1
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Wu M, Yu S, Chen Y, Meng W, Chen H, He J, Shen J, Lin X. Acteoside promotes B cell-derived IL-10 production and ameliorates autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:875-885. [PMID: 35638582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0422-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells are well recognized for maintaining immune tolerance. The impaired Breg cell function with decreased IL-10-producing capacity has been found in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). However, seldom therapeutic agents targeting Breg cells are available to treat those autoimmune diseases. Here, we showed that acteoside (AC), a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside from a medicinal herb Radix Rehmanniae, could promote IL-10 production from both human and murine B cells via critically regulating the TLR4/PI3K axis. Moreover, TLR4 was found increased in Breg cells from mice with experimental SS (ESS), a mouse model that recapitulates human pSS. Thus, B cells from the ESS mice were susceptible to AC treatment, showing higher IL-10-producing capacity than those from naïve controls. In addition, AC treatment also promoted the production of IL-10 from TLR4+ CXCR4+ plasma cells of ESS mice. Notably, we found that AC was able to enter lymphoid organs upon oral administration. AC treatment effectively increased IL-10+ B cells in ESS mice and ameliorated disease pathology accompanied by reduced T effector cells, including Th17 and T follicular helper cells in the ESS mice. In conclusion, AC could promote Breg cell function and attenuate ESS pathology in vivo, which may be a promising drug candidate for treating pSS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yacun Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Distinguished Professor Yu Jin Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine & Integrative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haiyong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Lv J, Ji X, Li Z, Hao H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13092. [PMID: 34780075 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lv
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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3
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Traditional Chinese medicine is a useful and promising alternative strategy for treatment of Sjogren's syndrome: A review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2021; 19:191-202. [PMID: 33509710 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease involving exocrine glands. Current studies have found that the occurrence of the disease is closely related to genetic, environmental and neuroendocrine factors, as well as abnormal activation of T and B lymphocytes. The etiology and pathogenesis of pSS is complex, and there is a lack of specific targeted drugs. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been comprehensively investigated for their treatment effects on pSS. Through a systematic review of the literature, we summarized the TCMs used to treat pSS, and find that there are four major ways that TCMs are used, including upregulation of aquaporin proteins, suppression of cell apoptosis, suppression of the abnormal activation of B lymphocytes and suppression of the abnormal activation of T lymphocytes (balancing T helper type [Th]1/Th2 & Th17/Treg and suppressing follicular helper T [Tfh] cells). However, there are not enough data about the active constituents, quality control, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and modern preparations of these TCMs; therefore, more investigations are needed. This paper highlights the importance of TCMs for treating pSS and provides guidance for future investigations.
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4
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Yue X, Deng F, Chen J, Yin J, Zheng J, Chen Y, Huang Q, Gao X, Liu Z, Luo J, Müller A, Heidecke H, Riemekasten G, Petersen F, Yu X. Autoantibodies against C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4 are decreased in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:112-120. [PMID: 33446393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Networks formed of numerous autoantibodies (aabs) directed against G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have been suggested to play important role in autoimmune disorders. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the association between anti-GPCR antibodies and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) to determine the potential pathogenic factors. METHODS By applying a cell membrane-based ELISA technique, which is capable of detecting aabs against conformational epitopes within GPCR, serum levels of fourteen GPCR were determined in well-characterized patients with pSS (n = 52) and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 54). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test, Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Spearman`s rank correlation coefficients were calculated between variables and visualized by heat map. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, sera of patients with pSS showed significantly higher binding to β2AR and ETAR, but lower binding to C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4. Autoantibodies against C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4 were also decreased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In pSS patients, levels of anti-CXCR3 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies were negatively correlated with circulating lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, correlation signatures of anti-GPCR antibodies changed dramatically in the patients with pulmonary involvement. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between pSS and autoantibodies recognizing GPCR, especially those functionally involved in immune cell migration and exocrine glandular secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Fengyuan Deng
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Rheumatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Junping Yin
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, XinXiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, XinXiang, China
| | - Qiaoniang Huang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antje Müller
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.
