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Moslehyazdi M, Bielajew B, Schlechter JA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA, Wang D. Detrimental Effects of Chlorhexidine on Articular Cartilage Viability, Matrix, and Mechanics. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1068-1074. [PMID: 38353029 PMCID: PMC10943607 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241226952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) solution is commonly used as an antiseptic irrigation for bacterial decontamination during orthopaedic surgery. Although the chondrotoxicity of CHG on articular cartilage has been reported, the full extent of CHG-related chondrotoxicity and its effects on the extracellular matrix and mechanical properties are unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the in vitro effects of a single 1-minute CHG exposure on the viability, biochemical content, and mechanics of native articular cartilage explants. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Articular cartilage explants (6 per group) were harvested from femoral condyles of the porcine stifle and sectioned at tidemark. Explants were bathed in CHG solution (0.05% CHG in sterile water) at varying concentrations (0% control, 0.01% CHG, and 0.05% CHG) for 1 minute, followed by complete phosphate-buffered saline wash and culture in chondrogenic medium. At 7 days after CHG exposure, cell viability, matrix content (collagen and glycosaminoglycan [GAG]), and compressive mechanical properties (creep indentation testing) were assessed. RESULTS One-minute CHG exposure was chondrotoxic to explants, with both 0.05% CHG (2.6% ± 4.1%) and 0.01% CHG (76.3% ± 8.6%) causing a decrease in chondrocyte viability compared with controls (97.5% ± 0.6%; P < .001 for both). CHG exposure at either concentration had no significant effect on collagen content, while 0.05% CHG exposure led to a significant decrease in mean GAG per wet weight compared with the control group (2.6% ± 1.7% vs 5.2% ± 1.9%; P = .029). There was a corresponding weakening of mechanical properties in explants treated with 0.05% CHG compared with controls, with decreases in mean aggregate modulus (177.8 ± 90.1 kPa vs 280.8 ± 19.8 kPa; P < .029) and shear modulus (102.6 ± 56.5 kPa vs 167.9 ± 16.2 kPa; P < .020). CONCLUSION One-minute exposure to CHG for articular cartilage explants led to dose-dependent decreases in chondrocyte viability, GAG content, and compressive mechanical properties. This raises concern for the risk of mechanical failure of the cartilage tissue after CHG exposure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians should be judicious regarding the use of CHG irrigation at these concentrations in the presence of native articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Moslehyazdi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - John A. Schlechter
- Pediatric Orthopedic Specialists Orange County, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Humphreys PA, Mancini FE, Ferreira MJS, Woods S, Ogene L, Kimber SJ. Developmental principles informing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to cartilage and bone. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 127:17-36. [PMID: 34949507 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type given appropriate signals and hence have been used to research early human development of many tissues and diseases. Here, we review the major biological factors that regulate cartilage and bone development through the three main routes of neural crest, lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm. We examine how these routes have been used in differentiation protocols that replicate skeletal development using human pluripotent stem cells and how these methods have been refined and improved over time. Finally, we discuss how pluripotent stem cells can be employed to understand human skeletal genetic diseases with a developmental origin and phenotype, and how developmental protocols have been applied to gain a better understanding of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Humphreys
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Fabrizio E Mancini
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Miguel J S Ferreira
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Woods
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Leona Ogene
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abpeikar Z, Soleimannejad M, Alizadeh A. Chondrocytes Proliferation of Patients with Cartilage Lesions in Their Own Body for Use in Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Hypotheses on a New Approach for the Proliferation of Autologous Chondrocytes. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1483. [PMID: 34466516 PMCID: PMC8343480 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases, which have involved 250 million people around the world. One of the challenges in the field of cartilage tissue engineering is to provide an adequate source of chondrocytes to prevent changes in gene expression profile as a result of multiple passages.We hypothesized that by creating a low invasive lesion by scalpel or shear laser in the outer ear cartilage and stimulation of wound healing process, hyperplasia occurs and will provide an appropriate number of autologous chondrocytes for extraction and use in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Also, due to the effect of platelet-rich plasma and biomechanical forces in stimulating and accelerating of the repair process, these two factors can be used to achieve more desirable results.We describe a new approach to proliferate chondrocytes in the body. To evaluate this idea, various techniques of gene expression at the level of RNA or protein and animal experiments for histological studies can be used. Also, flowcytometry technique can be used to determine the cell viability and counting them.The use of autologous cell sources with minimal changes in gene expression profile can be promising in tissue engineering products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abpeikar
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleimannejad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Correspondence to: Akram Alizadeh, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Telephone Number: +989128086698 Email Address:
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Yu X, Qi Y, Zhao T, Fang J, Liu X, Xu T, Yang Q, Dai X. NGF increases FGF2 expression and promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation through PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK pathways in human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:526-534. [PMID: 30562625 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular invasion is observed at the osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis (OA). Nerve growth factor (NGF) as an angiogenic factor is expressed in OA. This study is to investigate the effects of NGF on angiogenesis in vitro in human chondrocytes. DESIGN Articular cartilages of knee joints were harvested from healthy and OA patients. Expressions of NGF and tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) were detected by western blot, Safranin-O and fast green staining and immunohistochemistry in cartilage. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) was detected by western blot in cultured chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were transfected by lentiviral vectors to knock down TrkA. Migration and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) were assessed by using transwell co-culture with chondrocyte after treatment of NGF. RESULTS We confirmed expressions of NGF and TrkA were significantly up-regulated in OA. NGF induced expression of FGF2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Angiogenic activities of endothelial cells were greatly enhanced after co-cultured with NGF pre-treated chondrocytes, while knock-down of TrkA significantly abolished the above effects. We further found that NGF-induced expression of FGF2 promoted angiogenic activities of endothelial cells through PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS NGF promotes expression of FGF2 in vitro via PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways in human chondrocytes and it increases angiogenesis, which is mediated by TrkA. NGF could be responsible for vascular up-growth from subchondral bone in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University), Shixin Road 590#, Hangzhou 311215, PR China
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - T Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - J Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University), Shixin Road 590#, Hangzhou 311215, PR China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - T Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - X Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China.
