycles containing manisyl-substituted tridentate ligands 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine and 2-pyridin-2-yl-1,10-phenanthroline (simply referred to as terpyridine and pyridyl-phenanthroline herein) have been prepared via dual cyclization procedures. The manisyl derivative (manisyl = 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl) was chosen for its ability to improve solubility while simultaneously incorporating functionality. Deprotection of the methoxy groups provided a soluble ligand that was re-alkylated with an array of terminal alkyne and alkene linkers. The tridentate coordinating ability of these ligands enabled complexation with Ru(ii) and Fe(ii), generating achiral and racemic octahedral complexes for terpyridine and pyridyl-phenanthroline, respectively. Subsequent macrocyclization via olefin metathesis or copper-mediated alkyne coupling afforded the corresponding catenanes, and in some cases a figure-eight macrocycle. The difference in symmetry and the presence of the manisyl group allowed the distinction between the catenane and the undesired figure-eight to be made directly by (1)H NMR. Metal-free achiral and racemic catenanes were obtained by liberating Fe(ii) from the octahedral bound title ligands by treatment with hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Loren
- The Department of Chemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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37
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Telfer SG, Sato T, Kuroda R, Lefebvre J, Leznoff DB. Dinuclear complexes of chiral tetradentate pyridylimine ligands: diastereoselectivity, positive cooperativity, anion selectivity, ligand self-sorting based on chirality, and magnetism. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:421-9. [PMID: 14731003 DOI: 10.1021/ic034585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and coordination chemistry of two chiral tetradentate pyridylimine Schiff base ligands are reported. The ligands were prepared by the nucleophilic displacement of both bromides of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (2) or 3,5-bis(bromomethyl)toluene (3) by the anion of (S)-valinol, followed by capping of both amine groups with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde. Both ligands react with CoCl(2) and NiCl(2) to give [M(2)L(2)Cl(2)](2+) complexes. Remarkably, neither fluoride nor bromide ions can act as bridging ligands. The formation of [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+) is highly diastereoselective, and X-ray crystallography shows that both metal centers in the [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](CoCl(4)) complex adopt the lambda configuration (crystal data: [Co(2)(C(31)H(40)N(4)O(2))(2)Cl(2)](CoCl(4)).(CH(3)CN)(3), monoclinic, P2(1), a = 11.595(2) A, b = 22.246(4) A, c = 15.350(2) A, V = 3705(1) A(3), beta = 110.643(3) degrees, Z = 2). Structurally, the dinuclear complex can be viewed as a helicate with the helical axis running perpendicular to the [Co(2)Cl(2)] plane. The reaction of racemic 2 with CoCl(2) was shown by (1)H NMR spectroscopy to yield a racemic mixture of Lambda,Lambda-[Co(2)((S)-2)(2)Cl(2)](2+) and delta,delta-[Co(2)((R)-2)(2)Cl(2)](2+) complexes; that is, a homochiral recognition process takes place. Spectrophotometric titrations were performed by titrating (S)-3 with Co(ClO(4))(2) followed by Bu(4)NCl, and the global stability constants of [Co((S)-3)](2+) (log beta(110) = 5.7), [Co((S)-3)(2)](2+) (log beta(120) = 11.6), and [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+) (log beta(110) = 23.8) were calculated. The results revealed a strong positive cooperativity in the formation of [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+). Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility curves for [Co(2)((S)-2)(2)Cl(2)](BPh(4))(2) and [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](BPh(4))(2) are very similar and indicate that there are no significant magnetic interactions between the cobalt(II) centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G Telfer
- JST ERATO Kuroda Chiromorphology Project, Park Building, 4-7-6 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan.
