1
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Hasan F, Gillen JH, Jayaweera AT, McDearmon WD, Winter AH, Bejger CM. Simple Air-Stable [3]Radialene Anion Radicals as Environmentally Switchable Catholytes in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302829. [PMID: 37968900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The hexacyano[3]radialene radical anion (1) is an attractive catholyte material for use in redox flow battery (RFB) applications. The substitution of cyano groups with ester moieties enhances solubility while maintaining redox reversibility and favorable redox potentials. Here we show that these ester-functionalized, hexasubstituted [3]radialene radical anions dimerize reversibly in water. The dimerization mode is dependent on the substitution pattern and can be switched in solution. Stimuli-responsive behavior is achieved by exploiting an unprecedented tristate switching mechanism, wherein the radical can be toggled between the free radical, a π-dimer, and a σ-dimer-each with dramatically different optical, magnetic, and redox properties-by changing the solvent environment, temperature, or salinity. The symmetric, triester-tricyano[3]radialene (3) forms a solvent-responsive, σ-dimer in water that converts to the radical anion with the addition of organic solvents or to a π-dimer in brine solutions. Diester-tetracyano[3]radialene (2) exists primarily as a π-dimer in aqueous solutions and a radical anion in organic solvents. The dimerization behavior of both 2 and 3 is temperature dependent in methanol solutions. Dimerization equilibrium has a direct impact on catholyte stability during galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling in static H-cells. Specifically, conditions that favor the free radical anion or π-dimer exhibit significantly enhanced cycling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuead Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Jonathan H Gillen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | | | - William D McDearmon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Christopher M Bejger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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2
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Czichy M, Janasik P, Motyka R, Zassowski P, Grabiec E, Wolinska-Grabczyk A, Lapkowski M. Influence of isomeric phthaloperinone monomers on the formation of π-dimers and σ-bonded segments in electrochemically-crosslinked products. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Darvasiová D, Šoral M, Puškárová I, Dvoranová D, Vénosová B, Bučinský L, Zalibera M, Dujnič V, Dobrov A, Schwalbe M, Arion VB, Rapta P. Spectroelectrochemical, photochemical and theoretical study of octaazamacrocyclic nickel(II) complexes exhibiting unusual solvent-dependent deprotonation of methylene group. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Wojcik L, López I, Gauthier S, Cabon N, Le Poul P, Gloaguen F, Le Poul N. Insights into the radical-radical and radical-substrate dimerization processes for substituted phenylmethylenepyrans. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Yokoi H, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. Reversible σ-Bond Formation in Bowl-Shaped π-Radical Cations: The Effects of Curved and Planar Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Wojcik L, Michaud F, Gauthier S, Cabon N, Le Poul P, Gloaguen F, Le Poul N. Reversible Redox Switching of Chromophoric Phenylmethylenepyrans by Carbon-Carbon Bond Making/Breaking. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12395-12405. [PMID: 29058426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochromic organic systems that can undergo substantial variation of their optical properties upon electron stimulus are of high interest for the development of functional materials. In particular, devices based on radical dimerization are appropriate because of the effectiveness and speed of carbon-carbon bond making/breaking. Phenylmethylenepyrans are organic chromophores which are well suited for such purposes since their oxidation leads to the reversible formation of bispyrylium species by radical dimerization. In this paper, we show that the redox and spectroscopic properties of phenylmethylenepyrans can be modulated by adequate variation of the substituting group on the para position of the phenyl moiety, as supported by DFT calculations. This redox switching is reversible over several cycles and is accompanied by a significant modification of the UV-vis spectrum of the chromophore, as shown by time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry in thin-layer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Wojcik
- Laboratoire CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, Brest 29238 Cedex, France
| | - François Michaud
- Service PIMM-DRX, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, Brest29238 Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Gauthier
- IUT de Lannion, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1 , Rue Edouard Branly, 22300 Lannion, France
| | - Nolwenn Cabon
- IUT de Lannion, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1 , Rue Edouard Branly, 22300 Lannion, France
| | - Pascal Le Poul
- IUT de Lannion, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1 , Rue Edouard Branly, 22300 Lannion, France
| | - Frederic Gloaguen
- Laboratoire CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, Brest 29238 Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Laboratoire CEMCA, CNRS UMR 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, Brest 29238 Cedex, France
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7
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Wang X, Zhang F, Schellhammer KS, Machata P, Ortmann F, Cuniberti G, Fu Y, Hunger J, Tang R, Popov AA, Berger R, Müllen K, Feng X. Synthesis of NBN-Type Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 1,9-Diaza-9a-boraphenalene as a Structural Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11606-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Machata
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hunger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Su J, Wang B, Liu D, Du L, Liu Y, Su J, Zheng W. A 1,2,4-diazaphospholyl radical and its nitrogen-phosphorus coupled dimer: synthesis, X-ray structural characterization, EPR analysis, and computational studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:12680-3. [PMID: 26166365 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 1,2,4-diazaphospholide potassium (K(+)[]) produces a neutral 1,2,4-diazaphospholyl radical () which can subsequently afford the (N)-(P) dimer involving a N-P linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & College of Chemical and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Gongyuan Street 1, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041004, China.