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Jiao S, Li J, Liu B, Yang M, Xiu J, Qu D. Nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis is attenuated by CDMP-2 through regulating oxidative damage under the hyperosmotic environment. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181176. [PMID: 30177520 PMCID: PMC6177556 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cell experiences periodic osmolarity alterations during daily activities, which has been proved to affect cell biology in vitro The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2) on NP cell apoptosis under the hyperosmolarity culture and the potential mechanism. Isolated rat NP cells were cultured in the in situ-osmolarity medium or hyperosmolarity medium for 3 days. CDMP-2 was added into the hyperosmolarity medium to investigate its effects on NP cell apoptosis. Cell apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed to evaluate NP cell apoptosis. Additionally, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were analyzed to investigate the potential role of oxidative damage in this process. In the hyperosmolarity culture, NP cells showed a significantly increased cell apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity, an up-regulated expression of Bax and caspase-3/cleaved-caspase-3 and a down-regulated expression of Bcl-2. However, CDMP-2 partly inhibited these effects of hyperosmolarity culture on NP cells. Additionally, the hyperosmolarity culture significantly increased ROS content and decreased the total SOD activity compared with the in situ-osmolarity culture, whereas exogenous CDMP-2 partly decreased the ROS content and increased the total SOD activity in the hyperosmolarity culture. In conclusion, CDMP-2 is effective in attenuating hyperosmolarity environment-induced NP cell apoptosis, and this process may be mediated through inhibiting oxidative stress damage. The present study indicates that CDMP-2 may be helpful to retard hyperosmolarity niche-mediated disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang 277000, Shandong, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangli Xiu
- Department of Operating Room, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Daokui Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
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Klar RM. The Induction of Bone Formation: The Translation Enigma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:74. [PMID: 29938204 PMCID: PMC6002665 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigmatic shift in the way of thinking is what bone tissue engineering science requires to decrypt the translation conundrum from animal models into human. The deductive work of Urist (1965), who discerned the principle of bone induction from the pioneering works of Senn, Huggins, Lacroix, Levander, and other bone regenerative scientists, provided the basis that has assisted future bone tissue regenerative scientists to extend the bone tissue engineering field and its potential uses for bone regenerative medicine in humans. However, major challenges remain that are preventing the formation of bone by induction clinically. Growing experimental evidence is indicating that bone inductive studies are non-translatable from animal models into a clinical environment. This is preventing bone tissue engineering from reaching the next phase in development. Countless studies are trying to discern how the formation of bone by induction functions mechanistically, so as to try and solve this enigmatic problem. However, are the correct questions being asked? Why do bone inductive animal studies not translate into humans? Why do bone induction principles not yield the same extent of bone formation as an autogenous bone graft? What are bone tissue engineering scientists missing? By critically re-assessing the past and present discoveries of the bone induction field, this review article attempts to re-discover the field of bone formation by induction, identifying some key features that may have been missed. These include a detailed library of all proteins in bones and their arrangement in the 3D superstructure of the bone together with some other important criteria not considered by tissue engineering scientists. The review therefore not only re-iterates possible avenues of research that need to be re-explored but also seeks to guide present and future scientists in how they assess their own research in light of experimental design and results. By addressing these issues bone formation by induction without autografts might finally become clinically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland M. Klar
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Candidate gene investigation of spinal degenerative osteoarthritis in Greek population. Spine J 2017; 17:1881-1888. [PMID: 28662992 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Few data exist concerning the natural history of degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) of the spine and its associated gene investigation. Degenerative spinal OA demonstrates an international prevalence of 15% in the general population. PURPOSE The aim of this Greek case-control study is to examine gene polymorphisms that have been previously shown or hypothesized to be correlated to degenerative OA. Gene polymorphisms, especially for OA, have never been previously studied in the Greek population. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING The study was conducted from May 2009 to December 2012. Eligible subjects who agreed to take part in the study were Greek adults from all of Greece, referred for consultation to the Palliative Care and Pain Relief Unit of Aretaieion University Hospital, in Athens, Greece. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 601 matched pairs (cases and controls) participated in the study, 258 patients (188 women and 70 men) with clinically and radiologically confirmed degenerative OA and 243 control subjects (138 women and 105 men). OUTCOME MEASURES All patients presented with chronic pain at the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar) caused by sympomatic osteophytes or disc narrowing, whereas clinical diagnosis of OA was based on the presence of both joint symptoms and evidence of structural changes seen on plain conventional X-rays. METHODS We investigated genetic variation across candidate OA gene GDF5, CDMP1, CDMP2, Asporin, SMAD3, and chromosomal region 7q22, in a sample of 258 patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed degenerative OA, and 243 control subjects from the Greek population. All subjects (patients and controls) were subsequently matched for the epidemiologic, demographic, and clinical risk factors, to prevent selection biases. A tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach was pursued to cover variation across all targeted loci. Single marker tests as well as haplotypic tests of association were performed. There is no conflict of interest, and also, there are no study funding sources. RESULTS We found significant association of spine OA with SNPs and haplotypes along the 7q22 chromosomal region and the SMAD3 gene. At 7q22, single marker association tests showed SNPs rs3801954 and rs2023685 to be associated with the disorder (p-value .0312 and .0041, respectively), but only SNP rs2023685 retained a significant p-value (.046) after performing 1,000 permutation tests. At the SMAD3 gene, SNP rs422342 was also found to be statistically associated (p-value .0282) to intervertebral disc degeneration (permutation p-value .042). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate genetic variation in relation to spine OA in the Greek population. Our results indicate that the genetic basis of the disease may differ in the Greek population in relation to populations of Asian origin, although larger sample sizes are required to underpin the full extent of the involvement of analyzed loci.
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Phull AR, Eo SH, Abbas Q, Ahmed M, Kim SJ. Applications of Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Engineering: An Overview. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1879837. [PMID: 27631002 PMCID: PMC5007317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1879837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the exclusive cells residing in cartilage and maintain the functionality of cartilage tissue. Series of biocomponents such as different growth factors, cytokines, and transcriptional factors regulate the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation to chondrocytes. The number of chondrocytes and dedifferentiation are the key limitations in subsequent clinical application of the chondrocytes. Different culture methods are being developed to overcome such issues. Using tissue engineering and cell based approaches, chondrocytes offer prominent therapeutic option specifically in orthopedics for cartilage repair and to treat ailments such as tracheal defects, facial reconstruction, and urinary incontinence. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation/implantation is an improved version of traditional autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) method. An increasing number of studies show the clinical significance of this technique for the chondral lesions treatment. Literature survey was carried out to address clinical and functional findings by using various ACT procedures. The current study was conducted to study the pharmacological significance and biomedical application of chondrocytes. Furthermore, it is inferred from the present study that long term follow-up studies are required to evaluate the potential of these methods and specific positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
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Wei A, Shen B, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Gulati T, Fang Z, Pathmanandavel S, Diwan AD. Expression of growth differentiation factor 6 in the human developing fetal spine retreats from vertebral ossifying regions and is restricted to cartilaginous tissues. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:279-89. [PMID: 26184900 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis vertebral segmentation is initiated by sclerotomal cell migration and condensation around the notochord, forming anlagen of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. The factors that govern the segmentation are not clear. Previous research demonstrated that mutations in growth differentiation factor 6 resulted in congenital vertebral fusion, suggesting this factor plays a role in development of vertebral column. In this study, we detected expression and localization of growth differentiation factor 6 in human fetal spinal column, especially in the period of early ossification of vertebrae and the developing intervertebral discs. The extracellular matrix proteins were also examined. Results showed that high levels of growth differentiation factor 6 were expressed in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs and the hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the ossification centre in vertebral bodies, where strong expression of proteoglycan and collagens was also detected. As fetal age increased, the expression of growth differentiation factor 6 was decreased correspondingly with the progress of ossification in vertebral bodies and restricted to cartilaginous regions. This expression pattern and the genetic link to vertebral fusion suggest that growth differentiation factor 6 may play an important role in suppression of ossification to ensure proper vertebral segmentation during spinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Human Molecular Genetics, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarennya Pathmanandavel