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5
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Kakan SS, Janga SR, Cooperman B, Craig DW, Edman MC, Okamoto CT, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Small RNA Deep Sequencing Identifies a Unique miRNA Signature Released in Serum Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1475. [PMID: 32849505 PMCID: PMC7396589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and loss of function of moisture-producing exocrine glands as well as systemic inflammation. SS diagnosis is cumbersome, subjective and complicated by manifestation of symptoms that overlap with those of other rheumatic and ocular diseases. Definitive diagnosis averages 4–5 years and this delay may lead to irreversible tissue damage. Thus, there is an urgent need for diagnostic biomarkers for earlier detection of SS. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes carry functional small non-coding RNAs which play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis via transcriptional and translational regulation of mRNA. Alterations in levels of specific exosomal miRNAs may be predictive of disease status. Here, we have assessed serum exosomal RNA using next generation sequencing in a discovery cohort of the NOD mouse, a model of early-intermediate SS, to identify dysregulated miRNAs that may be indicative of SS. We found five miRNAs upregulated in serum exosomes of NOD mice with an adjusted p < 0.05—miRNA-127-3p, miRNA-409-3p, miRNA-410-3p, miRNA-541-5p, and miRNA-540-5p. miRNAs 127-3p and 541-5p were also statistically significantly upregulated in a validation cohort of NOD mice. Pathway analysis and existing literature indicates that differential expression of these miRNAs may dysregulate pathways involved in inflammation. Future studies will apply these findings in a human cohort to understand how they are correlated with manifestations of SS as well as understanding their functional role in systemic autoimmunity specific to SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Singh Kakan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Cooperman
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David W Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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6
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IL-10-producing regulatory B cells restrain the T follicular helper cell response in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:921-931. [PMID: 30948793 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases including primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), but how the Tfh cell response is regulated during autoimmune pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we first found negative correlations between IL-10+ regulatory B (Breg) cell numbers and Tfh cell responses and disease activity in patients with pSS and mice with experimental Sjögren's syndrome (ESS). Moreover, we detected high expression of IL-10 receptor on Tfh cells and their precursors in both humans and mice. In culture, IL-10 suppressed human and murine Tfh cell differentiation by promoting STAT5 phosphorylation. By using an adoptive transfer approach and two-photon live imaging, we found significantly increased numbers of Tfh cells with enhanced T cell homing into B cell follicles in the draining cervical lymph nodes of RAG-2-/- mice transferred with IL-10-deficient B cells during ESS development compared with those of RAG-2-/- mice transferred with wild-type B cells. In ESS mice, CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ Breg cells with decreased IL-10 production exhibited severely impaired suppressive effects on T cell proliferation. Consistently, CD19+CD24+CD38hi Breg cells from pSS patients showed significantly reduced IL-10 production with defective inhibitory function in the suppression of autologous Tfh cell expansion. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of IL-10-producing Breg cells markedly suppressed the Tfh cell response and ameliorated ESS progression in ESS mice. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for IL-10-producing Breg cells in restraining the effector Tfh cell response during pSS development.
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7
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Disruption of endothelial barrier function is linked with hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3154-3163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Immune Response Targeting Sjögren's Syndrome Antigen Ro52 Suppresses Tear Production in Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102935. [PMID: 30261673 PMCID: PMC6213551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies reactive against Ro52 are present in 70% of Sjögren’s syndrome patients and are associated with higher disease severity. However, their role in causing aqueous deficient dry eye, a major cause for morbidity in Sjögren’s syndrome, is unclear. To investigate whether immune responses targeting Ro52 contribute towards the dry eye, male and female NZM2758 mice were immunized with recombinant Ro52. Tear production was measured by the phenol red thread test. Sera were analyzed for anti-Ro52 levels by immunoprecipitation. Lacrimal glands were evaluated for inflammatory foci and IgG deposits. Our results showed that, although all mice generated anti-Ro52 antibodies, only females developed a significant drop in tear production. None of the mice developed severe lacrimal gland inflammation, and female mice with anti-Ro52 showed higher levels of IgG deposits within their glands. Passive transfer of anti-Ro52 sera caused reduced tear production in female mice, but not in males. This study demonstrates for the first time that immune responses initiated by Ro52 induce aqueous dry eye, and this may be driven by anti-Ro52 antibodies. Furthermore, the sexual dimorphism in glandular dysfunction suggests that the lacrimal glands in females are more susceptible to autoantibody-mediated injury.
