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Grillo A, Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Talarico G, Poater A. Ring Opening Polymerization of Six- and Eight-Membered Racemic Cyclic Esters for Biodegradable Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1647. [PMID: 38338928 PMCID: PMC10855523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The low percentage of recyclability of the polymeric materials obtained by olefin transition metal (TM) polymerization catalysis has increased the interest in their substitution with more eco-friendly materials with reliable physical and mechanical properties. Among the variety of known biodegradable polymers, linear aliphatic polyesters produced by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters occupy a prominent position. The polymer properties are highly dependent on the macromolecule microstructure, and the control of stereoselectivity is necessary for providing materials with precise and finely tuned properties. In this review, we aim to outline the main synthetic routes, the physical properties and also the applications of three commercially available biodegradable materials: Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB), all of three easily accessible via ROP. In this framework, understanding the origin of enantioselectivity and the factors that determine it is then crucial for the development of materials with suitable thermal and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Christian D’Alterio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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García-Depraect O, Bordel S, Lebrero R, Santos-Beneit F, Börner RA, Börner T, Muñoz R. Inspired by nature: Microbial production, degradation and valorization of biodegradable bioplastics for life-cycle-engineered products. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107772. [PMID: 34015389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global environmental pollution by micro- and macro-plastics reveals the consequences of an extensive use of recalcitrant plastic products together with inappropriate waste management practices that fail to sufficiently recycle the broad types of conventional plastic waste. Biobased and biodegradable plastics are experiencing an uprising as their properties offer alternative waste management solutions for a more circular material economy. However, although the production of such bioplastics has advanced on scale, the end-of-life (EOL) (bio)technologies to promote circularity are lacking behind. While composting and biogas plants are the only managed EOL options today, advanced biotechnological recycling technologies for biodegradable bioplastics are still in an embryonic stage. Thus, developing efficient biotechnologies capable of transforming bioplastic waste into high-value chemical building blocks or into the constituents of the original polymer offers promising routes towards life-cycle-engineered products. This review aims at providing a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of microbial-based processes involved in the complete lifecycle of bioplastics. The current trends in the bioplastic market, the beginning and EOL scenarios of bioplastics, and a critical discussion on the key factors and mechanisms governing microbial degradation are systematically presented. Also, a critical evaluation of terminology and international standards to quantify polymer biodegradability is provided together with the latest biotechnological recycling strategies, including the use of different pre-treatments for (bio)plastic waste. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of life-cycle-engineered biobased and biodegradable plastic products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio García-Depraect
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa Aragão Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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Hou C, Sun X, Ren Z, Li H, Yan S. Polymorphism and Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(1,4-butylene adipate) and Its Binary Blends with Atactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(vinyl phenol). Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Kikkawa Y, Suzuki T, Kanesato M, Doi Y, Abe H. Effect of Phase Structure on Enzymatic Degradation in Poly(l-lactide)/Atactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Blends with Different Miscibility. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1013-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kanesato
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Doi
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Abe
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
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Yen K, Mandal TK, Woo E. Enhancement of bio‐compatibility via specific interactions in polyesters modified with a bio‐resourceful macromolecular ester containing polyphenol groups. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:701-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kikkawa Y, Suzuki T, Tsuge T, Kanesato M, Doi Y, Abe H. Phase structure and enzymatic degradation of poly(L-lactide)/atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends: an atomic force microscopy study. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1921-8. [PMID: 16768415 DOI: 10.1021/bm0600163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phase structures and enzymatic degradation of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)/atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (ata-PHB) blends with different compositions were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of PLLA/ata-PHB blends with different compositions showed two glass transition temperatures, indicating that the PLLA/ata-PHB blends are immiscible in the melt. Surface morphologies of the thin films for PLLA/ata-PHB blends were determined by AFM. Phase separated morphology was recognized from the AFM topography and phase images. The domain size of the components was dependent on the blend ratio. Enzymatic degradation of the PLLA/ata-PHB blends was performed by using both PHB depolymerase and proteinase K. Either PLLA or ata-PHB domains were eroded depending on the kinds of enzyme. Surface morphologies after enzymatic degradation have revealed the phase structure along the depth direction. Enzymatic adsorption of PHB depolymerase was examined on the surface of PLLA/ata-PHB blends. The enzyme molecules were found on both domains of the binary blends. The larger number of enzyme molecules was found on the PLLA domains relative to those on the ata-PHB domains, suggesting the higher affinity of the enzyme against PLLA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Nanoarchitectonics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
