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Šikoparija B, Matavulj P, Mimić G, Smith M, Grewling Ł, Podraščanin Z. Real-time automatic detection of starch particles in ambient air. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2022; 323:109034. [PMID: 36003366 PMCID: PMC9391928 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considerable amounts of starch granules can be present in the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study is to investigate the variability and potential origin of starch granules in ambient air recorded at six cities situated in a region with dominantly agricultural land use. This is achieved by using a combination of laser spectroscopy bioaerosol measurements with 1 min temporal resolution, traditional volumetric Hirst type bioaerosol sampling and atmospheric modelling. The analysis of wind roses identified potential sources of airborne starch (i.e., cereal grain storage facilities) in the vicinity of all aerobiological stations analysed in this study. The analysis of the CALPUFF dispersion model confirmed that emission of dust from the location of storage towers situated about 2.5 km north of the aerobiological station in Novi Sad is a plausible source of high airborne concentrations of starch granules. This study is important for environmental health since it contributes body of knowledge about sources, emission, and dispersion of airborne starch, known to be involved in phenomena such as thunderstorm-triggered asthma. The presented approach integrates monitoring and modelling, and provides a roadmap for examining a variety of bioaerosols previously considered to be outside the scope of traditional aerobiological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Šikoparija
- BioSensе Institute-Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Predrag Matavulj
- BioSensе Institute-Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Gordan Mimić
- BioSensе Institute-Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Matt Smith
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, UK
| | - Łukasz Grewling
- Laboratory of Aerobiology, Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zorica Podraščanin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Hoffmans Y, Schaarschmidt S, Fauhl-Hassek C, van der Fels-Klerx H. Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050301. [PMID: 35622548 PMCID: PMC9143035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production of multiple mycotoxins. The way feed materials are dried after harvest influences the concentration of mycotoxins therein. Applying fungicides on the feed materials after harvest as well as cleaning and sorting can lower the concentration of mycotoxins. During milling, mycotoxins might be redistributed in cereal feed materials and fractions thereof. It is important to know which parts of the cereals are used for feed production and whether or not mycotoxins predominantly accumulate in these fractions. For feed production, mostly the milling fractions with outer parts of cereals, such as bran and shorts, are used, in which mycotoxins concentrate during processing. Wet-milling of grains can lower the mycotoxin content in these parts of the grain. However, this is typically accompanied by translocation of mycotoxins to the liquid fractions, which might be added to by-products used as feed. Mycotoxin binders can be added during mixing of feed materials. Although binders do not remove mycotoxins from the feed, the mycotoxins become less bioavailable to the animal and, in the case of food-producing animals, to the consumer, lowering the adverse effects of mycotoxins. The effect of extruding cereal feed materials is dependent on several factors, but in principle, mycotoxin contents are decreased after extrusion cooking. The results on ensiling are not uniform; however, most of the data show that mycotoxin production is supported during ensiling when oxygen can enter this process. Overall, the results of the literature review suggest that factors preventing mycotoxin production have greater impact than factors lowering the mycotoxin contents already present in feed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Hoffmans
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Sara Schaarschmidt
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (C.F.-H.)
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (C.F.-H.)
| | - H.J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317-481963
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:399. [PMID: 34205163 PMCID: PMC8227755 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
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Doses of Immunogen Contribute to Specificity Spectrums of Antibodies against Aflatoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050172. [PMID: 28534846 PMCID: PMC5450720 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research about antibody specificity spectra was conducted to develop single-specific antibodies or broad-specific antibodies. Aflatoxins, as one class of high-toxicity mycotoxins, were selected as the research targets to investigate the effect of the immunogen dose on antibody specificity spectra. For this aim, 16 monoclonal antibodies were induced by low or high doses of aflatoxin B1-BSA, and 34 monoclonal antibodies were induced by low or high doses of aflatoxin M1-BSA. The specificities of the antibodies induced, whether by aflatoxin B1 conjugate or aflatoxin M1 conjugate, indicated that the low dose of the immunogen induced a narrow spectrum of antibody specificity, while the high dose of the immunogen showed an advantage to form a broad spectrum of antibody specificity. Therefore, this report provides important information for the development of new antibodies against small molecules like aflatoxins.