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Zhou FY, Wei AQ, Shen B, Williams L, Diwan AD. Cartilage Derived Morphogenetic Protein-2 Induces Cell Migration and Its Chondrogenic Potential in C28/I2 Cells. Int J Spine Surg 2015; 9:52. [PMID: 26609507 DOI: 10.14444/2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major cause of low back pain. Previous researches have demonstrated local administration of signalling molecules as potential biological therapies for disc regeneration. Our laboratory has published encouraging results for effectiveness of injection of the cartilage derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2) into ovine discs following annular injury. To elucidate the mechanisms underpinning these in vivo effects, this project aimed to investigate the potential of CDMP-2 on cellular migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix production in a human chondrocytic cell line. METHODS To evaluate cell motility, cells were seeded into Boyden chambers and CDMP-2 as a chemo-attractant or a stimulant was placed into either the bottom or top chambers respectively. Cells that had completed migration through the porous membrane were visualized by immunocytochemical staining and analysed using Image J. The effect of CDMP-2 on cell proliferation, proteoglycan and collagen production, as well as chondrogenic gene expression in human chondrocytic cell line C28/I2 was also examined. RESULTS The results revealed that cells migrated significantly under the influence of CDMP-2 (200 ng/ml) stimulation compared to control (3-fold increase, p = 0.033) and demonstrated a significant chemotactic movement towards a solution of 200ng/ml CDMP-2 (>2-fold increase, p = 0.027). A 35% increase in C28/I2 proliferation was observed after CDMP-2 stimulation (p < 0.0001) compared to control, and in the presence of 100ng/ml CDMP-2, proteoglycan synthesis had an 8-fold increase (p = 0.048). Similarly, gene expression analysis demonstrated increased expression of aggrecan, collagen types II, X and XXVII, BMPR-1A and BMPR-2 when cells were treated with CDMP-2. CONCLUSION The study shows that C28/I2 cells can migrate under the influence of CDMP-2 as a chemoattractant or migration stimulator, suggestive of an effect on chondrocytic cells in the intervertebral disc. Further, CDMP-2 can stimulate C28/I2 cells to proliferate and synthesize key extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ai-Qun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Svala E, Thorfve AI, Ley C, Henriksson HKB, Synnergren JM, Lindahl AH, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand ESR. Effects of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β on expression of growth differentiation factor-5 and Wnt signaling pathway genes in equine chondrocytes. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:132-40. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peroglio M, Eglin D, Benneker LM, Alini M, Grad S. Thermoreversible hyaluronan-based hydrogel supports in vitro and ex vivo disc-like differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Spine J 2013; 13:1627-39. [PMID: 23830827 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The fate of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) supplied to the degenerating intervertebral disc (IVD) is still not fully understood and can be negatively affected by low oxygen, pH, and glucose concentration of the IVD environment. The hMSC survival and yield upon injection of compromised IVD could be improved by the use of an appropriate carrier and/or by predifferentiation of hMSCs before injection. PURPOSE To optimize hMSC culture conditions in thermoreversible hyaluronan-based hydrogel, hyaluronan-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (HA-pNIPAM), to achieve differentiation toward the disc phenotype in vitro, and evaluate whether preconditioning contributes to a better hMSC response ex vivo. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and ex vivo whole-organ culture of hMSCs. METHODS In vitro cultures of hMSCs were conducted in HA-pNIPAM and alginate for 1 week under hypoxia in chondropermissive medium alone and with the supplementation of transforming growth factor β1 or growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5). Ex vivo, hMSCs were either suspended in HA-pNIPAM and directly supplied to the IVDs or predifferentiated with GDF-5 for 1 week in HA-pNIPAM and then supplied to the IVDs. Cell viability was evaluated by Live-Dead assay, and DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and gene expression profiles were used to assess hMSC differentiation toward the disc phenotype. RESULTS The HA-pNIPAM induced hMSC differentiation toward the disc phenotype more effectively than alginate: in vitro, higher GAG/DNA ratio and higher collagen type II, SOX9, cytokeratin-19, cluster of differentiation 24, and forkhead box protein F1 expressions were found for hMSCs cultured in HA-pNIPAM compared with those cultured in alginate, regardless of the addition of growth factors. Ex vivo, direct combination of HA-pNIPAM with the disc environment induced a stronger disc-like differentiation of hMSCs than predifferentiation of hMSCs followed by their delivery to the discs. CONCLUSIONS Hyaluronan-based thermoreversible hydrogel supports hMSC differentiation toward the disc phenotype without the need for growth factor supplementation in vitro and ex vivo. Further in vivo studies are required to confirm the suitability of this hydrogel as an effective stem cell carrier for the treatment of IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Peroglio
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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Xia D, Sumita Y, Liu Y, Tai Y, Wang J, Uehara M, Agata H, Kagami H, Fan Z, Asahina I, Wang S, Tran SD. GDFs promote tenogenic characteristics on human periodontal ligament-derived cells in culture at late passages. Growth Factors 2013; 31:165-73. [PMID: 24079397 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.830611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tendon/ligament injures are leading disabilities worldwide. The periodontal ligament (PDL) connects teeth to bone, and is comparable to a tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion. PDL-derived cells (PDLCs) express both osteo/cementogenesis and teno/ligamentogenesis genes. However, an efficient method to induce a tenogenic differentiation of PDLCs has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, this study tested if growth/differentiation factors (GDFs) enhanced tenogenic characteristics of human PDLCs, as a potential cell source for tendon/ligament engineering. Results demonstrated recombinant GDF-5/GDF-7 inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of PDLCs from passage 3 to 6, while GDF-5 enhanced ALP in dental pulp-derived cells and mesenchymal stem cells. GDF-5 (particularly at 10 ng/ml concentration) induced high expression of both early (scleraxis) and mature (tenomodulin, aggrecan, collagen3) tenogenic genes in P4-6 PDLCs, while inhibiting expression of specific transcription-factors for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Exogenous GDFs might lead PDLCs being expanded in culture during several passages to highly useful cell source for tendon/ligament engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengsheng Xia
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China
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Syddall CM, Reynard LN, Young DA, Loughlin J. The identification of trans-acting factors that regulate the expression of GDF5 via the osteoarthritis susceptibility SNP rs143383. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003557. [PMID: 23825960 PMCID: PMC3694828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
rs143383 is a C to T transition SNP located in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) of the growth differentiation factor 5 gene GDF5. The T allele of the SNP is associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europeans and in Asians. This susceptibility is mediated by the T allele producing less GDF5 transcript relative to the C allele, a phenomenon known as differential allelic expression (DAE). The aim of this study was to identify trans-acting factors that bind to rs143383 and which regulate this GDF5 DAE. Protein binding to the gene was investigated by two experimental approaches: 1) competition and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and 2) an oligonucleotide pull down assay followed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Binding was then confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and the functional effects of candidate proteins investigated by RNA interference (RNAi) and over expression. Using these approaches the trans-acting factors Sp1, Sp3, P15, and DEAF-1 were identified as interacting with the GDF5 5′UTR. Knockdown and over expression of the factors demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and DEAF-1 are repressors of GDF5 expression. Depletion of DEAF-1 modulated the DAE of GDF5 and this differential allelic effect was confirmed following over expression, with the rs143383 T allele being repressed to a significantly greater extent than the rs143383 C allele. In combination, Sp1 and DEAF-1 had the greatest repressive activity. In conclusion, we have identified four trans-acting factors that are binding to GDF5, three of which are modulating GDF5 expression via the OA susceptibility locus rs143383. GDF5 is an important growth factor that plays a vital role in the development and repair of articulating joints. rs143383 is a polymorphism within the regulatory region of the GDF5 gene and has two allelic forms, C and T. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the T allele is associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis in a range of ethnic populations whilst previous functional studies revealed that this allele mediates its effect by producing less GDF5 transcript than the C allele. In this study, we sought to identify transcription factors that are binding to rs143383 and that are responsible for mediating this differential level of expression. Using two different approaches we have identified four factors and our functional studies have revealed that three of these factors repress GDF5 expression and that DEAF-1 modulates the differential expression of the two rs143383 alleles. The factors that we have identified could serve as novel therapeutic targets, with their depletion restoring the expression levels of GDF5 in patients with the osteoarthritis susceptibility T allele. The relevance of our results extends beyond osteoarthritis, since the T allele of rs143383 is also a risk factor for a number of other musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Syddall
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louise N. Reynard
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Young
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Albilia JB, Tenenbaum HC, Clokie CML, Walt DR, Baker GI, Psutka DJ, Backstein D, Peel SAF. Serum levels of BMP-2, 4, 7 and AHSG in patients with degenerative joint disease requiring total arthroplasty of the hip and temporomandibular joints. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:44-52. [PMID: 22778059 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no objective or reliable means of assessing the severity of degenerative joint disease (DJD) and need for joint replacement surgery. Hence, it is difficult to know when an individual with DJD has reached a point where total arthroplasty is indicated. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether serum levels of Alpha-2 HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) as well as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2, 4, 7) can be used to predict the presence of severe DJD of the hip and/or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (specifically: joints that require replacement). A total of 30 patients scheduled for arthroplasty (diseased) (15 HIP, 15 TMJ) and 120 age-matched controls (healthy/non-diseased) were included. Blood samples were collected from all patients ≥8 weeks after the last arthroplasty. Concentrations of serum analytes were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and these were compared between the Diseased and Healthy groups, utilizing the Mann-Whitney U-test. Patients with disease had significantly higher levels of BMP-2 and BMP-4 and lower levels of AHSG in serum compared to non-diseased humans (p < 0.01). Higher levels of BMP-2, 4 and reduced levels of AHSG appear to characterize patients who have DJD that is severe enough to require total joint replacement. Perhaps measurements of these proteins can be used to make objective decisions regarding the need for total arthroplasty as opposed to the current subjective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Albilia