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9
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Mahmoud TI, Wang J, Karnell JL, Wang Q, Wang S, Naiman B, Gross P, Brohawn PZ, Morehouse C, Aoyama J, Wasserfall C, Carter L, Atkinson MA, Serreze DV, Braley-Mullen H, Mustelin T, Kolbeck R, Herbst R, Ettinger R. Autoimmune manifestations in aged mice arise from early-life immune dysregulation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:361ra137. [PMID: 27798262 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies can be present years to decades before the onset of disease manifestations in autoimmunity. This finding suggests that the initial autoimmune trigger involves a peripheral lymphoid component, which ultimately drives disease pathology in local tissues later in life. We show that Sjögren's syndrome manifestations that develop in aged NOD.H-2h4 mice were driven by and dependent on peripheral dysregulation that arose in early life. Specifically, elimination of spontaneous germinal centers in spleens of young NOD.H-2h4 mice by transient blockade of CD40 ligand (CD40L) or splenectomy abolished Sjögren's pathology of aged mice. Strikingly, a single injection of anti-CD40L at 4 weeks of age prevented tertiary follicle neogenesis and greatly blunted the formation of key autoantibodies implicated in glandular pathology, including anti-muscarinic receptor antibodies. Microarray profiling of the salivary gland characterized the expression pattern of genes that increased with disease progression and showed that early anti-CD40L greatly repressed B cell function while having a broader effect on multiple biological pathways, including interleukin-12 and interferon signaling. A single prophylactic treatment with anti-CD40L also inhibited the development of autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes in NOD.H-2h4 and nonobese diabetic mice, respectively, supporting a key role for CD40L in the pathophysiology of several autoimmune models. These results strongly suggest that early peripheral immune dysregulation gives rise to autoimmune manifestations later in life, and for diseases predated by autoantibodies, early prophylactic intervention with biologics may prove efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I Mahmoud
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jingya Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jodi L Karnell
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Brian Naiman
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Phillip Gross
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Philip Z Brohawn
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Chris Morehouse
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jordan Aoyama
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura Carter
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | - Tomas Mustelin
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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10
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Xu T, Xie W, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang L, Chen J, Cai M, Sun R, Zhang P, Yu S, Xu Z, Jiang W, Wu M. Leptin/OB-R signaling is elevated in mice with Sjögren's syndrome and is implicated in disease pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:835-842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Park YS, Gauna AE, Cha S. Mouse Models of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:2350-64. [PMID: 25777752 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150316120024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune cell infiltration and progressive injury to the salivary and lacrimal glands. As a consequence, patients with SjS develop xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). SjS is the third most common rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affecting 4 million Americans with over 90% of patients being female. Current diagnostic criteria for SjS frequently utilize histological examinations of minor salivary glands for immune cell foci, serology for autoantibodies, and dry eye evaluation by corneal or conjunctival staining. SjS can be classified as primary or secondary SjS, depending on whether it occurs alone or in association with other systemic rheumatic conditions, respectively. Clinical manifestations typically become apparent when the disease is relatively advanced in SjS patients, which poses a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment of SjS. Therefore, SjS mouse models, because of their close resemblance to the human SjS, have been extremely valuable to identify early disease markers and to investigate underlying biological and immunological dysregulations. However, it is important to bear in mind that no single mouse model has duplicated all aspects of SjS pathogenesis and clinical features, mainly due to the multifactorial etiology of SjS that includes numerous susceptibility genes and environmental factors. As such, various mouse models have been developed in the field to try to recapitulate SjS. In this review, we focus on recent mouse models of primary SjS xerostomia and describe them under three categories of spontaneous, genetically engineered, and experimentally induced models. In addition, we discuss future perspectives highlighting pros and cons of utilizing mouse models and current demands for improved models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL32610, USA.
