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Wang WW, Yan H, Gu Y, Yan J, Mao BW. In Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy: From Interfaces to Interphases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:103-126. [PMID: 38603469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061422-020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface formed between an electrode and an electrolyte significantly affects the rate and mechanism of the electrode reaction through its structure and properties, which vary across the interface. The scope of the interface has been expanded, along with the development of energy electrochemistry, where a solid-electrolyte interphase may form on the electrode and the active materials change properties near the surface region. Developing a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical interfaces and interphases necessitates three-dimensional spatial resolution characterization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers advantages of imaging and long-range force measurements. Here we assess the capabilities of AFM by comparing the force curves of different regimes and various imaging modes for in situ characterizing of electrochemical interfaces and interphases. Selected examples of progress on work related to the structures and processes of electrode surfaces, electrical double layers, and lithium battery systems are subsequently illustrated. Finally, this review provides perspectives on the future development of electrochemical AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Gu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
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Dinpanah E, Mansour Lakouraj M, Fooladi E, Hasantabar V. Synthesis and characterization of a nanostructure conductive copolymer based on polyaniline and polylactic acid as an effective substrate in proteins impedimetric biosensing. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12600-12611. [PMID: 38638812 PMCID: PMC11024900 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite of all the developments in DNA microarray technology, there is not sufficient knowledge about protein abundance or their function in processes such as proteolysis, phosphorylation. Therefore, there is a significant need for direct detection and quantification of proteins, especially in processes such as proteomics, drug design and disease prediction. The present work introduce the new generation of polymeric substrate based on polyaniline and, polylactic acid, which it was used for impedimetric sensor in detection of proteins in particular for bovine serum albumin (BSA). In this copolymerization, the polylactic acid-block-polyaniline copolymer (PLA-b-PANI) was synthesized to attach polylactic acid and polyaniline using epichlorohydrin as a coupling agent. The structure of synthesized compounds in all steps, were confirmed by FT-IR and, 1H-NMR. The thermal properties and, morphology were analyzed by DSC, TGA, and, SEM. Also the electrochemical characteristics of fabricated PLA-b-PANI electrode were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The results demonstrated that morphology of the PLA-b-PANI is sphere shape nanoparticles with dimension less than 100 nanometer diameters and, reasonable thermal properties. PLA-b-PANI was used to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to fabricate a BSA impedimetric sensor. In order to increase the performance of the proposed impedimetric sensor, optimization of incubation time, pH and amount of PLA-b-PANI were investigated. The results show that the impedimetric sensor has the highest response when the electrode surface is covered with 5 microliters of PLA-b-PANI, and is incubated in BSA solution with pH 6.5 for 5 min. Impedimetric results showed that the PLA-b-PANI has excellent properties in reducing the charge transfer resistance and increasing the electron charge transfer rate. The final impedimetric sensor exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility, and chemical stability within the linear concentration range of 0.1-20 μg L-1 of BSA, and a detection limit of 0.05 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dinpanah
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Moslem Mansour Lakouraj
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Ebrahim Fooladi
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST) Mashhad Iran
| | - Vahid Hasantabar
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
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Li CY, Tian ZQ. Sixty years of electrochemical optical spectroscopy: a retrospective. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3579-3605. [PMID: 38421335 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, Reddy, Devanatan, and Bockris performed the first in situ electrochemical ellipsometry experiment, which ushered in a new era in the study of electrochemistry, using optical spectroscopy. After six decades of development, electrochemical optical spectroscopy, particularly electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy, has advanced from a phase of immaturity with few methods and limited applications to a phase of maturity with excellent substrate generality and significantly improved resolutions. Here, we divide the development of electrochemical optical spectroscopy into four phases, focusing on the proof-of-concept of different electrochemical optical spectroscopy studies, the emergence of plasmonic enhancement-based electrochemical optical spectroscopic (in particular vibrational spectroscopic) methods, the realization of electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy on well-defined surfaces, and the efforts to achieve operando spectroelectrochemical applications. Finally, we discuss the future development trend of electrochemical optical spectroscopy, as well as examples of new methodology and research paradigms for operando spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Fusek L, Samal PK, Keresteš J, Khalakhan I, Johánek V, Lykhach Y, Libuda J, Brummel O, Mysliveček J. A model study of ceria-Pt electrocatalysts: stability, redox properties and hydrogen intercalation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1630-1639. [PMID: 37850575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic properties of advanced metal-oxide catalysts are often related to a synergistic interplay between multiple active catalyst phases. The structure and chemical nature of these active phases are typically established under reaction conditions, i.e. upon interaction of the catalyst with the electrolyte. Here, we present a fundamental surface science (scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) study of CeO2(111) nanoislands on Pt(111) in blank alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M KOH) in a potential window between -0.05 and 0.9 VRHE. We observe a size- and preparation-dependent behavior. Large ceria nanoislands prepared at high temperatures exhibit stable redox behavior with Ce3+/Ce4+ electrooxidation/reduction limited to the surface only. In contrast, ceria nanoislands, smaller than ∼5 nm prepared at a lower temperature, undergo conversion into a fully hydrated phase with Ce3+/Ce4+ redox transitions, which are extended to the subsurface region. While the formation of adsorbed OH species on Pt depends strongly on the ceria coverage, the formation of adsorbed Hads on Pt is independent of the ceria coverage. We assign this observation to intercalation of Hads at the Pt/ceria interface. The intercalated Hads cannot participate in the hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in the moderation of this reaction by ceria nanoparticles on Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Fusek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Samal
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Keresteš
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Khalakhan
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Johánek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Josef Mysliveček
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