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Karlovsky P, Suman M, Berthiller F, De Meester J, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, Oswald IP, Speijers G, Chiodini A, Recker T, Dussort P. Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:179-205. [PMID: 27554261 PMCID: PMC5063913 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly occurring in food, which pose a health risk to the consumer. Maximum levels for major mycotoxins allowed in food have been established worldwide. Good agricultural practices, plant disease management, and adequate storage conditions limit mycotoxin levels in the food chain yet do not eliminate mycotoxins completely. Food processing can further reduce mycotoxin levels by physical removal and decontamination by chemical or enzymatic transformation of mycotoxins into less toxic products. Physical removal of mycotoxins is very efficient: manual sorting of grains, nuts, and fruits by farmers as well as automatic sorting by the industry significantly lowers the mean mycotoxin content. Further processing such as milling, steeping, and extrusion can also reduce mycotoxin content. Mycotoxins can be detoxified chemically by reacting with food components and technical aids; these reactions are facilitated by high temperature and alkaline or acidic conditions. Detoxification of mycotoxins can also be achieved enzymatically. Some enzymes able to transform mycotoxins naturally occur in food commodities or are produced during fermentation but more efficient detoxification can be achieved by deliberate introduction of purified enzymes. We recommend integrating evaluation of processing technologies for their impact on mycotoxins into risk management. Processing steps proven to mitigate mycotoxin contamination should be used whenever necessary. Development of detoxification technologies for high-risk commodities should be a priority for research. While physical techniques currently offer the most efficient post-harvest reduction of mycotoxin content in food, biotechnology possesses the largest potential for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johan De Meester
- Cargill R&D Center Europe, Havenstraat 84, B-1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany (retired), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O.Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Irène Perrin
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Winterkoning 7, 34353 RN, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Maringe DT, Chidewe C, Benhura MA, Mvumi BM, Murashiki TC, Dembedza MP, Siziba L, Nyanga LK. Natural postharvest aflatoxin occurrence in food legumes in the smallholder farming sector of Zimbabwe. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 10:21-26. [PMID: 27700622 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1240245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are highly toxic and may lead to health problems such as liver cancer. Exposure to aflatoxins may result from ingestion of contaminated foods. Levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in samples of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and bambara nuts (Vigna subterranean) grown by smallholder farmers in Shamva and Makoni districts, Zimbabwe, were determined at harvesting, using high performance liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity clean-up. Aflatoxins were detected in 12.5% of groundnut samples with concentrations ranging up to 175.9 µg/kg. Aflatoxins were present in 4.3% of the cowpea samples with concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 103.4 µg/kg. Due to alarming levels of aflatoxins detected in legumes versus maximum permissible levels, there is a need to assist smallholder farmers to develop harvest control strategies to reduce contamination of aflatoxins in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tinayeshe Maringe
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Cathrine Chidewe
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Mudadi Albert Benhura
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Brighton Marimanzi Mvumi
- c Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Tatenda Clive Murashiki
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Mavis Precious Dembedza
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Lucia Siziba
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Loveness Kuziwa Nyanga
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
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Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M. Structural Elucidation and Toxicity Assessment of Degraded Products of Aflatoxin B1 and B2 by Aqueous Extracts of Trachyspermum ammi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:346. [PMID: 27064492 PMCID: PMC4811950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study aqueous extract of seeds and leaves of Trachyspermum ammi were evaluated for their ability to detoxify aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 μg L(-1) and AFB2; 50 μg L(-1)) by in vitro and in vivo assays. Results indicated that T. ammi seeds extract was found to be significant (P < 0.05) in degrading AFB1 and AFB2 i.e., 92.8 and 91.9% respectively. However, T. ammi leaves extract proved to be less efficient in degrading these aflatoxins, under optimized conditions i.e., pH 8, temperature 30°C and incubation period of 72 h. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed that eight degraded products of AFB1 and AFB2 were formed. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the removal of double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of lactone group indicating less toxicity as compared to parent compounds. Brine shrimps bioassay further confirmed the low toxicity of degraded products, showing that T. ammi seeds extract can be used as an effective tool for the detoxification of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Department of Toxicology, Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