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Leknes KN, Yang J, Qahash M, Polimeni G, Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human growth/differentiation factor -5 (rhGDF-5). Radiographic observations. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:1185-91. [PMID: 22882602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Application of growth factors onto dental implant surfaces is being considered to support local bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-7 have been shown to support local bone formation, but are also associated with adverse events including seroma formation, extensive bone remodeling, and implant displacement captured in the radiographic evaluation. This report presents mineralized tissue formation and associated adverse events following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) coated onto a purpose-designed titanium porous-oxide implant surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve young adult Labrador dogs were used. Three 10-mm titanium implants/jaw quadrant were placed 5 mm into the alveolar ridge in the posterior mandible following surgical extraction of the premolar teeth and reduction of the alveolar ridge. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 30 or 60 μg/implant in contralateral jaw quadrants. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 120 μg/implant or uncoated implants (sham-surgery control) using the same split-mouth design. The mucoperiosteal flaps were advanced, adapted, and sutured to submerge the implants. Radiographic recordings were made immediately postsurgery (baseline), and at week 4 and 8 (end of study). Two masked examiners performed the analysis using computer enhanced radiographic images. RESULTS rhGDF-5 coated implants displayed mineralized tissue formation significantly exceeding that of the sham-surgery control in a dose-dependent order. The greatest increase was observed for implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 60 μg and 120 μg amounting to approximately 2.2 mm for both groups at 8 weeks. Importantly, none of the implants showed evidence of peri-implant bone remodeling, implant displacement, or seroma formation. The newly formed mineralized tissues assumed characteristics of the resident bone. CONCLUSIONS rhGDF-5 coated onto a titanium porous-oxide implant surface exhibits a dose-dependent potential to stimulate local mineralized tissue formation. Application of rhGDF-5 appears safe as it is associated with limited, if any, adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut N Leknes
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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CHANG CHIHHUNG, LIN FENGHUEI, KUO TZONGFU, LIU HWACHANG. CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s101623720500010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a new approach for articular cartilage repair. The aim of the present article was to review the current status of cartilage tissue engineering researches. The scaffold materials used for cartilage tissue engineering, the in vitro, in vivo studies and the clinical trials were all reviewed. Our researches about in vitro cartilage tissue engineering with new type bioactive scaffold and preliminary animal studies results will also be described. The scaffold was tricopolymer made from gelatin, hyaluronan and chondroitin. Chondrocytes seeded in tricopolymer showed in vitro engineered cartilage formation. The engineered cartilage constructs were implanted into knee joints of miniature pigs for animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIH-HUNG CHANG
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - FENG-HUEI LIN
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - TZONG-FU KUO
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital & Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - HWA-CHANG LIU
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang B, Yang S, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Xia T, Xu W, Ye S. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced by growth differentiation factor 5: an improved self-assembly tissue engineering method for cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1189-99. [PMID: 21875359 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that novel scaffold-free self-assembled constructs can be an ideal alternative for cartilage tissue engineered based on scaffolds, which has many limitations. However, many questions remain, including the choice of seeding cells and the role of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) in constructing self-assembled engineered cartilages. Moreover, whether the optimum construct is effective in human chondral defect repair is still unknown. In this study, we generated self-assembled constructs of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using four different approaches: direct self-assembly of hMSCs with or without GDF-5, and predifferentiated hMSCs self-assembly with or without GDF-5. Histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemistry analyses indicated that the constructs generated from predifferentiated hMSCs induced by GDF-5 (Group D2) exhibited up-regulated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen expression and contained higher amounts of GAG and total collagen than any other group. After 3-weeks of in vitro culturing of the constructs in a chondral defects explant culture system, the contructs from Group D2 were stably adhered to the surface of the cartilage matrix. Immunohistochemically, the repair tissue was positive for type II collagen, toluidine blue, and safranin O. These data demonstrated that the generation of self-assembled tissue-engineered cartilage from chondrogenically differentiated hMSCs induced by GDF-5 is a promising therapeutic strategy for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The concept of using gene transfer strategies for cartilage repair originates from the idea of transferring genes encoding therapeutic factors into the repair tissue, resulting in a temporarily and spatially defined delivery of therapeutic molecules to sites of cartilage damage. This review focuses on the potential benefits of using gene therapy approaches for the repair of articular cartilage and meniscal fibrocartilage, including articular cartilage defects resulting from acute trauma, osteochondritis dissecans, osteonecrosis, and osteoarthritis. Possible applications for meniscal repair comprise meniscal lesions, meniscal sutures, and meniscal transplantation. Recent studies in both small and large animal models have demonstrated the applicability of gene-based approaches for cartilage repair. Chondrogenic pathways were stimulated in the repair tissue and in osteoarthritic cartilage using genes for polypeptide growth factors and transcription factors. Although encouraging data have been generated, a successful translation of gene therapy for cartilage repair will require an ongoing combined effort of orthopedic surgeons and of basic scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Henning Madry, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, Homburg, 66424 Germany
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Gantenbein-Ritter B, Benneker LM, Alini M, Grad S. Differential response of human bone marrow stromal cells to either TGF-β(1) or rhGDF-5. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2011; 20:962-71. [PMID: 21086000 PMCID: PMC3099171 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy along with growth factor injection is currently widely investigated to restore the intervertebral disc. However, there is increasing evidence that transplanted unconditioned bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) cannot thrive in the intervertebral disc "niche". Moreover, uncertainty exists with respect to the cell phenotype that would be suitable to inject. The intervertebral disc cell phenotype only recently has been started to be characterised using transcriptomics profiling. Recent findings suggest that cytokeratin 19 (KRT-19) could be used as a potential candidate marker for the intervertebral disc, or more specifically the nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) phenotype. We present in vitro cell culture data using alginate bead culture of primary human BMSCs exposed to the standard chondrogenic stimulus, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β), the growth and differentiation factor 5 and/or bovine NPCs to induce a potential "discogenic" pathway. Chondrogenic induction via TGF-β pathway provoked down-regulation of KRT-19 gene expression in four out of five donors after 18 days of culture, whereas KRT-19 expression remained unchanged in the "discogenic" groups. In addition, the ratio of aggrecan/collagen II gene expression showed a remarkable difference (of at least 3 magnitudes) between the chondrogenic stimulus (low ratio) and the discogenic stimulus (high ratio). Therefore, KRT-19 and aggrecan/collagen II ratio may be potential markers to distinguish chondrogenic from "discogenic" differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gantenbein-Ritter
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center, Spine Research Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
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Gulotta LV, Kovacevic D, Packer JD, Ehteshami JR, Rodeo SA. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human bone morphogenetic protein-13 does not improve rotator cuff healing in a rat model. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:180-7. [PMID: 20956264 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510379339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing occurs by formation of a scar tissue interface after repair, which makes it prone to failure. Bone morphogenetic protein-13 (BMP-13) has been implicated in tendon and cartilage repair, and thus may augment rotator cuff repairs. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transduced with BMP-13 could improve regeneration of the tendon-bone insertion site in a rat rotator cuff repair model. HYPOTHESIS Mesenchymal stem cells genetically modified to overexpress BMP-13 will improve rotator cuff healing based on histologic and biomechanical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon and 10 rats were used for MSC harvest. Animals were randomized into 2 groups (30 animals/group). The experimental group received 10⁶ MSCs transduced with adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human BMP-13 (Ad-BMP-13). The second group received untransduced MSCs. Fifteen animals in each group were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks. At each time point, 12 animals were allocated for biomechanical testing, and 3 for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS There were no differences in the amount of new cartilage formation or collagen fiber organization between groups at either time point. There were also no differences in the biomechanical strength of the repairs, the cross-sectional area, peak stress at failure, or stiffness. CONCLUSION Application of MSCs genetically modified to overexpress BMP-13 did not improve healing in a rat model of rotator cuff repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further studies are needed to evaluate various growth factors and combinations of growth factors to determine the optimal factor for the biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repairs.