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Nazmutdinov RR, Shermokhamedov SA, Zinkicheva TT, Ulstrup J, Xiao X. Understanding molecular and electrochemical charge transfer: theory and computations. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6230-6253. [PMID: 37551138 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron, proton, and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) are crucial elementary processes in chemistry, electrochemistry, and biology. We provide here a gentle overview of retrospective and currently developing theoretical formalisms of chemical, electrochemical and biological molecular charge transfer processes, with examples of how to bridge electron, proton, and PCET theory with experimental data. We offer first a theoretical minimum of molecular electron, proton, and PCET processes in homogeneous solution and at electrochemical interfaces. We illustrate next the use of the theory both for simple electron transfer processes, and for processes that involve molecular reorganization beyond the simplest harmonic approximation, with dissociative electron transfer and inclusion of all charge transfer parameters. A core example is the electrochemical reduction of the S2O82- anion. This is followed by discussion of core elements of proton and PCET processes and the electrochemical dihydrogen evolution reaction on different metal, semiconductor, and semimetal (say graphene) electrode surfaces. Other further focus is on stochastic chemical rate theory, and how this concept can rationalize highly non-traditional behaviour of charge transfer processes in mixed solvents. As a second major area we address ("long-range") chemical and electrochemical electron transfer through molecular frameworks using notions of superexchange and hopping. Single-molecule and single-entity electrochemistry are based on electrochemical scanning probe microscopies. (In operando) scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are particularly emphasized, with theoretical notions and new molecular electrochemical phenomena in the confined tunnelling gap. Single-molecule surface structure and electron transfer dynamics are illustrated by self-assembled thiol molecular monolayers and by more complex redox target molecules. This discussion also extends single-molecule electrochemistry to bioelectrochemistry of complex redox metalloproteins and metalloenzymes. Our third major area involves computational overviews of molecular and electronic structure of the electrochemical interface, with new computational challenges. These relate to solvent dynamics in bulk and confined space (say carbon nanostructures), electrocatalysis, metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, d-band metals, carbon nanostructures, spin catalysis and "spintronics", and "hot" electrons. Further perspectives relate to metal-organic frameworks, chiral surfaces, and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat R Nazmutdinov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Shokirbek A Shermokhamedov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Tamara T Zinkicheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Wong RA, Yokota Y, Kim Y. Bridging Electrochemistry and Ultrahigh Vacuum: "Unburying" the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37384820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusElectrochemistry has a central role in addressing the societal issues of our time, including the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and beyond. At a more basic level, however, elucidating the nature of electrode-electrolyte interfaces is an ongoing challenge due to many reasons, but one obvious reason is the fact that the electrode-electrolyte interface is buried by a thick liquid electrolyte layer. This fact would seem to preclude, by default, the use of many traditional characterization techniques in ultrahigh vacuum surface science due to their incompatibility with liquids. However, combined UHV-EC (ultrahigh vacuum-electrochemistry) approaches are an active area of research and provide a means of bridging the liquid environment of electrochemistry to UHV-based techniques. In short, UHV-EC approaches are able to remove the bulk electrolyte layer by performing electrochemistry in the liquid environment of electrochemistry followed by sample removal (referred to as emersion), evacuation, and then transfer into vacuum for analysis.Through this Account, we highlight our group's activities using UHV-EC to bridge electrochemistry with UHV-based X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/UPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We provide a background and overview of the UHV-EC setup, and through illustrative examples, we convey what sorts of insights and information can be obtained. One notable advance is the use of ferrocene-terminated self-assembled monolayers as a spectroscopic molecular probe, allowing the electrochemical response to be correlated with the potential-dependent electronic and chemical state of the electrode-monolayer-electrolyte interfacial region. With XPS/UPS, we have been able to probe changes in the oxidation state, valence structure, and also the so-called potential drop across the interfacial region. In related work, we have also spectroscopically probed changes in the surface composition and screening of the surface charge of oxygen-terminated boron-doped diamond electrodes emersed from high-pH solutions. Finally, we will give readers a glimpse into our recent progress regarding real-space visualizations of electrodes following electrochemistry and emersion using UHV-based STM. We begin by demonstrating the ability to visualize large-scale morphology changes, including electrochemically induced graphite exfoliation and the surface reconstruction of Au surfaces. Taking this further, we show that in certain instances atomically resolved specifically adsorbed anions on metal electrodes can be imaged. In all, we anticipate that this Account will stimulate readers to advance UHV-EC approaches further, as there is a need to improve our understanding concerning the guidelines that determine applicable electrochemical systems and how to exploit promising extensions to other UHV methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Wong
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Chen X, Chen X, Elsayed M, Edwards H, Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang HP, Zhang S, Wang W, Wheeler AR. Steering Micromotors via Reprogrammable Optoelectronic Paths. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5894-5904. [PMID: 36912818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steering micromotors is important for using them in practical applications and as model systems for active matter. This functionality often requires magnetic materials in the micromotor, taxis behavior of the micromotor, or the use of specifically designed physical boundaries. Here, we develop an optoelectronic strategy that steers micromotors with programmable light patterns. In this strategy, light illumination turns hydrogenated amorphous silicon conductive, generating local electric field maxima at the edge of the light pattern that attracts micromotors via positive dielectrophoresis. As an example, metallo-dielectric Janus microspheres that self-propelled under alternating current electric fields were steered by static light patterns along customized paths and through complex microstructures. Their long-term directionality was also rectified by ratchet-shaped light patterns. Furthermore, dynamic light patterns that varied in space and time enabled more advanced motion controls such as multiple motion modes, parallel control of multiple micromotors, and the collection and transport of motor swarms. This optoelectronic steering strategy is highly versatile and compatible with a variety of micromotors, and thus it possesses the potential for their programmable control in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Harrison Edwards
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