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13
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Autoantibodies against the Second Extracellular Loop of M3R Do neither Induce nor Indicate Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149485. [PMID: 26901532 PMCID: PMC4765836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (anti-M3R) autoantibodies have been suggested to be pathogenic for primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), and the second extracellular loop of M3R is suspected to carry a disease-promoting epitope. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of autoantibodies against peptides derived from the second extracellular loop of M3R in mice and to determine whether those autoantibodies could be used as biomarker for pSS. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with modified linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R. The function of exocrine glands was evaluated by measuring the secretion of saliva and tears. The histological evaluations were performed by using H&E staining or direct immunofluorescence staining. Autoantibodies against linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R in human and mice were determined using ELISA. Results Immunization induced mice to produce autoantibodies against the linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R, and those autoantibodies could bind onto salivary glands. However, those mice showed neither impairment in the secretion of tears or saliva nor histological abnormality in the exocrine glands. Furthermore, passive transfer of the IgG isolated from the immunized mice into healthy mice did not induced the dysfunction of the exocrine glands. The prevalence of autoantibodies against the peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R was low in pSS patients, and it did not differ significantly from that in healthy controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that the autoantibodies against peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R are not pathogenic in vivo and they are not suitable as biomarkers for pSS diagnosis.
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14
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Physiological role of aquaporin 5 in salivary glands. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:519-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Voigt A, Esfandiary L, Nguyen CQ. Sexual dimorphism in an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome: a potential role for Th17 cells. Biol Open 2015; 4:1410-9. [PMID: 26453623 PMCID: PMC4728356 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a complex autoimmune disease with an array of diverse immunological, genetic and environmental etiologies, making identification of the precise autoimmune mechanism difficult to define. One of the most distinctive aspects of Sjögren's syndrome is the high sexual dimorphism with women affected 10-20 times more than men. It is nearly impossible to study the sexual dimorphic development of Sjögren's syndrome in human patients; therefore it is pertinent to develop an appropriate animal model which resembles human disease. The data indicated that female C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice developed an earlier onset of sialadenitis with a higher composition of CD3+ T cells and a 10-fold increase in glandular infiltration of Th17 cells at the onset of clinical disease compared to male mice. Inflammatory Th17 cells of female mice exhibited a stronger proliferation in response to disease-specific antigen than their male counterpart. At the clinical disease stage, altered autoantibody patterns can be detected in females whereas they are seldom observed in male C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice. Interestingly, male C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice developed an earlier loss of secretory function, despite the fact that female C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice exhibited a more rapid secretory loss. This data indicates the strong sexual dimorphism in the SjS-susceptible C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 animal model, making it an appropriate animal model to examine human disease. Summary: Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) is the one of the most common sexual dimorphic autoimmune diseases. This study demonstrates that female C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice develop earlier onset and more severe symptoms of SjS than male counterparts. Therefore, the C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse model could be an appropriate model to study sexual dimorphism in SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Lida Esfandiary
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA Center for Orphan Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Maier-Moore JS, Kurien BT, D'Souza A, Bockus L, Asfa S, Dorri Y, Hubbell S, Yeliosof O, Obeso D, Schoeb TR, Jonsson R, Scofield RH. Passive transfer of antibodies to the linear epitope 60 kD Ro 273-289 induces features of Sjögren's syndrome in naive mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:19-27. [PMID: 25370295 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lacrimal and salivary glands causing dry eyes and mouth. Antibodies to Ro60 are observed frequently in patients with SS; however, the role of these antibodies in SS initiation and progression remains unclear. The sequence Ro60 273-289 (Ro274) is a known B cell epitope of Ro60 and antibodies to this epitope have been observed in a subset of SS patients and in animals immunized with Ro60 protein. Animals immunized with Ro274 linear peptide develop a Sjögren's-like illness. We hypothesized that passive transfer of anti-Ro274-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G would induce a Sjögren's-like phenotype. To evaluate this hypothesis, we adoptively transferred affinity-purified Ro274 antibodies into naive BALB/c animals, then evaluated salivary gland histology, function and IgG localization 4 days post-transfer. At this time-point, there was no demonstrable mononuclear cell infiltration and salivary glands were histologically normal, but we observed a functional deficit in stimulated salivary flow of animals receiving Ro274 antibodies compared to animals receiving control IgG. Cellular fractionation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed Ro274-specific antibodies in the nucleus and cytoplasmic fractions of isolated parotid salivary gland cells that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These data support the hypothesis that antibodies to Ro274 deposit in salivary glands can enter intact salivary gland cells and are involved in the dysregulation of salivary flow in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Maier-Moore