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Yin S, Cen L, Wang C, Zhao G, Sun J, Liu W, Cao Y, Cui L. Chondrogenic Transdifferentiation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Stimulated with Cartilage-Derived Morphogenetic Protein 1. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1633-43. [PMID: 19995150 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Cen
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiqing Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
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Moore YR, Dickinson DP, Wikesjö UME. Growth/differentiation factor-5: a candidate therapeutic agent for periodontal regeneration? A review of pre-clinical data. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:288-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Sumita Y, Honda MJ, Ueda M, Asahina I, Kagami H. Differential effects of growth differentiation factor-5 on porcine dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. Growth Factors 2010; 28:56-65. [PMID: 19909214 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903373380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) on the growth and differentiation of porcine dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells was investigated. Furthermore, the effect was compared with that of BMP-2. Recombinant mouse GDF-5 (rmGDF-5) enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in dental papilla-derived cells in a dose-dependent manner, while ALP activity in dental follicle-derived cells was reduced. In rmGDF-5 stimulated dental papilla-derived cells, the expressions of odontoblast-marker genes were up-regulated. Conversely, recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) enhanced ALP activity dose-dependently in both dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. When combined, GDF-5 did not further enhance BMP-2-induced ALP activities. Rather, GDF-5 reduced BMP-2-induced ALP activities in both dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. This suggests that affinity of GDF-5 to the shared receptors may be higher than that of BMP-2 in both cell types. These observations indicate that GDF-5 regulates differentiation of both dental papilla and follicle during odontogenesis, co-operatively with other growth factors such as BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Synergistic effects of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and insulin on expanded chondrocytes in a 3-D environment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1503-12. [PMID: 19470416 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) alone or in combination with insulin on engineered cartilage from primary or expanded chondrocytes during 3-dimensional in vitro culture. DESIGN Juvenile bovine chondrocytes were seeded either as primary or as expanded (passage 2) cells onto polyglycolic acid fiber meshes and cultured for 3 weeks in vitro. Additionally, adult human chondrocytes were grown in pellet culture after expansion (passage 2). The culture medium was supplemented either with GDF-5 in varying concentrations or insulin alone, or with combinations thereof. RESULTS For primary chondrocytes, the combination of GDF-5 and insulin led to increased proliferation and construct weight, as compared to either factor alone, however, the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen per cell were not affected. With expanded bovine chondrocytes, the use of GDF-5 or insulin alone led to only very small constructs with no type II collagen detectable. However, the combination of GDF-5 (0.01 or 0.1 microg/ml) and insulin (2.5 microg/ml) yielded cartilaginous constructs and, in contrast to the primary cells, the observed redifferentiating effects were elicited on the cellular level independent of proliferation (increased production of GAG and collagen per cell, clear shift in collagen subtype expression with type II collagen observed throughout the construct). The synergistic redifferentiating effects of the GDF-5/insulin combination were confirmed with expanded adult human cells, also exhibiting a clear shift in collagen subtype expression on the mRNA and protein level. CONCLUSIONS In combination with insulin, GDF-5 appears to enable the redifferentiation of expanded chondrocytes and the concurrent generation of cartilaginous constructs. The demonstration of these synergistic effects also for adult human chondrocytes supports the clinical relevance of the findings.
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Le Maitre CL, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Expression of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein in human intervertebral discs and its effect on matrix synthesis in degenerate human nucleus pulposus cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R137. [PMID: 19754961 PMCID: PMC2787300 DOI: 10.1186/ar2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Loss of intervertebral disc (IVD) matrix and ultimately disc height as a result of 'degeneration' has been implicated as a major cause of low back pain (LBP). The use of anabolic growth factors as therapies to regenerate IVD matrix, hence restoring disc height and thus reversing degenerative disc disease, has been suggested. Cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein (CDMP) is a growth factor which stimulates proteoglycan production in chondrocyte-like cells and thus could be a useful growth factor for LBP therapies. However, little is known about the expression of CDMP or its receptor in human IVD, nor its effects on human disc cells. Methods Using immunohistochemistry we investigated the localisation of CDMP in non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs. Additionally, we investigated the effect of CDMP on aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression and proteoglycan synthesis in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells derived from degenerate IVDs. Results We demonstrated that CDMP 1 and 2 were expressed in the non-degenerate and degenerate IVD, particularly in cells of the NP. A small decrease in the number of CDMP 1 and 2 immunopositive cells was seen with degeneration. Treatment of human NP cells, (derived from degenerate IVD), with CDMP showed an increase in aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression and increased production of proteoglycan (GAGs). Conclusions The data suggests that CDMP may be a useful growth factor to stimulate proteoglycan production in the human degenerate IVD and hence the repair of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Owen Building, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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Wei A, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Shen B, Kishen T, Duffy N, Diwan AD. BMP13 prevents the effects of annular injury in an ovine model. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:388-96. [PMID: 19521550 PMCID: PMC2695250 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic back pain is a global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and carries significant economic and social morbidities. Intervertebral disc damage and degeneration is a major cause of back pain, characterised by histological and biochemical changes that have been well documented in animal models. Recently there has been intense interest in early intervention in disc degeneration using growth factors or stem cell transplantation, to replenish the diseased tissues. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have been approved for clinical use in augmenting spinal fusions, and may represent candidate molecules for intervertebral disc regeneration. BMP13 has an important role in embryonic development and recent genetic evidence shows a role in the development of the human spine. This study explores the effect of BMP13 on a damaged intervertebral disc in an ovine model of discal degeneration. We found that, when injected at the time of injury, BMP13 reversed or arrested histological changes that occurred in the control discs such as loss of extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, BMP13 injected discs retained greater hydration after 4months, and possessed more cells in the NP. Taken together, BMP13 may be a potent clinical therapeutic agent when used early in the degeneration cascade to promote healthy disc tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Sunk IG, Demetriou D, Szendroedi J, Amoyo L, Raffetseder A, Hörl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G, Smolen JS, Bobacz K. Cartilage biomarkers in hemodialysis patients and the effect of beta2-microglobulin on articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1336-42. [PMID: 18457963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) is a severe complication of maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Given the predominant deposition of beta(2)-microglobulin (beta2m) fibrils on articular cartilage in early DRA, we investigated the significance of beta2m and its relationship to distinct cartilage biomarkers in early DRA diagnosis in HD patients. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of beta2m on articular chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS Serum samples from 133 patients were collected before and after HD. Type II collagen cleavage product (C2C), procollagen II c-propeptide (CPII), aggrecan chondroitin sulfate 846 epitope (CS-486) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers and incubated with beta2m at 1.5mg/l and 20mg/l. Cartilage glucosaminoglycan synthesis was measured by [(35)S]sulfate incorporation. mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3 and -9 was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Incubation with beta2m at 20mg/l significantly decreased matrix biosynthesis. PCR analysis revealed an increase of IL-1beta, as well as MMPs-3 and -9 on the mRNA level. C2C/CPII, CS-486 and COMP levels were increased only in a subset of patients without a significant correlation with beta2m concentrations. A subgroup analysis elucidated an increase in type II collagen degradation during the first years of HD, as shown by the elevation of C2C/CPII ratio. CONCLUSION beta2m exerted anti-anabolic effects on articular chondrocytes in vitro and might be involved in cartilage degradation in HD patients. beta2m serum levels, however, did not reflect cartilage degradation in DRA. The assessment of C2C/CPII, CS-486 or COMP concentrations apparently has minor relevance in DRA diagnosis in HD patients. However, the increased type II collagen breakdown within 5 years after HD onset possibly mirrors the early stages of DRA. Thus, the C2C/CPII ratio could be employed in longitudinal studies, since it may reflect a risk for DRA related arthropathy development in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-G Sunk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Williams LA, Bhargav D, Diwan AD. Unveiling the bmp13 enigma: redundant morphogen or crucial regulator? Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:318-29. [PMID: 18797508 PMCID: PMC2536705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins are a diverse group of morphogens with influences not only on bone tissue, as the nomenclature suggests, but on multiple tissues in the body and often at crucial and influential periods in development. The purpose of this review is to identify and discuss current knowledge of one vertebrate BMP, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 13 (BMP13), from a variety of research fields, in order to clarify BMP13's functional contribution to developing and maintaining healthy tissues, and to identify potential future research directions for this intriguing morphogen. BMP13 is highly evolutionarily conserved (active domain >95%) across diverse species from Zebrafish to humans, suggesting a crucial function. In addition, mutations in BMP13 have recently been associated with Klippel-Feil Syndrome, causative of numerous skeletal and developmental defects including spinal disc fusion. The specific nature of BMP13's crucial function is, however, not yet known. The literature for BMP13 is focused largely on its activity in the healing of tendon-like tissues, or in comparisons with other BMP family molecules for whom a clear function in embryo development or osteogenic differentiation has been identified. There is a paucity of detailed information regarding BMP13 protein activity, structure or protein processing. Whilst some activity in the stimulation of osteogenic or cartilaginous gene expression has been reported, and BMP13 expression is found in post natal cartilage and tendon tissues, there appears to be a redundancy of function in the BMP family, with several members capable of stimulating similar tissue responses. This review aims to summarise the known or potential role(s) for BMP13 in a variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Williams