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Li H, Jiao Y, Davey K, Qiao SZ. Data-Driven Machine Learning for Understanding Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216383. [PMID: 36509704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The design of heterogeneous catalysts is necessarily surface-focused, generally achieved via optimization of adsorption energy and microkinetic modelling. A prerequisite is to ensure the adsorption energy is physically meaningful is the stable existence of the conceived active-site structure on the surface. The development of improved understanding of the catalyst surface, however, is challenging practically because of the complex nature of dynamic surface formation and evolution under in-situ reactions. We propose therefore data-driven machine-learning (ML) approaches as a solution. In this Minireview we summarize recent progress in using machine-learning to search and predict (meta)stable structures, assist operando simulation under reaction conditions and micro-environments, and critically analyze experimental characterization data. We conclude that ML will become the new norm to lower costs associated with discovery and design of optimal heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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Yao S, Zhang Z, Guo S, Yu Z, Zhang X, Zuo P, Wang J, Yin G, Huo H. Hierarchical NiMn/NiMn-LDH/ppy-C induced by a novel phase-transformation activation process for long-life supercapacitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:1020-1028. [PMID: 35567950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For micron-sized nickel-based hydroxides sheets, the reaction and migration of anions/water molecules in the inner region tends to lag behind those along the edge, which can cause structure mismatch and capacity degradation during cycles. Nanosizing and structure design is a feasible solution to shorten the ion/electron path and improve the reaction homogeneity. Herein, this study reports a novel three-stage strategy (self-assembly of NiMn-LDH/ppy-C - reduction to NiMn/ppy-C - in situ phase transformation into NiMn/NiMn-LDH/ppy-C) to reduce the sheet size of NiMn-LDH to nanometer. Triggered by electrochemical activation, NiMn-LDH nanosheets can hereby easily and orderly grow on the exposed active (111) crystal plane of Ni to establish NiMn-LDH/NiMn heterostructure around ppy-C. Importantly, nanosizing and hierarchical structure play a synergistic role to maintain structural integrity and to promote the electron/mass transfer kinetics. The NiMn/NiMn-LDH/ppy-C composite delivers superior cycling stability with almost no decay of capacity retention after 40,000 cycles at 5 A g-1. Our hierarchical morphology modulation provides an ingenious, efficient way to boost the performance of Ni-based layered hydroxide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China; Cell Engineering Department, Beijing Automotive Technology Center, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Shu Guo
- Center of Analysis Measurement and Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150001, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Pengjian Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Geping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Huo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for New Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Industry Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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11
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Heubach MK, Schuett FM, Kibler LA, Abdelrahman A, Jacob T. Initial Stages of Sodium Deposition onto Au(111) from [MPPip][TFSI]: An in‐situ STM Study. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian M. Schuett
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Ludwig A. Kibler
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Areeg Abdelrahman
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Timo Jacob
- Ulm University Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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Azimzadeh Sani M, Pavlopoulos NG, Pezzotti S, Serva A, Cignoni P, Linnemann J, Salanne M, Gaigeot M, Tschulik K. Unexpectedly High Capacitance of the Metal Nanoparticle/Water Interface: Molecular‐Level Insights into the Electrical Double Layer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Azimzadeh Sani
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Simone Pezzotti
- Physical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX 75005 Paris France
| | - Paolo Cignoni
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Julia Linnemann
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX 75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | | | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
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13
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Du Hill L, De Keersmaecker M, Colbert AE, Hill JW, Placencia D, Boercker JE, Armstrong NR, Ratcliff EL. Rationalizing energy level alignment by characterizing Lewis acid/base and ionic interactions at printable semiconductor/ionic liquid interfaces. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:471-481. [PMID: 34859805 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer and energy conversion processes at semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces are controlled by local electric field distributions, which can be especially challenging to measure. Herein we leverage the low vapor pressure and vacuum compatibility of ionic liquid electrolytes to undertake a layer-by-layer, ultra-high vacuum deposition of a prototypical ionic liquid EMIM+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and TFSI- (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide) on the surfaces of different electronic materials. We consider a case-by-case study between a standard metal (Au) and four printed electronic materials, where interfaces are characterized by a combination of X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies (XPS/UPS). For template-stripped gold surfaces, we observe through XPS a preferential orientation of the TFSI anion at the gold surface, enabling large electric fields (∼108 eV m-1) within the first two monolayers detected by a large surface vacuum level shift (0.7 eV) in UPS. Conversely, we observe a much more random orientation on four printable semiconductor surfaces: methyl ammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3), regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT)), sol-gel nickel oxide (NiOx), and PbIx-capped PbS quantum dots. For the semiconductors considered, the ionization energy (IE) of the ionic liquid at 3 ML coverage is highly substrate dependent, indicating that underlying chemical reactions are dominating interface level alignment (electronic equilibration) prior to reaching bulk electronic structure. This indicates there is no universal rule for energy level alignment, but that relative strengths of Lewis acid/base sites and ion-molecular interactions should be considered. Specifically, for P3HT, interactions are found to be relatively weak and occurring through the π-bonding structure in the thiophene ring. Alternatively, for NiOx, PbS/PbIx quantum dots, and MAPbI3, our XPS data suggest a combination of ionic bonding and Lewis acid/base reactions between the semiconductor and IL, with MAPbI3 being the most reactive surface. Collectively, our results point towards new directions in interface engineering, where strategically chosen ionic liquid-based anions and cations can be used to preferentially passivate and/or titrate surface defects of heterogeneous surfaces while simultaneously providing highly localized electric fields. These opportunities are expected to be translatable to opto-electronic and electrochemical devices, including energy conversion and storage and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Du Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Adam E Colbert
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Joshua W Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Diogenes Placencia
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Janice E Boercker