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Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Synthesis of novel halopyridinylboronic acids and esters. Part 4: Halopyridin-2-yl-boronic acids and esters are stable, crystalline partners for classical Suzuki cross-coupling. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Riesgo EC, Hu YZ, Thummel RP. Cu(I) Complexes of 3,3‘-Polymethylene Bridged Derivatives of 2,2‘-Bi-1,10-Phenanthroline. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6648-54. [PMID: 14552616 DOI: 10.1021/ic0300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,3'-polymethylene-2,2'-bi-1,10-phenanthrolines coordinate with Cu(I) to form dinuclear complexes [(CuL)(2)](2+). As the 3,3'-bridge is lengthened from two to four carbons, the ligand becomes more twisted about the 2,2'-bond, favoring dinuclear coordination. The distance between the two copper atoms varies from 2.92 A for the dimethylene-bridged system to 3.59 A for the tetramethylene bridge. Favorable pi-stacking interactions occur between opposing ligands and promote complex formation. Competition experiments indicate that self-recognition is important and only homoleptic complexes are observed. Under equilibrium conditions, formation of the tetramethylene-bridged complex appears to be the most favored while the dimethylene-bridged system is least favored. The intensity of the long wavelength metal-ligand charge-transfer absorption band decreases as the 3,3'-bridge is shortened. Interaction between the two copper centers is evidenced by a splitting of the oxidation wave, and this splitting increases as the Cu-Cu distance is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira C Riesgo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, USA
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Lee JW, Samal S, Selvapalam N, Kim HJ, Kim K. Cucurbituril homologues and derivatives: new opportunities in supramolecular chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2003; 36:621-30. [PMID: 12924959 DOI: 10.1021/ar020254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular chemistry of cucurbituril, a synthetic receptor, is fascinating because of the remarkable guest binding behavior of the host. Studies in the field, however, have met with limitations, since the only species known was the hexameric macrocyclic compound, cucurbit[6]uril. Recently we synthesized its homologues, cucurbit[n]uril (n = 5, 7, 8), and derivatives. These new members of the cucurbituril family have expanded the scope further, and interest in them has grown enormously. This Account is a compilation of recent literature covering the syntheses of the homologues and derivatives, and their supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules, and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Jones JW, Bryant WS, Bosman AW, Janssen RAJ, Meijer EW, Gibson HW. Crowned dendrimers: pH-responsive pseudorotaxane formation. J Org Chem 2003; 68:2385-9. [PMID: 12636406 DOI: 10.1021/jo0265784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the end goal of incorporating the unique structural and physical properties of dendrimers into supramolecular assemblies, bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10-functionalized poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers of the first and third generations have been synthesized and their interaction with paraquat diol has been investigated. Using (1)H NMR, we determined that binding to the 4 or 16 crown ether sites occurred in an anti-cooperative fashion, most likely a result of steric influences. Upon protonation of the tertiary amines in the dendritic interior, binding became independent, i.e., statistical, and the average apparent association constant increased by nearly 5-fold; this effect is attributed to rigidification of the dendrimer, which makes its binding sites more accessible and less crowded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, USA
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BURGESS JOHN, HUBBARD COLIND. LIGAND SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)54002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tan Y, SooWhan Choi,, Lee JW, Ko YH, Kim K. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Side-Chain Pseudopolyrotaxanes Containing Cucurbituril. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020534f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yebang Tan
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - SooWhan Choi,
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Crespo L, Sanclimens G, Montaner B, Pérez-Tomás R, Royo M, Pons M, Albericio F, Giralt E. Peptide dendrimers based on polyproline helices. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8876-83. [PMID: 12137542 DOI: 10.1021/ja020364m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a new family of peptide dendrimers based on polyproline helices and cis-4-amino-L-proline as a branching unit. Dendrimers were synthesized by a convergent solid-phase peptide synthesis approach. The conformational transition between polyproline type I helix and polyproline type II helix was observed by circular dichroism in branched polyproline building blocks with more than 14 proline residues and in the resulting dendrimers. Both linear and dendritic polyprolines were found to be actively internalized by rat kidney cells. Preliminary results show that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin form complexes with branched polyproline chains in 99.5% propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Crespo
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Choi S, Lee JW, Ko YH, Kim K. Pseudopolyrotaxanes Made to Order: Cucurbituril Threaded on Polyviologen. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011759d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SooWhan Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Elizarov AM, Chiu SH, Glink PT, Stoddart JF. Dendrimer with rotaxane-like mechanical branching. Org Lett 2002; 4:679-82. [PMID: 11869100 DOI: 10.1021/ol016928t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A dendrimer wherein the branching points are mechanical in nature has been synthesized. It contains two identical covalently linked bis-dendrons and a core unit fused to two rings that encircle the two bis-dendrons. A "threading-followed-by-stoppering" approach is used in the template-directed synthesis of a precursor bis[2]rotaxane, which undergoes stopper exchange four times to yield the dendrimer in which the two bis-dendrons act as stoppers within the two [2]rotaxane subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadij M Elizarov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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