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Na YH, He Y, Nishiwaki T, Inagawa Y, Osanai Y, Matsumura S, Saito T, Doi Y, Inoue Y. Phase-separation enhanced enzymatic degradation of atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) in the blends with poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Y, Inagawa Y, Osanai Y, Kasuya KI, Saito T, Matsumura S, Doi Y, Inoue Y. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chemosynthesized atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase from Acidovorax Sp. TP4 and Ralstonia pickettii T1. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:894-8. [PMID: 12217032 DOI: 10.1021/bm020052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradability of chemosynthesized atactic poly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate) [a-P(3HB)] by two types of extracellular poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) depolymerases purified from Ralstonia pickettii T1 (PhaZ(ral)) and Acidovorax Sp. TP4 (PhaZ(aci)), defined respectively as PHA depolymerase types I and II according to the position of the lipase box in the catalytic domain, were studied. The enzymatic degradation of a-P(3HB) by PhaZ(aci) depolymerase was confirmed from the results of weight loss and the scanning electron micrographs. The degradation products were characterized by one- and two-dimension (1)H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that a-P(3HB) could be degraded into monomer, dimer, and trimer by PhaZ(aci) depolymerase at temperatures ranging from 4 to 20 degrees C, while a-P(3HB) could hardly be hydrolyzed by PhaZ(ral) depolymerase in the same temperature range. These results suggested that the chemosynthesized a-P(3HB) could be degraded in the pure state by natural PHA depolymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Shuai X, Porbeni FE, Wei M, Bullions T, Tonelli AE. Formation of Inclusion Complexes of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s with Cyclodextrins. 1. Immobilization of Atactic Poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) and Miscibility Enhancement between Poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011954s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Shuai
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301
| | - Francis E. Porbeni
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301
| | - Min Wei
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301
| | - Todd Bullions
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301
| | - Alan E. Tonelli
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301
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He Y, Shuai X, Kasuya K, Doi Y, Inoue Y. Enzymatic degradation of atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) induced by amorphous polymers and the enzymatic degradation temperature window of an amorphous polymer system. Biomacromolecules 2002; 2:1045-51. [PMID: 11710008 DOI: 10.1021/bm010087w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phase structure and biodegradability were investigated for amorphous blends of chemosynthetic fully amorphous atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) (a-PHB) with atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and atactic poly(R,S-lactide) (a-PLA). The differential scanning calorimetry thermal analysis indicated that a-PHB/PMMA blends were partially miscible while a-PHB/a-PLA blends were miscible in the studied composition range. The biodegradations of the blends were carried out in phosphate buffer solution in the presence of bacterial poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) extracellular depolymerases purified from Alcaligenes faecalis T1 and P. stutzeri. Although a-PHB in the pure state was not degraded by these depolymerase, it was degraded by blending with PMMA and a-PLA. The results demonstrated that the enzymatic degradation of a-PHB can be induced by amorphous polymers such as PMMA and a-PLA. Also, the biodegradation rate of a-PHB in the blends decreased drastically when the degradation temperature is too much away from the polymer glass transition temperatures. On the basis of these results, a temperature window of the enzymatic degradation was first proposed for the blend and the essence of induced degradation was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Shuai X, Wei M, Porbeni FE, Bullions TA, Tonelli AE. Formation of and coalescence from the inclusion complex of a biodegradable block copolymer and alpha-cyclodextrin. 2: A novel way to regulate the biodegradation behavior of biodegradable block copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:201-7. [PMID: 11866574 DOI: 10.1021/bm015609m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A biodegradable block copolymer (PCL-b-PLLA, M(n) = 1.72 x 10(4), M(w)/M(n) = 1.37) of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) with very low crystallinity was obtained by forming the inclusion complex between alpha-cyclodextrin molecules and PCL-b-PLLA followed by coalescence of the guest polymer chains. Films of the as-synthesized and coalesced copolymer samples, PCL and PLLA homopolymers of approximately the same chain lengths as the corresponding blocks of PCL-b-PLLA, and a physical blend of PCL/PLLA homopolymers with the same molar composition as PCL-b-PLLA were prepared by melt-compression molding between Teflon plates. Subsequently, the in vitro biodegradation behavior of these films was studied in phosphate buffer solution containing lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus, by means of ultraviolet spectra, attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements, and weight loss analysis. PCL segments were found to degrade much faster than PLLA segments, both in the pure state and in copolymer or blend samples. Consistent with our expectation, suppression of the phase separation, as well as a decrease of crystallinity, in the coalesced copolymer sample led to a much faster enzymatic degradation than that of either as-synthesized copolymer or the PCL/PLLA physical blend sample, especially during the early stages of biodegradation. Thus the biodegradation behavior of biodegradable block copolymers, which is of decisive importance in drug delivery and controlled release systems, may be regulated by the novel and convenient means recently reported by us.(1)
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Shuai
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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He Y, Li J, Shuai X, Inoue Y. Reversible Thickening/Thinning Phenomena Observed for Polymer Blend Films in Water Media. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Xintao Shuai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inoue
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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