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Neal R Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Azimzadeh Sani M, Pavlopoulos NG, Pezzotti S, Serva A, Cignoni P, Linnemann J, Salanne M, Gaigeot M, Tschulik K. Unexpectedly High Capacitance of the Metal Nanoparticle/Water Interface: Molecular-Level Insights into the Electrical Double Layer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112679. [PMID: 34796598 PMCID: PMC9300121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrical double‐layer plays a key role in important interfacial electrochemical processes from catalysis to energy storage and corrosion. Therefore, understanding its structure is crucial for the progress of sustainable technologies. We extract new physico‐chemical information on the capacitance and structure of the electrical double‐layer of platinum and gold nanoparticles at the molecular level, employing single nanoparticle electrochemistry. The charge storage ability of the solid/liquid interface is larger by one order‐of‐magnitude than predicted by the traditional mean‐field models of the double‐layer such as the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model. Performing molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the possible relationship between the measured high capacitance and adsorption strength of the water adlayer formed at the metal surface. These insights may launch the active tuning of solid–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions as an innovative design strategy to transform energy technologies towards superior performance and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Azimzadeh Sani
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | | | - Simone Pezzotti
- Physical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSPhysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX75005ParisFrance
| | - Paolo Cignoni
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Julia Linnemann
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSPhysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX75005ParisFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)75231Paris Cedex 05France
| | | | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
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15
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Engelbrekt C, Nazmutdinov RR, Shermukhamedov S, Ulstrup J, Zinkicheva TT, Xiao X. Complex single‐molecule and molecular scale entities in electrochemical environments: Mechanisms and challenges. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Engelbrekt
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Renat R. Nazmutdinov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Shokirbek Shermukhamedov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Tamara T. Zinkicheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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16
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Ueda H, Yoshimoto S. Voltammetric investigation of anodic and cathodic processes at Au(hkl)|ionic liquid interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Briega-Martos V, Sarabia FJ, Climent V, Herrero E, Feliu JM. Cation Effects on Interfacial Water Structure and Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction on Pt(111). ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:48-55. [PMID: 36785745 PMCID: PMC9836069 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interface between the Pt(111) surface and several MeF/HClO4 (Me+ = Li+, Na+, or Cs+) aqueous electrolytes is investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and laser-induced temperature jump experiments. Results point out that the effect of the electrolyte on the interfacial water structure is different depending on the nature of the metal alkali cation, with the values of the potential of maximum entropy (pme) following the order pme (Li+) < pme (Na+) < pme (Cs+). In addition, the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction is studied under these conditions. This reaction is inhibited at low potentials as a consequence of the build up of negative charges on the electrode surface. The potential where this inhibition takes place (E inhibition) follows the same trend as the pme. These results evidence that the activity of an electrocatalytic reaction can depend to great extent on the structure of the interfacial water adlayer and that the latter can be modulated by the nature of the alkali metal cation.
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18
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Sun Z, Lauritsen JV. A versatile electrochemical cell for hanging meniscus or flow cell measurement of planar model electrodes characterized with scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:094101. [PMID: 34598512 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the development of a portable electrochemistry (EC) cell setup that can be applied to measure relevant electrochemical signals on planar samples in conjunction with pre- and post-characterization by surface science methods, such as scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The EC cell setup, including the transfer and EC cell compartments, possesses the advantage of a small size and can be integrated with standard ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems or synchrotron end-stations by replacing the flange adaptor, sample housing, and transfer arm. It allows a direct transfer of the pre-characterized planar sample from the UHV environment to the EC cell to conduct in situ electrochemical measurements without exposing to ambient air. The EC cell setup can operate in both the hanging meniscus and flow cell mode. As a proof of concept, using a Au(111) single crystal electrode, we demonstrate the application of the EC cell setup in both modes and report on the post-EC structure and chemical surface composition as provided by scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To exemplify the advantage of an in situ EC cell, the EC cell performance is further compared to a corresponding experiment on a Au(111) sample measured by transfer at ambient conditions. The EC cell demonstrated here enables a wealth of future electrocatalysis measurements that combine surface science model catalyst approaches to facilitate the understanding of nano- and atomic-scale structures of electrocatalytic interfaces, the crucial role of catalyst stability, and the nature of low-concentration and atomically dispersed metal (single atom) dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozong Sun
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe V Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Over H. Fundamental Studies of Planar Single-Crystalline Oxide Model Electrodes (RuO2, IrO2) for Acidic Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Over
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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21
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Linnemann J, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Linnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kannasoot Kanokkanchana
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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22
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Baricuatro JH, Kwon S, Kim YG, Cummins KD, Naserifar S, Goddard WA. Operando Electrochemical Spectroscopy for CO on Cu(100) at pH 1 to 13: Validation of Grand Canonical Potential Predictions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack H. Baricuatro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Soonho Kwon
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA) and Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Youn-Geun Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kyle D. Cummins
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Saber Naserifar