- The Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; The Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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17
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Hauk V, Fraccaroli L, Grasso E, Eimon A, Ramhorst R, Hubscher O, Pérez Leirós C. Monocytes from Sjögren's syndrome patients display increased vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 expression and impaired apoptotic cell phagocytosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:662-70. [PMID: 24827637 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction. Clinical observations and results from animal models of SS support the role of aberrant epithelial cell apoptosis and immune homeostasis loss in the glands as triggering factors for the autoimmune response. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes potent anti-inflammatory effects in several inflammatory and autoimmune disease models, including the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of SS. With the knowledge that VIP modulates monocyte function through vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VPAC) and that immune homeostasis maintenance depends strongly upon a rapid and immunosuppressant apoptotic cell clearance by monocytes/macrophages, in this study we explored VPAC expression on monocytes from primary SS (pSS) patients and the ability of VIP to modulate apoptotic cell phagocytic function and cytokine profile. Monocytes isolated from individual pSS patients showed an increased expression of VPAC2 subtype of VIP receptors, absent in monocytes from control subjects, with no changes in VPAC1 expression. VPAC2 receptor expression could be induced further with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pSS monocytes and VIP inhibited the effect. Moreover, monocytes from pSS patients showed an impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic epithelial cells, as evidenced by reduced engulfment ability and the failure to promote an immunosuppressant cytokine profile. However, VIP neither modulated monocyte/macrophage phagocytic function nor did it reverse their inflammatory profile. We conclude that monocytes from pSS patients express high levels of VPAC2 and display a deficient clearance of apoptotic cells that is not modulated by VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hauk
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires - IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Fukaya E, Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Yokota T, Yamaguchi O, Kasukawa R, Sato Y. A case of interstitial cystitis accompanying Sjögren’s syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-004-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Effects of muscarinic acetylcholine 3 receptor(208-227) peptide immunization on autoimmune response in nonobese diabetic mice. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:485213. [PMID: 24382973 PMCID: PMC3872023 DOI: 10.1155/2013/485213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The second extracellular loop (LFWQYFVGKRTVPPGECFIQFLSEPTITFGTAI, aa 205-237) of muscarinic acetylcholine 3 receptor (M3R) has been reported to be an epitope for autoantibodies generated during certain autoimmune disorders, including Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Autoantibodies against M3R(228-237) have been shown to interfere with the function of M3R. However, few studies have been performed on the M3R(205-227) peptide of the second extracellular loop. In the current study, we sought to investigate the effect of M3R(208-227) peptide immunization on autoimmune response in NOD/LtJ mice. We synthesized the M3R(208-227) peptide and immunized NOD/LtJ mice to investigate whether peptide-specific antibodies could be generated and whether immunization would lead to changes in autoimmune response in NOD/LtJ mice. Our results demonstrate that the secretions of Th-1, Th-2, and Th-17 cytokines are downregulated and lymphocytic infiltration is improved in the salivary glands and lacrimal glands following immunization with M3R(208-227) peptide in NOD/LtJ mice, suggesting that peptide immunotherapy using the M3R(208-227) peptide may represent a potential therapeutic alternative.
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20
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The inhibitory effects of antimuscarinic autoantibodies in the sera of primary Sjogren syndrome patients on the gastrointestinal motility. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:583-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Karabiyik A, Peck AB, Nguyen CQ. The important role of T cells and receptor expression in Sjögren's syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:157-66. [PMID: 23679844 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), an autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction leading to dry mouth and dry eye diseases, is typified by progressive leucocyte infiltrations of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Histologically, these leucocyte infiltrations generally establish periductal aggregates, referred to as lymphocytic foci (LF), which occasionally appear as germinal centre (GC)-like structures. The formation and organization of these LF suggest an important and dynamic role for helper T cells (TH), specifically TH1, TH2 and the recently discovered TH17, in development and onset of clinical SjS, considered a B cell-mediated hypersensitivity type 2 disease. Despite an ever-increasing focus on identifying the underlying aetiology of SjS, defining factors that initiate this autoimmune disease remain a mystery. Thus, determining interactions between infiltrating TH cells and exocrine gland tissue (auto-)antigens represents a fertile research endeavour. This review discusses pathological functions of TH cells in SjS, the current status of TH cell receptor gene rearrangements associated with human and mouse models of SjS and potential future prospects for identifying receptor-autoantigen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karabiyik