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9
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Turbiez M, Faye D, Leriche P, Frère P. Bis-EDOT end capped by n-hexyl or n-hexylsulfanyl groups: the effect of the substituents on the stability of the oxidized states. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur atoms of hexylsulfanyl groups stabilize the radical cation and dication states and prevent the σ-dimerization of the radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djibril Faye
- University of Angers
- MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Anger cedex
- France
| | - Philippe Leriche
- University of Angers
- MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Anger cedex
- France
| | - Pierre Frère
- University of Angers
- MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Anger cedex
- France
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10
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Chen X, Wang X, Zhou Z, Li Y, Sui Y, Ma J, Wang X, Power PP. Reversible σ-Dimerizations of Persistent Organic Radical Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Wang X, Zhou Z, Li Y, Sui Y, Ma J, Wang X, Power PP. Reversible σ-Dimerizations of Persistent Organic Radical Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:589-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Staško A, Lušpai K, Barbieriková Z, Rimarčík J, Vagánek A, Lukeš V, Bella M, Milata V, Zalibera M, Rapta P, Brezová V. Stable Radical Trianions from Reversibly Formed Sigma-Dimers of Selenadiazoloquinolones Studied by In Situ EPR/UV–vis Spectroelectrochemistry and Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9919-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Staško
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Lušpai
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Rimarčík
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Vagánek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maroš Bella
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská
cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktor Milata
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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13
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Friebe C, Hager MD, Winter A, Schubert US. Metal-containing polymers via electropolymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:332-345. [PMID: 22184013 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electropolymerization represents a suitable and well-established approach for the assembly of polymer structures, in particular with regard to the formation of thin, insoluble films. Utilization of monomers that are functionalized with metal complex units allows the combination of structural and functional benefits of polymers and metal moieties. Since a broad range of both electropolymerizable monomers and metal complexes are available, various structures and, thus, applications are possible. Recent developments in the field of synthesis and potential applications of metal-functionalized polymers obtained via electropolymerization are presented, highlighting the significant advances in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands
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14
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Yurchenko O, Freytag D, zur Borg L, Zentel R, Heinze J, Ludwigs S. Electrochemically Induced Reversible and Irreversible Coupling of Triarylamines. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:30-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Yurchenko
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Freytag
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa zur Borg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10 −14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10 −14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Pagels M, Götz G, Fischer T, Bäuerle P, Heinze J. Electrochemistry with alkyl-linked oligothiophenes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Burkhardt SE, Conte S, Rodriguez-Calero GG, Lowe MA, Qian H, Zhou W, Gao J, Hennig RG, Abruña HD. Towards organic energy storage: characterization of 2,5-bis(methylthio)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10664c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Heinze J, Frontana-Uribe BA, Ludwigs S. Electrochemistry of conducting polymers--persistent models and new concepts. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4724-71. [PMID: 20557047 DOI: 10.1021/cr900226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Páramo-García U, Frontana-Uribe BA, Guadarrama P, Ugalde-Saldívar VM. Experimental and theoretical evidence of a persistent radical-cation dimer generated during the electrooxidation of an N-glucosamine-pyrrole derivative. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7265-72. [PMID: 20945861 DOI: 10.1021/jo101288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of the electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-2-(pyrro-1-yl)-β-d-glucopyranose (Py-GSATA) are presented. This compound was analyzed in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, using a platinum disk electrode as the working electrode. Py-GSATA showed two irreversible oxidation signals, the first at 1.24 and the second at 1.54 V vs Fc(+)/Fc. After successive cyclic voltammetry, under different experimental conditions, it was shown that it is not possible to electropolymerize this pyrrole derivative. Surprisingly, the bulk anodic electrolysis of Py-GSATA generated a single electroactive soluble product with an electrochemical cathodic signal located at -0.35 V vs Fc(+)/Fc. Mass spectrometry of the solution showed the presence of a dimeric species of the parent compound. ESR spectroscopy of the electrolysis solution showed a persistent radical species stable at least for 6 months (4 °C). UV-vis spectroscopy was consistent with low chain cation-radical oligomers. In order to propose an explanation to the dimer cation stability in solution, molecular modeling using a B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory was used to analyze the stability and feasibility of the electrogenerated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Páramo-García
- Intituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, C.U. Coyoacan, D.F. 04510, Mexico
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19
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Rasche A, Heinze J. On the σ-dimerization of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine during anodic oxidation—A reinvestigation. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Vargová A, Hrnčariková K, Végh D, Lukeš V, Fedorko P, Rapta P. Intermolecular and intramolecular coupling in charged monosubstituted hexapyrrolylbenzenes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Bof Bufon CC, Vollmer J, Heinzel T, Espindola P, John H, Heinze J. Relationship between chain length, disorder, and resistivity in polypyrrole films. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:19191-9. [PMID: 16853476 DOI: 10.1021/jp053516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the polymerization temperature and of voltammetric cycling on the chain length and the resistivity of polypyrrole films are investigated. The studies provide further proof for the existence of at least two different types of polypyrrole, the so-called PPy I and PPy II. As the electropolymerization of conjugated systems in contrast to normal polymerization reactions is a fully activated process, the generation of these different types of PPy depends on experimental parameters such as temperature or formation potentials. UV-vis measurements demonstrate that PPy II comprises significantly shorter chains than PPy I (8-12 vs 32-64 units); moreover, film conductivity is found to increase with the fraction of PPy II. This fraction is changed via the polymerization temperature as well as by cyclic voltammetry, both of which can induce a metal-insulator transition. The counter-intuitive relationship between resistivity and chain length is interpreted in terms of disorder-dominated transport, in which the shorter chains of PPy II support the formation of delocalized electronic states, thereby increasing the localization length. Thus, our results are in agreement with recent broadband reflectivity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cesar Bof Bufon
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Gallardo I, Guirado G, Marquet J, Vilà N. Evidence for a π Dimer in the Electrochemical Reduction of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene: A Reversible N2-Fixation System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1321-5. [PMID: 17195265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iluminada Gallardo
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gallardo I, Guirado G, Marquet J, Vilà N. Evidence for a π Dimer in the Electrochemical Reduction of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene: A Reversible N2-Fixation System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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John H, Briehn C, Schmidt J, Hünig S, Heinze J. Trinuclear Cyanines (TNCs) Revisited: A New Class of Electrochromics by Intramolecular π/σ Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:449-53. [PMID: 17154200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann John
- Institute of Physical Chemistry I and Freiburg Materials Research Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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John H, Briehn C, Schmidt J, Hünig S, Heinze J. Ein neuer Blick auf alte Farbstoffe: Dreikernige Cyanine (TNCs) als elektrochrome redoxschaltbare Systeme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Lukeš V, Polovková J, Rapta P, Végh D. The experimental and theoretical characterisation of the phenyl-perfluorophenyl π–π and hydrogen bond interactions in the aldimine co-crystal. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Rapta P, Zeika O, Rohde D, Hartmann H, Dunsch L. Thiophene-Thiophene versus Phenyl-Phenyl Coupling in 2-(Diphenylamino)-Thiophenes: An ESR-UV/Vis/NIR Spectroelectrochemical Study. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:863-70. [PMID: 16521155 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of several 2-diphenylamino-substituted thiophenes and N,N'-bis(2-diphenylamino-5-thienyl)-substituted phenylene-1,4-diamines with different substitution patterns in the 5-position of their thiophene moieties was studied by cyclovoltammetric and spectroelectrochemical measurements (ESR, UV/Vis/NIR). These measurements revealed both the structure of the oxidation products obtained and that of their cationic intermediates, as well as the pathway of their formation and follow-up reactions. Thus, the formation of the radical cations in the first electrochemical oxidation step of the target molecules was demonstrated. Depending on the substitution pattern, these radical cations give rise to several consecutive processes to a different extent. Thus radical dimers, dehydrodimers with a 2,2-bithiophene, 3,3'-bithiophene, or benzidine structure, as well as radical monocationic and dicationic products can be formed. For N,N'-bis(2-diphenylamino-5-thienyl)-substituted phenylene-1,4-diamines rather stable radical cations and dications were primarily formed and unambiguously identified. These species were transformed into 2,2'-bithiophene dimers and oligomers when the 5-position of the thiophene moiety was unsubstituted. By in situ spectroelectrochemistry the influence of the substituents on the type of coupling reactions can be demonstrated and followed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rapta