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA) and Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA) and Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Ávila M, Juárez M, Santos E. Energetics of chloride adlayers on Au(100) electrodes: Grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations and ab-intio thermodynamics. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Grumelli D, Wiegmann T, Barja S, Reikowski F, Maroun F, Allongue P, Balajka J, Parkinson GS, Diebold U, Kern K, Magnussen OM. Electrochemical Stability of the Reconstructed Fe 3 O 4 (001) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21904-21908. [PMID: 32729209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the atomic-scale structure of metal-oxide surfaces during electrochemical reactions is a key step to modeling this important class of electrocatalysts. Here, we demonstrate that the characteristic (√2×√2)R45° surface reconstruction formed on (001)-oriented magnetite single crystals is maintained after immersion in 0.1 M NaOH at 0.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl and we investigate its dependence on the electrode potential. We follow the evolution of the surface using in situ and operando surface X-ray diffraction from the onset of hydrogen evolution, to potentials deep in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) regime. The reconstruction remains stable for hours between -0.20 and 0.60 V and, surprisingly, is still present at anodic current densities of up to 10 mA cm-2 and strongly affects the OER kinetics. We attribute this to a stabilization of the Fe3 O4 bulk by the reconstructed surface. At more negative potentials, a gradual and largely irreversible lifting of the reconstruction is observed due to the onset of oxide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Grumelli
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fisicoquimcas Teoricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentine
| | | | - Sara Barja
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Centro de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU-CSIC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Grumelli D, Wiegmann T, Barja S, Reikowski F, Maroun F, Allongue P, Balajka J, Parkinson GS, Diebold U, Kern K, Magnussen OM. Electrochemical Stability of the Reconstructed Fe
3
O
4
(001) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Grumelli
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fisicoquimcas Teoricas y Aplicadas Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET La Plata Argentine
| | | | - Sara Barja
- Departamento de Física de Materiales Centro de Física de Materiales University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU-CSIC) Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | | | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS, IP Paris 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS, IP Paris 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland
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26
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Probing consequences of anion-dictated electrochemistry on the electrode/monolayer/electrolyte interfacial properties. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4194. [PMID: 32826881 PMCID: PMC7442636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altering electrochemical interfaces by using electrolyte effects or so-called "electrolyte engineering" provides a versatile means to modulate the electrochemical response. However, the long-standing challenge is going "beyond cyclic voltammetry" where electrolyte effects are interrogated from the standpoint of the interfacial properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here, we employ ferrocene-terminated self-assembled monolayers as a molecular probe and investigate how the anion-dictated electrochemical responses are translated in terms of the electronic and structural properties of the electrode/monolayer/electrolyte interface. We utilise a photoelectron-based spectroelectrochemical approach that is capable of capturing "snapshots" into (1) anion dependencies of the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox process including ion-pairing with counter anions (Fc+-anion) caused by differences in Fc+-anion interactions and steric constraints, and (2) interfacial energetics concerning the electrostatic potential across the electrode/monolayer/electrolyte interface. Our work can be extended to provide electrolyte-related structure-property relationships in redox-active polymers and functionalised electrodes for pseudocapacitive energy storage.
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27
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Fang Y, Ding SY, Zhang M, Steinmann SN, Hu R, Mao BW, Feliu JM, Tian ZQ. Revisiting the Atomistic Structures at the Interface of Au(111) Electrode–Sulfuric Acid Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9439-9446. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Ren Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquı́mica, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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28
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Tan CS, Zhao Y, Guo RH, Chuang WT, Chen LJ, Huang MH. Facet-Dependent Surface Trap States and Carrier Lifetimes of Silicon. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1952-1958. [PMID: 32023411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The facet-dependent electrical conductivity properties of silicon wafers result from significant band structure differences and variations in bond length, bond geometry, and frontier orbital electron distribution between the metal-like and semiconducting planes of silicon. To further understand the emergence of conductivity facet effects, electrochemical impedance measurements were conducted on intrinsic Si {100}, {110}, and {111} wafers. The attempt-to-escape frequency, obtained from temperature-dependent capacitance versus applied frequency curves, and other parameters derived from typical semiconductor property measurements were used to construct a diagram of the trap energy level (Et) and the amount of trap states Nt(Et). The trap states are located 0.61-0.72 eV above the silicon conduction band. Compared to {100} and {110} wafers, Si {111} wafer shows far less densities of trap states over the range of -0.2 to 2 V. Since these trap states inhibit direct electron excitation to the conduction band, the {111} wafer having much fewer trap states presents the best electrical conductivity property. Impedance data also provide facet-specific carrier lifetimes. The {111} surface gives consistently the lowest carrier lifetime, which reflects its high electrical conductivity. Lastly, ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and diffuse reflectance spectra were taken to obtain Schottky barriers between Ag and contacting Si wafers. The most conductive {111} surface presenting the largest Schottky barrier means the degrees of surface band bending used to explain facet-dependent electrical behaviors cannot be reliably attained this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Shan Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rong-Hao Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Juann Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael H Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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29
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Electrifying Oxide Model Catalysis: Complex Electrodes Based on Atomically-Defined Oxide Films. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Dávila López AC, Pehlke E. DFT study of Au self-diffusion on Au(001) in the presence of a Cl adlayer. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eckhard Pehlke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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31
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Tsuruta K, Haraguchi R, Nishiyama K, Sawaguchi T, Yoshimoto S. Electrochemical Condensation of Methylviologen on Specifically‐adsorbed Anion Layers. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Ryusei Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishiyama
- Division of Materials Science & ChemistryFaculty of Advanced Science & TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sawaguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 6, 1–1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Division of Materials Science & ChemistryFaculty of Advanced Science & TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
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32