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Lutfullah G, Hussain A. Studies on contamination level of aflatoxins in some cereals and beans of Pakistan. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aly SE, Hathout AS. Fate of aflatoxin B(1) in contaminated corn gluten during acid hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:421-427. [PMID: 21218474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that cause serious chronic disease outbreaks and contaminate several food products such as corn and its by-product, corn gluten. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1) ) degradation in contaminated corn gluten under different HCl concentrations, hydrolysis temperatures and hydrolysis times. RESULTS During the wet milling process the highest AFB(1) level (45.68 µg kg(-1) ) (37.86%) was found in corn gluten fraction. Treatment with 1 mol L(-1) HCL at 110 °C resulted in degradation of AFB(1) by 27.6% (33.07 µg kg(-1) ) after 4 h and reached 42.5% (26.26 µg kg(-1) ) after 8 h. Increasing HCl concentration from 1 to 3 mol L(-1) HCl resulted in increased degradation of AFB(1) , while complete degradation occurred in the presence of 5 mol L(-1) HCl after 4 h at 110 °C. Meanwhile, half-life time of AFB(1) was recorded after 2 h at 100 °C and was < 2 h at 110 °C in the presence of 3 mol L(-1) HCl. CONCLUSION It could be demonstrated that the manufacture of hydrolyzed vegetable protein is a suitable method for decontamination of aflatoxin in highly contaminated grains, especially gluten fractions. The hydrolysis reaction could be considered in terms of first-order reaction kinetics of AFB(1) degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soher E Aly
- Food Toxicology and Contaminant Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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Aly SE, Abdel-Galil MM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Application of adsorbent agents technology in the removal of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 from malt extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1825-31. [PMID: 15350680 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commercially hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and the Egyptian montmorillonite (EM) had an excellent capability of adsorbing AFB(1) and FB(1) in an aqueous solution at different tested levels. The adsorption ratio of HSCAS ranged from 95.3% to 99.1% and 84.7% to 92.4% of the available AFB(1) and FB(1) respectively. EM showed an adsorption ratio ranged from 95.4% to 99.2% and 78.2% to 92.2% for AFB(1) and FB(1) respectively. Both adsorbents were effective at 0.5% level. Results of the ability of these adsorbents at level of 0.5% (w/v) to adsorb AFB(1) and FB(1) in malt extract spiked with 50, 100 and 200 ppb indicated that the capability of adsorbing of HSCAS ranged from 98.5% to 98.9% and 88.2% to 91.9% for AFB(1) and FB(1) respectively. Whereas, the capability of adsorbing of EM ranged from 98.1% to 98.7% and 88.2% to 92.5% for AFB(1) and FB(1) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soher E Aly
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Blesa J, Soriano JM, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Limited survey for the presence of aflatoxins in foods from local markets and supermarkets in Valencia, Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:165-71. [PMID: 14754639 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) were extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion with C18 silica and acetonitrile as the eluting solvent, analysed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and confirmed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry using an electrospray interface in 58 samples grouped as cereals, dried fruits, herbs and spices, pulses, snacks, and nuts and nut products collected from local markets and supermarkets in Valencia, Spain. All samples analysed by the proposed method were previously studied with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening protocol for the fast detection of mycotoxins. The samples containing residues (3/58) were hazelnut (0.42 and 0.52 microg kg(-1) for AFB1 and AFG1, respectively), nut cocktail (0.29 and 0.47 microg kg(-1) for AFB1 and AFG1, respectively) and pinhol (0.30 microg kg(-1) for AFG1). Such values were below the legislated maximum residue levels for the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blesa
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València,. Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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