- IFW Dresden, Institute of Solid State Research, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Miyake Y, Ono A. Fluorescent sensor for redox environment: a redox controlled molecular device based on the reversible mercury mediated folded structure formation of oligothymidylate. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Nishinaga T, Komatsu K. Persistent ? radical cations: self-association and its steric control in the condensed phase. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:561-9. [PMID: 15703786 DOI: 10.1039/b418872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pi Radical cations, which are highly reactive in general, can be made persistently stable by appropriate structural modification with heteroatoms, pi-conjugated systems, and alkyl substituents. Many of these pi radical cations undergo self-association in the condensed phase. The steric control of such self-association of stabilized pi radical cations is the subject of the present article. Such an association can result in the formation of pi- and/or sigma-dimers. The pi-dimerization in particular is now considered as an important intermolecular interaction for model studies of a charge-transport phenomenon in positively doped conducting polymers. On the other hand, the intermolecular interactions can be suppressed when the pi-system is modified with sterically demanding structural units, for example, by annelation with bicycloalkene frameworks. This structural modification not only brings about unusual stabilization of the radical cations but provides valuable information on the electronic structure/properties of the positively charged pi-systems in a segregated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Zhang J, Siu K, Lin CH, Canary JW. Conformational dynamics of Cu(i) complexes of tripodal ligands: steric control of molecular motion. NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b509050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Rapta P, Lukkari J, Tarábek J, Salomäki M, Jussila M, Yohannes G, Riekkola ML, Kankare J, Dunsch L. Ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayers: in situ ESR/UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical study of charge carriers formed under oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b308891j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Mazine V, Heinze J. Dimerization of Electrochemically Generated Radical Ions under High Pressure. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0364147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mazine
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg i.Br. D-79104, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg i.Br. D-79104, Germany
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Guerro M, Carlier R, Boubekeur K, Lorcy D, Hapiot P. Cyclic vinylogous TTF: a potential molecular clip triggered by electron transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3159-67. [PMID: 12617684 DOI: 10.1021/ja0289090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic vinylogous tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) where the two dithiole rings are linked through the outer sulfur atoms with an alkyl chain of various lengths were synthesized by oxidative intramolecular coupling of bis(dithiafulvenes). Upon oxidation, these systems exhibit large molecular movements associated with electron transfers. Their electrochemical behaviors were investigated together with the X-ray crystallographic structures of several derivatives and compared with molecular geometry calculations. Dependent on the length of the alkyl chain, either a stretch or a clip movement can be observed. These conformational modifications were found to be fast and fully reversible and required only low oxidation potentials. The movements seem to be almost insensitive to the nature of the substituents or its steric hindrance on the central conjugated spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Guerro
- Synthèse et Electrosynthèse Organiques, UMR CNRS 6510, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Electronic properties of 1,3,5-tris[4-morpholinophenyl]benzene: a new molecular switch. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-7003(02)00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Kim HG, Lee CW, Yun S, Hong BH, Kim YO, Kim D, Ihm H, Lee JW, Lee EC, Tarakeshwar P, Park SM, Kim KS. An electrochemically controllable nanomechanical molecular system utilizing edge-to-face and face-to-face aromatic interactions. Org Lett 2002; 4:3971-4. [PMID: 12599505 DOI: 10.1021/ol0268541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
[formula: see text] A new molecular system, 2,11-dithio[4,4]metametaquinocyclophane containing a quinone moiety, was designed and synthesized. As the quinone moiety can readily be converted into an aromatic pi-system (hydroquinone) upon reduction, the nanomechanical molecular cyclophane system exhibits a large flapping motion like a molecular flipper from the electrochemical redox process. The conformational changes upon reduction and oxidation are caused by changes of nonbonding interaction forces (devoid of bond formation/breaking) from the edge-to-face to face-to-face aromatic interactions and vice versa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Gon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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37
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Schiedel MS, Briehn CA, Bäuerle P. CC Cross-coupling reactions for the combinatorial synthesis of novel organic materials. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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