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Kuang L, Liu H, Ma B, Jefferson WA, Zhang G, Qu J. Micro-electrode system designed to determine H + concentration distribution at particle-water interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:544-550. [PMID: 30059915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the particle-water interface relies primarily on the use of electric double layer theory (EDL theory), in which the concentration distribution of ions with distance can be evaluated. However, although EDL theory provides a theoretical and mathematical basis, obtaining direct experimental results is also necessary. In this study, an instrument system set with a designed H+ selective micro-electrode was developed for in situ determination at the particle-water interface, and a preliminary investigation of the H+ concentration distribution at the particle-water interface was enabled using data collection at 1 nm/step. The experimental results agree with EDL theory and provide direct evidence to support its general assumptions. The compressible effect of the electric double layer with an increase in ionic strength is verified, and the defined length of the diffusion layer in this investigation is shown to have an approximately inverse proportion to the square root of ionic strength. The rise in H+ concentration near the particle surface is also determined during interactions between trace Fe3+ and particles. Results indicate that the method reported here can be applied to conduct dynamic in situ observations; based on its excellent performance, this innovative instrument system has great potential for interface mechanism research in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baiwen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - William A Jefferson
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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33
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Wu CH, Pascal TA, Baskin A, Wang H, Fang HT, Liu YS, Lu YH, Guo J, Prendergast D, Salmeron MB. Molecular-Scale Structure of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces: The Case of Platinum in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16237-16244. [PMID: 30369234 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular composition and electronic structure of electrified solid-liquid interfaces is key to understanding elemental processes in heterogeneous reactions. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the interface-sensitive electron yield mode (EY-XAS), first-principles electronic structure calculations, and multiscale simulations, we determined the chemical composition of the interfacial region of a polycrystalline platinum electrode in contact with aqueous sulfuric acid solution at potentials between the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. We found that between 0.7 and 1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl the electrical double layer (EDL) region comprises adsorbed sulfate ions with hydrated hydronium ions in the next layer. No evidence was found for bisulfate or Pt-O/Pt-OH species, which have very distinctive spectral signatures. In addition to resolving the long-standing issue of the EDL structure, our work establishes interface- and element-sensitive EY-XAS as a powerful spectroscopic tool for studying condensed phase, buried solid-liquid interfaces relevant to various electrochemical processes and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Artem Baskin
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Huixin Wang
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Fang
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- The Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yi-Hsien Lu
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- The Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University of California, Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Miquel B Salmeron
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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34
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Faisal F, Bertram M, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Brummel O, Libuda J. Preparation of complex model electrocatalysts in ultra-high vacuum and transfer into the electrolyte for electrochemical IR spectroscopy and other techniques. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:114101. [PMID: 30501282 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Model studies at complex, yet well-defined electrodes can provide a better understanding of electrocatalytic reactions. New experimental devices are required to prepare such model electrocatalysts with atomic-level control. In this work, we discuss the design of a new setup, which enables the preparation of well-defined electrocatalysts in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) using the full portfolio of surface science techniques. The setup allows for direct transfer of samples from UHV and the immersion into the electrolyte without contact to air. As a special feature, the single crystal sample is transferred without any sample holder, which makes the system easily compatible with most electrochemical in situ methods, specifically with electrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, but also with other characterization methods such as single-crystal cyclic voltammetry, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, or electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy. We demonstrate the preparation in UHV, the transfer in inert atmosphere, and the immersion into the electrolyte for a complex model catalyst that requires surface science methods for preparation. Specifically, we study Pt nanoparticles supported on well-ordered Co3O4(111) films which are grown on an Ir(100) single crystal. In comparison with reference experiments on Pt(111), the model catalyst shows a remarkably different adsorption and reaction behavior during CO electrooxidation in alkaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Faisal
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Wong RA, Yokota Y, Wakisaka M, Inukai J, Kim Y. Discerning the Redox-Dependent Electronic and Interfacial Structures in Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13672-13679. [PMID: 30277764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We explore the redox-dependent electronic and structural changes of ferrocene-terminated self-assembled monolayers (Fc SAMs) immersed in aqueous solution. By exploiting X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy combined with an electrochemical cell (EC-XPS/UPS), we can electrochemically control the Fc SAMs and spectroscopically probe the induced changes with the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox center (Fe oxidation state), formation of 1:1 Fc+-ClO4- ion pairs, molecular orientation, and monolayer thickness. We further find the insignificant involvement of interfacial water in the Fc SAMs irrespective of redox state. Electrolyte dependencies could be identified with 0.1 M NaClO4 and HClO4 when probing partially oxidized Fc/Fc+ SAMs. Corroborating the occurrence of electrochemically induced oxidation, EC-UPS shows that oxidation to Fc+ is accompanied by a shift of the highest occupied molecular orbital toward higher binding energy. The oxidation to Fc+ is also met with an increase in work function ascribed to the induced negative interfacial dipole caused by the presence of Fc+-ClO4- ion pairs along with a contribution from the reorientation of the Fc+ SAMs. The reversibility of our observations is confirmed upon conversion from Fc+ back to the neutral Fc. The approach shown here is beneficial for a broad range of redox-responsive systems to aid in the elucidation of structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Wong
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Mitsuru Wakisaka
- Graduate School of Engineering , Toyama Prefectural University , 5180 Kurokawa , Imizu , Toyama 939-0398 , Japan
| | - Junji Inukai
- Clean Energy Research Center , University of Yamanashi , 4 Takeda , Kofu , Yamanashi 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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36
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Liu T, Li M, Wang Y, Fang Y, Wang W. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of single Au nanorods. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4424-4429. [PMID: 29896383 PMCID: PMC5956977 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00983j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monochromatic dark-field microscopy coupled with high-frequency potential modulation leads to non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of single Au nanorods.