- Spine Service, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the major cause of joint failure. The outcome of the disease process is determined by complex interactions between cells and molecules steering homeostasis, destruction, restoration, and remodeling. The articular cartilage has a limited restoration and repair capacity. Genetic studies in humans and the development of mouse models have identified the role of signaling pathways that are important for skeletal development in the postnatal biology and pathology of articular cartilage. These include bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast growth factor, wingless-type signaling, and their respective antagonists such as noggin and frizzled related protein. The synovium is prone to inflammation and emerging evidence suggests that innate and adaptive immune responses are important. Bone and cartilage form a biomechanical unit; stiffer bones might impair cartilage homeostasis. The biology of frizzled related protein provides a basis for the hypothesized inverse relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
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Feng G, Wan Y, Balian G, Laurencin CT, Li X. Adenovirus-mediated expression of growth and differentiation factor-5 promotes chondrogenesis of adipose stem cells. Growth Factors 2008; 26:132-42. [PMID: 18569021 PMCID: PMC3034080 DOI: 10.1080/08977190802105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage injuries is impeded by the avascular and non-innervated nature of cartilage. Transplantation of autologous chondrocytes has a limited ability to augment the repair process due to the highly differentiated state of chondrocytes and the risks of donor-site morbidity. Mesenchymal stem cells can undergo chondrogenesis in the presence of growth factors for cartilage defect repair. Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) plays an important role in chondrogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of GDF5 on chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and evaluate the chondrogenic potentials of GDF5 genetically engineered ADSCs using an in vitro pellet culture model. Rat ADSCs were grown as pellet cultures and treated with chondrogenic media (CM). Induction of GDF5 by an adenovirus (Ad-GDF5) was compared with exogenous supplementation of GDF5 (100 ng/ml) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1; 10 ng/ml). The ADSCs underwent chondrogenic differentiation in response to GDF5 exposure as demonstrated by production of proteoglycan, and up-regulation of collagen II and aggrecan at the protein and mRNA level. The chondrogenic potential of a one-time infection with Ad-GDF5 was weaker than exogenous GDF5, but equal to that of TGF-beta1. Stimulation with growth factors or CM alone induced transient expression of the mRNA for collagen X, indicating a need for optimization of the CM. Our findings indicate that GDF5 is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis in ADSCs, and that ADSCs genetically engineered to express prochondrogenic growth factors, such as GDF5, may be a promising therapeutic cell source for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Clinical Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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Bobacz K, Sunk IG, Hayer S, Amoyo L, Tohidast-Akrad M, Kollias G, Smolen JS, Schett G. Differentially regulated expression of growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 in articular cartilage and synovium in murine chronic arthritis: potential importance for cartilage breakdown and synovial hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:109-18. [PMID: 18163510 DOI: 10.1002/art.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the endogenous expression of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) is altered in the cartilage and synovium of human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-transgenic (hTNFtg) mice with chronic arthritis, and to investigate the response of hTNFtg chondrocytes as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) to these morphogens in vitro. METHODS Analyses were performed in hTNFtg mice with chronic destructive arthritis and in wild-type (WT) mice as controls. Expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 in the articular cartilage and synovium was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Human TNFtg cartilage explants, chondrocytes, and FLS monolayer cultures were assessed for basal matrix biosynthesis as well as growth factor responsiveness, using (35)S-sulfate incorporation assays. In addition, the DNA content/cell proliferation rate was measured. RESULTS The expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 was decreased in articular cartilage from hTNFtg mice, whereas expression of both morphogens was increased in arthritic synovium from hTNFtg mice, as compared with the levels in WT controls. Isotope incorporation revealed a marked reduction of matrix synthesis in hTNFtg cartilage as well as a decrease in responsiveness to GDF-5 and BMP-7. The DNA content did not change in arthritic cartilage as compared with WT cartilage. In hTNFtg FLS, growth factor stimulation increased the rate of cell proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION In this murine model of TNFalpha-mediated arthritis, the expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 is regulated differentially in articular cartilage and synovium. In articular cartilage, the down-regulation of GDF-5 and BMP-7, which function to maintain matrix integrity, could potentially compromise tissue repair, whereas in synovium, the increased expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 might contribute to synovial hypertrophy.
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Wilson R, Bateman JF. Cartilage proteomics: Challenges, solutions and recent advances. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:251-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wilkins JM, Loughlin J, Snelling SJB. Osteoarthritis genetics: current status and future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460816.2.6.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sunk IG, Trattnig S, Graninger WB, Amoyo L, Tuerk B, Steiner CW, Smolen JS, Bobacz K. Impairment of chondrocyte biosynthetic activity by exposure to 3-tesla high-field magnetic resonance imaging is temporary. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R106. [PMID: 16831232 PMCID: PMC1779411 DOI: 10.1186/ar1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices at high field strengths on living tissues is unknown. We investigated the effects of a 3-tesla electromagnetic field (EMF) on the biosynthetic activity of bovine articular cartilage. Bovine articular cartilage was obtained from juvenile and adult animals. Whole joints or cartilage explants were subjected to a pulsed 3-tesla EMF; controls were left unexposed. Synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) was measured by using [35S]sulfate incorporation; mRNA encoding the cartilage markers aggrecan and type II collagen, as well as IL-1β, were analyzed by RT–PCR. Furthermore, effects of the 3-tesla EMF were determined over the course of time directly after exposure (day 0) and at days 3 and 6. In addition, the influence of a 1.5-tesla EMF on cartilage sGAG synthesis was evaluated. Chondrocyte cell death was assessed by staining with Annexin V and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). Exposure to the EMF resulted in a significant decrease in cartilage macromolecule synthesis. Gene expression of both aggrecan and IL-1β, but not of collagen type II, was reduced in comparison with controls. Staining with Annexin V and TUNEL revealed no evidence of cell death. Interestingly, chondrocytes regained their biosynthetic activity within 3 days after exposure, as shown by proteoglycan synthesis rate and mRNA expression levels. Cartilage samples exposed to a 1.5-tesla EMF remained unaffected. Although MRI devices with a field strength of more than 1.5 T provide a better signal-to-noise ratio and thereby higher spatial resolution, their high field strength impairs the biosynthetic activity of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Although this decrease in biosynthetic activity seems to be transient, articular cartilage exposed to high-energy EMF may become vulnerable to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse-Gerlinde Sunk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried B Graninger
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Klinische Abteilung für Rheumatologie, LKH Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Love Amoyo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Tuerk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carl-Walter Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Bobacz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Bobacz K, Sunk IG, Hofstaetter JG, Amoyo L, Toma CD, Akira S, Weichhart T, Saemann M, Smolen JS. Toll-like receptors and chondrocytes: The lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in cartilage matrix synthesis is dependent on the presence of toll-like receptor 4 and antagonized by bone morphogenetic protein 7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1880-93. [PMID: 17530716 DOI: 10.1002/art.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-9 in human articular cartilage, and to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of TLR-4 on biosynthetic activity and matrix production by human articular chondrocytes. METHODS TLRs 1-9 were assessed in human articular cartilage by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); TLR-4 was also analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Articular chondrocytes were isolated from human donors and from wild-type or TLR-4(-/-) mice. Chondrocyte monolayer cultures were incubated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and LPS in the absence or presence of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Neosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) was measured by (35)S-sulfate incorporation. Endogenous gene expression of cartilage markers as well as IL-1beta was examined using RT-PCR. The involvement of p38 kinase or p44/42 kinase (ERK-1/2) in LPS-mediated TLR-4 signaling was investigated by immunoblotting, RT-PCR, and sGAG synthesis. RESULTS TLRs 1-9 were found on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in human articular chondrocytes. The presence of TLR-4 was also observed on the protein level. In murine and human articular chondrocytes, but not in chondrocytes derived from TLR-4(-/-) mice, stimulation with LPS resulted in a decrease in total proteoglycan synthesis. IL-1beta mRNA expression was increased by TLR-4 activation, whereas expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was significantly decreased. The presence of BMP-7 and IL-1Ra antagonized the anti-anabolic effects of LPS. Blocking of p38, but not ERK-1/2, resulted in inhibition of both LPS-mediated IL-1beta gene expression and the negative effects of LPS on matrix biosynthesis. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the presence of TLRs in human articular cartilage. The suppressive effects of LPS on cartilage biosynthetic activity are dependent on the presence of TLR-4, are governed, at least in part, by an up-regulation of IL-1beta, and are mediated by p38 kinase. These in vitro data indicate an anti-anabolic effect of TLR-4 in articular chondrocytes that may hamper cartilage repair in various joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Jung M, Tuischer JS, Sergi C, Gotterbarm T, Pohl J, Richter W, Simank HG. Local application of a collagen type I/hyaluronate matrix and growth and differentiation factor 5 influences the closure of osteochondral defects in a minipig model by enchondral ossification. Growth Factors 2006; 24:225-32. [PMID: 17381063 DOI: 10.1080/08977190600926969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the effect of growth and differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) combined with a collagen type I/hyaluronate matrix (c/h) on osteochondral defect repair in a minipig model. Defects created in both medial femoral condyles of 20 minipigs were treated with c/h (n = 10), c/h + rhGDF-5 (n = 10) or were left empty. After 3 and 12 months, five animals of each group were sacrificed. Evaluation included macroscopic and histological scoring and quantitative histomorphometry of synthesized bone. C/h and c/h + rhGDF-5 treatment increased trabecular bone formation in the upper third of the defect compared to empty controls, showing significance for c/h + rhGDF-5 (p = 0.05) but not between c/h and c/h + rhGDF-5 treatment. Cartilage regeneration and macroscopic outcome were not improved by c/h or c/h + rhGDF-5 treatment. Since c/h remnants were seen even one year postoperatively in the defect, possibly inhibiting further bone and cartilage healing, other matrices in combination with rhGDF-5 may provide further improvement in osteochondral defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Luyten FP, Lories RJU, Verschueren P, de Vlam K, Westhovens R. Contemporary concepts of inflammation, damage and repair in rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:829-48. [PMID: 16980209 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic arthritis has been regarded as a disease resulting from a disequilibrium in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Restoration of this imbalance by using blocking antibodies or soluble receptors against a variety of inflammatory components has been the focus of most therapeutic interventions so far. More recently, other destructive mechanisms partially independent of inflammation have been elucidated, including osteoclast mediated bone resorption driven by the RANKL/RANK system. Despite efficient control of inflammation and destruction, little joint tissue repair has been observed. In addition, abnormal tissue responses such as cartilage calcification and ankylosis may contribute to disease progression and loss of joint function. We propose that 'true' disease remission may only be achieved with appropriate activation of local joint tissue responses leading to restoration of joint homeostasis and recovery of joint function. Understanding the molecular networks of joint homeostasis, repair and remodelling will be required to achieve this goal. Defining and validating clinical outcomes evaluating remission remain a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Luyten
- University Hospitals Leuven, Division of Rheumatology, Herestraat 49, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Focal defects of articular cartilage are an unsolved problem in clinical orthopaedics. These lesions do not heal spontaneously and no treatment leads to complete and durable cartilage regeneration. Although the concept of gene therapy for cartilage damage appears elegant and straightforward, current research indicates that an adaptation of gene transfer techniques to the problem of a circumscribed cartilage defect is required in order to successfully implement this approach. In particular, the localised delivery into the defect of therapeutic gene constructs is desirable. Current strategies aim at inducing chondrogenic pathways in the repair tissue that fills such defects. These include the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, maturation, and matrix synthesis via direct or cell transplantation-mediated approaches. Among the most studied candidates, polypeptide growth factors have shown promise to enhance the structural quality of the repair tissue. A better understanding of the basic scientific aspects of cartilage defect repair, together with the identification of additional molecular targets and the development of improved gene-delivery techniques, may allow a clinical translation of gene therapy for cartilage defects. The first experimental steps provide reason for cautious optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cucchiarini
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Bobacz K, Graninger WB, Amoyo L, Smolen JS. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on proteoglycan biosynthesis of articular cartilage is age dependent. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:949-51. [PMID: 16769781 PMCID: PMC1798200 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.037622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) on articular cartilage matrix biosynthesis with regard to age and cartilage damage using a matrix depleted cartilage explant model. METHODS Cartilage explants were obtained from metacarpophalangeal joints of calves and adult cows. After depletion of the extracellular matrix by trypsin digestion, samples were maintained in serum-free basal medium with and without the addition of interleukin 1beta (IL1beta). Half the samples were subjected to an EMF for 24 minutes daily; the other half were left untreated. Undigested and untreated explants served as negative controls. After 7 days, biosynthesis of matrix macromolecules was assessed by [35S]sulphate incorporation and values were normalised to hydroxyproline content. RESULTS The EMF increased matrix macromolecule synthesis in undigested, untreated explants (p<0.009). In matrix depleted samples the EMF had no stimulatory effect on proteoglycan biosynthesis. IL1beta significantly decreased the de novo synthesis of matrix macromolecules (p<0.00004) in young and adult samples, but an EMF partly counteracted this inhibitory effect in cartilage samples from young, but not old animals. CONCLUSION EMF promoted matrix macromolecule biosynthesis in intact tissue explants but had no stimulatory effect on damaged articular cartilage. The supressive effects of IL1beta were partially counteracted by EMF exposure, exclusively in cartilage derived from young animals. An EMF has age dependent chondroprotective but not structure modifying properties when cartilage integrity is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Chondrocyte is a unique cell type in articular cartilage tissue and is essential for cartilage formation and functionality. It arises from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and is regulated by a series of cytokine and transcription factor interactions, including the transforming growth factor-beta super family, fibroblast growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor-1. To understand the biomechanisms of the chondrocyte differentiation process, various cellular model systems have been employed, such as primary chondrocyte culture, clonal normal cell lines (HCS-2/8, Ch-1, ATDC5, CFK-2, and RCJ3.1C5.18), and transformed clonal cell lines (T/C-28a2, T/C-28a4, C-28/I2, tsT/AC62, and HPV-16 E6/E7). Additionally, cell culture methods, including conventional monolayer culture, three-dimensional scaffold culture, bioreactor culture, pellet culture, and organ culture, have been established to create stable environments for the expansion, phenotypic maintenance, and subsequent biological study of chondrocytes for clinical application. Knowledge gained through these study systems has allowed for the use of chondrocytes in orthopedics for the treatment of cartilage injury and epiphyseal growth plate defects using tissue-engineering approaches. Furthermore, the potential of chondrocyte implantation for facial reconstruction, the treatment of long segmental tracheal defects, and urinary incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux are being investigated. This review summarizes the present study of chondrocyte biology and the potential uses of this cell in orthopedics and other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Abstract
It has long been appreciated that studying the embryonic chick in ovo provides a variety of advantages, including the potential to control the embryo's environment and its movement independently of maternal influences. This allowed early workers to identify movement as a pivotal factor in the development of the locomotor apparatus. With an increasing focus on the earliest detectable movements, we have exploited this system by developing novel models and schemes to examine the influence of defined periods of movement during musculoskeletal development. Utilizing drugs with known neuromuscular actions to provoke hyperactivity (4-aminopyridine, AP) and either rigid (decamethonium bromide, DMB) or flaccid (pancuronium bromide, PB) paralysis, we have examined the role of movement in joint, osteochondral and muscle development. Our initial studies focusing on the joint showed that AP-induced hyperactivity had little, if any, effect on the timing or scope of joint cavity elaboration, suggesting that endogenous activity levels provide sufficient stimulus, and additional mobilization is without effect. By contrast, imposition of either rigid or flaccid paralysis prior to cavity formation completely blocked this process and, with time, produced fusion of cartilaginous elements and formation of continuous single cartilaginous rods across locations where joints would ordinarily form. The effect of these distinct forms of paralysis differed, however, when treatment was initiated after formation of an overt cavity; rigid, but not flaccid, paralysis partly conserved precavitated joints. This observation suggests that 'static' loading derived from 'spastic' rigidity can act to preserve joint cavities. Another facet of these studies was the observation that DMB-induced rigid paralysis produces a uniform and specific pattern of limb deformity whereas PB generated a diverse range of fixed positional deformities. Both also reduced limb growth, with different developmental periods preferentially modifying specific osteochondral components. Changes in cartilage and bone growth induced by 3-day periods of flaccid immobilization, imposed at distinct developmental phases, provides support for a diminution in cartilage elaboration at an early phase and for a relatively delayed influence of movement on osteogenesis, invoking critical periods during which the developing skeleton becomes receptive to the impact of movement. Immobilization also exerts differential impact along the proximo-distal axis of the limb. Finally, our preliminary results support the possibility that embryonic hyperactivity influences the potential for postnatal muscle growth.
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Bobacz K, Ullrich R, Amoyo L, Erlacher L, Smolen JS, Graninger WB. Stimulatory effects of distinct members of the bone morphogenetic protein family on ligament fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:169-77. [PMID: 15975973 PMCID: PMC1798028 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of cartilage derived morphogenetic protein-1 and -2 (CDMP-1, CDMP-2), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 and BMP-6 on metabolism of ligament fibroblasts and their osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation potential. METHODS Ligament fibroblasts were obtained from 3 month old calves, plated as monolayers or micromass cultures, and incubated with or without CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6. Expression of the indicated growth factors was assessed by RT-PCR and western immunoblotting. The presence of their respective type I and II receptors, and lineage related markers, was investigated in stimulated and unstimulated cells by RT-PCR and northern blotting. Biosynthesis of matrix proteoglycans was assessed by [(35)S]sulphate incorporation in monolayers. Alcian blue and toluidine blue staining was done in micromass cultures. RESULTS CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 were detected on mRNA and on the protein level. Type I and II receptors were endogenously expressed in unstimulated ligament fibroblasts. The growth factors significantly stimulated total proteoglycan synthesis as assessed by [(35)S]sulphate incorporation. Toluidine blue staining showed cartilage-specific metachromasia in the growth factor treated micromass cultures. Transcription analysis of stimulated ligament fibroblasts demonstrated coexpression of chondrocyte markers but no up regulation of osteogenic markers. CONCLUSION CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 and their receptors were expressed in ligament tissue. These growth factors induced matrix synthesis in fibroblasts derived from bovine ligament. The preferential expression of cartilage markers in vitro suggests that CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 have the potential to induce differentiation towards a chondrogenic phenotype in ligament fibroblasts. Thus, fibroblasts from ligaments may serve as a source for chondrogenesis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Lories RJU, Daans M, Derese I, Matthys P, Kasran A, Tylzanowski P, Ceuppens JL, Luyten FP. Noggin haploinsufficiency differentially affects tissue responses in destructive and remodeling arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1736-46. [PMID: 16729286 DOI: 10.1002/art.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The balance between destruction and homeostatic or reparative responses determines the outcome of arthritis. Increasing evidence suggests a role for signaling pathways, essential for development and growth, in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and attempts at repair. Inappropriate activation of such pathways may also have a role in disease progression. We undertook this study to determine the effect of shifting the balance in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in different mouse models of arthritis. METHODS Endogenous levels of noggin, a BMP antagonist, were reduced using heterozygous noggin(+/LacZ) mice in a model of inflammation-driven destruction (methylated bovine serum albumin [mBSA]-induced monarthritis), a model of systemic autoimmune arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]), and a model of joint ankylosis (spontaneous arthritis in DBA/1 mice). In addition, we studied BMP inactivation by adenoviral noggin overexpression in destructive arthritis. Cartilage damage and activation of BMP signaling were studied by digital image analysis using Safranin O sulfated glycosaminoglycan staining and immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated Smads (Smads 1, 5, and 8), respectively. RESULTS Noggin haploinsufficiency provided protection for articular cartilage against destruction in mBSA-induced arthritis. Antagonist overexpression rendered cartilage more vulnerable in this model. Noggin gene transfer in knees affected by CIA also enhanced cartilage damage. Haploinsufficiency did not affect CIA, but noggin(+/LacZ) mice had an increased number of CD4-positive cells with normal immune responses. In noggin(+/LacZ) DBA/1 mice with spontaneous arthritis, we observed delayed progression from cartilage to bone formation. CONCLUSION Tight spatiotemporal control of BMP signaling appears to be critical in the response of joint tissues in models of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J U Lories
- University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lories RJU, Luyten FP. Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling in joint homeostasis and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:287-98. [PMID: 15993360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in therapies that target inflammation and tissue destruction in chronic arthritis, stimulation of tissue repair and restoration of joint function, the ultimate goal of treatment, is far from achieved. We introduce a new paradigm that may help to improve our understanding and management of chronic arthritis. The presence or absence of tissue responses distinguishes destructive arthritis, steady-state arthritis and remodeling arthritis. Increasing evidence suggests that reactivation of embryonic molecular pathways is an important mechanism to stimulate postnatal tissue repair. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have critical roles in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis, but also in postnatal joint homeostasis and joint tissue remodeling. Therefore, modulation of BMP signaling may be an attractive therapeutic target in chronic arthritis to restore homeostasis and function of synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J U Lories
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Gaissmaier C, Fritz J, Krackhardt T, Flesch I, Aicher WK, Ashammakhi N. Effect of human platelet supernatant on proliferation and matrix synthesis of human articular chondrocytes in monolayer and three-dimensional alginate cultures. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1953-60. [PMID: 15576169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is rich in collagen type II fibres and proteoglycans and is characterized by low cell density. Chondrocytes have specific nutritional requirements and therefore cannot be expanded in vitro without the risk of generating fibroblastoid cells expressing type I collagen. Therefore, various growth conditions were tested for cartilage tissue engineering. Human platelets are a rich source of many growth factors including transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor. To investigate the effect of human platelet supernatant (hPS) on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, human articular biopsies obtained from three healthy donors. Chondrocytes were isolated and expanded separately in monolayer cultures and seeded in alginate beads in the presence and absence of hPS of 1% or 10% v/v concentration. Transcript levels of genes encoding chondrogenic factors were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The deposition of types I and II collagen as well as proteoglycan was detected by indirect immunocytochemistry. Addition of hPS activated chondrocyte proliferation in monolayer cultures but induced a dedifferentiation of chondrocytes towards a fibroblast-like phenotype. The expression levels of mRNAs encoding type II collagen, aggrecan and bone morphogenetic protein-2 were reduced in all samples tested. Seeding chondrocytes in alginate beads in the presence of hPS generated a cell population capable of type II collagen expression, even though hPS induced considerable type I collagen expression as well. Differences (1% vs. 10% group, 1% vs. control, 10% vs. control) in the quantitative gene expression of types I and II collagen or of aggrecan were statistically significant (p<0.001). We conclude that addition of hPS may accelerate chondrocyte expansion but can lead to their dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaissmaier
- BG Trauma Centre, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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