We propose monochromatic dark-field imaging microscopy (DFM) to measure the non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of single Au nanorods (AuNRs). DFM was utilized to monitor the plasmonic scattering of monochromatic incident light by surface-immobilized individual AuNRs. When modulating the surface potential at a certain frequency, non-faradaic charging and discharging of AuNRs altered their electron density, leading to periodical fluctuations in the scattering intensity. Analysis of the amplitude and phase of the optical intensity fluctuation as a function of modulation frequency resulted in the EIS of single AuNRs. High-frequency (>100 Hz) modulation allowed us to differentiate the intrinsic charging effect from other contributions such as the periodic migration and accumulation of counterions in the surrounding medium, because the latter occurred at a longer timescale. As a result, single nanoparticle EIS led to the surface capacitance of single AuNRs being closer to the theoretical value. Since interfacial capacitance has been proven sensitive to molecular interactions, the present work also offers a new platform for single nanoparticle sensing by measuring the single nanoparticle capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Yongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Yimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
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37
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Ran L, Tao Y, Guo K, Shen F, Zhou H, Sun Y, Zhang R, Zhou Q, Yang J, Yin Z, Guo Z. Bias-scanning based tunable LSPR sensor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2146-2150. [PMID: 29308485 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The principle and the characteristics of the bias-scanning based tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors for environmental refractive index have been theoretically and numerically investigated in detail. The sensors exhibit linear negative-shifts in the scattering-bias spectral position when the refractive index of the surrounding medium increases. By bias-scanning, a single-wavelength measurement for sensing the environmental refractive index can be realized effectively. In addition, we demonstrate that the sensing performance of the designed sensor can be adjusted by nano-scale manipulations of metal nanoparticles' sizes and shapes. The proposed devices may pave the way for the development of electrochemical sensors that can convert spectrum scanning into bias scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ran
- College of Electronics Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
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38
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39
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Liu Y, Lopes PP, Cha W, Harder R, Maser J, Maxey E, Highland MJ, Markovic NM, Hruszkewycz SO, Stephenson GB, You H, Ulvestad A. Stability Limits and Defect Dynamics in Ag Nanoparticles Probed by Bragg Coherent Diffractive Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1595-1601. [PMID: 28186775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution is critical to nanomaterial stability, especially for partially dealloyed nanoparticle catalysts. Unfortunately, highly active catalysts are often not stable in their reactive environments, preventing widespread application. Thus, focusing on the structure-stability relationship at the nanoscale is crucial and will likely play an important role in meeting grand challenges. Recent advances in imaging capability have come from electron, X-ray, and other techniques but tend to be limited to specific sample environments and/or two-dimensional images. Here, we report investigations into the defect-stability relationship of silver nanoparticles to voltage-induced electrochemical dissolution imaged in situ in three-dimensional detail by Bragg coherent diffractive imaging. We first determine the average dissolution kinetics by stationary probe rotating disk electrode in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which allows in situ measurement of Ag+ ion formation. We then observe the dissolution and redeposition processes in single nanocrystals, providing unique insight about the role of surface strain, defects, and their coupling to the dissolution chemistry. The methods developed and the knowledge gained go well beyond a "simple" silver electrochemistry and are applicable to all electrocatalytic reactions where functional links between activity and stability are controlled by structure and defect dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - P P Lopes
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - W Cha
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - R Harder
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - J Maser
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - E Maxey
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - M J Highland
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - N M Markovic
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - G B Stephenson
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - H You
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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40
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Nunes SC, Toquer G, Cardoso MA, Mayoral A, Ferreira RAS, Carlos LD, Ferreira P, Almeida P, Cattoën X, Wong Chi Man M, de Zea Bermudez V. Structuring of Alkyl-Triazole Bridged Silsesquioxanes. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Nunes
- CICS - Health Sciences Research Center and Chemistry Department; University of Beira Interior; 6201-001 Covilhã Portugal
- Department Chemistry; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - G. Toquer
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule; (UMR 5257 CEA-CNRS-UM2-ENSCM), BP17171; 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze France
| | - M. A. Cardoso
- Department Chemistry; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - A. Mayoral
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas; Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon; Universidad de Zaragoza; 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - R. A. S. Ferreira
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - L. D. Carlos
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - P. Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - P. Almeida
- CICS - Health Sciences Research Center and Chemistry Department; University of Beira Interior; 6201-001 Covilhã Portugal
| | - X. Cattoën
- Inst NEEL; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL F-; 38042 Grenoble, F38042 Grenoble France
| | - M. Wong Chi Man
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier; UMR5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, rue de l'école normale 34296 Montpellier France
| | - V. de Zea Bermudez
- Department Chemistry; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
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41
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Aranda D, López-Tocón I, Soto J, Otero JC, Avila F. An approach to the electronic structure of molecular junctions with metal clusters of atomic thickness. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27179-27184. [PMID: 27722529 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TD-DFT calculations predict a linear dependence of the energies of charge transfer states of Agn-pyrazine-Agn molecular junctions on the inverse of the size (1/n) of the linear metal chains. The density of charge (qeff = q/n) in the metal-to-metal charge transfer excited states (CTMM: Agnq-pyrazine-Agn-q) smoothly tunes the electronic structure of the junction, especially the metal-to-molecule charge transfer states (CT0 and CT1) and the first excited singlet of pyrazine (S1,Pz). In enlarged junctions, pyrazine bonds preferably to one of the Agn clusters and this weak adsorption produces a significant unexpected asymmetry for forward and reverse charge transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aranda
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isabel López-Tocón
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan Soto
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan C Otero
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco Avila
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
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42
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Favaro M, Jeong B, Ross PN, Yano J, Hussain Z, Liu Z, Crumlin EJ. Unravelling the electrochemical double layer by direct probing of the solid/liquid interface. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12695. [PMID: 27576762 PMCID: PMC5013669 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical double layer plays a critical role in electrochemical processes. Whilst there have been many theoretical models predicting structural and electrical organization of the electrochemical double layer, the experimental verification of these models has been challenging due to the limitations of available experimental techniques. The induced potential drop in the electrolyte has never been directly observed and verified experimentally, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we report the direct probing of the potential drop as well as the potential of zero charge by means of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy performed under polarization conditions. By analyzing the spectra of the solvent (water) and a spectator neutral molecule with numerical simulations of the electric field, we discern the shape of the electrochemical double layer profile. In addition, we determine how the electrochemical double layer changes as a function of both the electrolyte concentration and applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Favaro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Beomgyun Jeong
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced X-ray Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip N. Ross
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- Division of Photon Science and Condensed Matter Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Shchukarev A, Ramstedt M. Cryo-XPS: probing intact interfaces in nature and life. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Colic V, Pohl MD, Scieszka D, Bandarenka AS. Influence of the electrolyte composition on the activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic centers. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Preise der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker Adolf-von-Baeyer-Denkmünze für Carsten Bolm / Wöhler-Preis für Nachhaltige Chemie an Matthias Beller / Karl-Ziegler-Preis für Helmut Schwarz / Ehrenmitgliedschaft für Henning Hopf / August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann-Vor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker Awards: Adolf von Baeyer Memorial Medal for Carsten Bolm / Wöhler Prize for Sustainable Chemistry to Matthias Beller / Karl Ziegler Prize for Helmut Schwarz / Honorary Membership for Henning Hopf / August Wilhelm von Hofman. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zeigler DF, Candelaria SL, Mazzio KA, Martin TR, Uchaker E, Suraru SL, Kang LJ, Cao G, Luscombe CK. N-Type Hyperbranched Polymers for Supercapacitor Cathodes with Variable Porosity and Excellent Electrochemical Stability. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Zeigler
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Candelaria
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Katherine A. Mazzio
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Trevor R. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Evan Uchaker
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sabin-Lucian Suraru
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lauren J. Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Ye F, Xia Y, Wu G, Hossain ML, Zhang Y, Wang J. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling ofN-Tosylhydrazones, Alkynes and Azides: Synthesis of Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Paris C, Brun O, Pedroso E, Grandas A. Exploiting protected maleimides to modify oligonucleotides, peptides and peptide nucleic acids. Molecules 2015; 20:6389-408. [PMID: 25867825 PMCID: PMC6272179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the possibilities offered by 2,5-dimethylfuran-protected maleimides. Suitably derivatized building blocks incorporating the exo Diels-Alder cycloadduct can be introduced at any position of oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, peptides and peptoids, making use of standard solid-phase procedures. Maleimide deprotection takes place upon heating, which can be followed by either Michael-type or Diels-Alder click conjugation reactions. However, the one-pot procedure in which maleimide deprotection and conjugation are simultaneously carried out provides the target conjugate more quickly and, more importantly, in better yield. This procedure is compatible with conjugates involving oligonucleotides, peptides and peptide nucleic acids. A variety of cyclic peptides and oligonucleotides can be obtained from peptide and oligonucleotide precursors incorporating protected maleimides and thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Paris
- Departament de Química Orgànica i IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Omar Brun
- Departament de Química Orgànica i IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Pedroso
- Departament de Química Orgànica i IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Grandas
- Departament de Química Orgànica i IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Xia Z, Wang J, Hou Y, Lu Q. Note: A quartz cell with Pt single crystal bead electrode for electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:096103. [PMID: 25273789 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide and demonstrate a design of a unique cell with Pt single crystal bead electrode for electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (ECSTM) measurements. The active metal Pt electrode can be protected from air contamination during the preparation process. The transparency of the cell allows the tip and bead to be aligned by direct observation. Based on this, a new and effective alignment method is introduced. The high-quality bead preparations through this new cell have been confirmed by the ECSTM images of Pt (111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xia
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihao Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Hou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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