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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Abstract
Dry eye is a common ocular surface inflammatory disease that significantly affects quality of life. Dysfunction of the lacrimal function unit (LFU) alters tear composition and breaks ocular surface homeostasis, facilitating chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Accordingly, the most effective treatments to date are geared towards reducing inflammation and restoring normal tear film. The pathogenic role of CD4+ T cells is well known, and the field is rapidly realizing the complexity of other innate and adaptive immune factors involved in the development and progression of disease. The data support the hypothesis that dry eye is a localized autoimmune disease originating from an imbalance in the protective immunoregulatory and proinflammatory pathways of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Stern
- Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Program, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92612, USA. stern
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23
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Kurien BT, Dsouza A, Igoe A, Lee YJ, Maier-Moore JS, Gordon T, Jackson M, Scofield RH. Immunization with 60 kD Ro peptide produces different stages of preclinical autoimmunity in a Sjögren's syndrome model among multiple strains of inbred mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:67-75. [PMID: 23607771 PMCID: PMC3694536 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic illness manifested characteristically by immune injury to the salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in dry mouth/eyes. Anti-Ro [Sjögren's syndrome antigen A (SSA)] and anti-La [Sjögren's syndrome antigen B (SSB)] autoantibodies are found frequently in Sjögren's subjects as well as in individuals who will go on to develop the disease. Immunization of BALB/c mice with Ro60 peptides results in epitope spreading with anti-Ro and anti-La along with lymphocyte infiltration of salivary glands similar to human Sjögren's. In addition, these animals have poor salivary function/low saliva volume. In this study, we examined whether Ro-peptide immunization produces a Sjögren's-like illness in other strains of mice. BALB/c, DBA-2, PL/J, SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with Ro60 peptide-274. Sera from these mice were studied by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for autoantibodies. Timed salivary flow was determined after pharmacological stimulation, and salivary glands were examined pathologically. We found that SJL/J mice had no immune response to the peptide from Ro60, while C57BL/6 mice produced antibodies that bound the peptide but had no epitope spreading. PL/J mice had epitope spreading to other structures of Ro60 as well as to La, but like C57BL/6 and SJL/J had no salivary gland lymphocytic infiltration and no decrement of salivary function. DBA-2 and BALB/c mice had infiltration but only BALB/c had decreased salivary function. The immunological processes leading to a Sjögren's-like illness after Ro-peptide immunization were interrupted in a stepwise fashion in these differing mice strains. These data suggest that this is a model of preclinical disease with genetic control for epitope spreading, lymphocytic infiltration and glandular dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Immunization
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Prodromal Symptoms
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/immunology
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/drug effects
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins/immunology
- Salivary Glands/pathology
- Salivation
- Sjogren's Syndrome/etiology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Urinary Bladder
- Xerostomia/etiology
- Xerostomia/immunology
- SS-B Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kurien
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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24
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Lee BH, Gauna AE, Perez G, Park YJ, Pauley KM, Kawai T, Cha S. Autoantibodies against muscarinic type 3 receptor in Sjögren's syndrome inhibit aquaporin 5 trafficking. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53113. [PMID: 23382834 PMCID: PMC3559734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that mainly targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. It has been controversial whether anti-muscarinic type 3 receptor (α-M3R) autoantibodies in patients with SjS inhibit intracellular trafficking of aquaporin-5 (AQP5), water transport protein, leading to secretory dysfunction. To address this issue, GFP-tagged human AQP5 was overexpressed in human salivary gland cells (HSG-hAQP5) and monitored AQP5 trafficking to the plasma membrane following carbachol (CCh, M3R agonist) stimulation. AQP5 trafficking was indeed mediated by M3R stimulation, shown in partial blockage of trafficking by M3R-antagonist 4-DAMP. HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with SjS plasma for 24 hours significantly reduced AQP5 trafficking with CCh, compared with HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with healthy control (HC) plasma. This inhibition was confirmed by monoclonal α-M3R antibody and pre-absorbed plasma. Interestingly, HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with SjS plasma showed no change in cell volume, compared to the cells incubated with HC plasma showing shrinkage by twenty percent after CCh-stimulation. Our findings clearly indicate that binding of anti-M3R autoantibodies to the receptor, which was verified by immunoprecipitation, suppresses AQP5 trafficking to the membrane and contribute to impaired fluid secretion in SjS. Our current study urges further investigations of clinical associations between SjS symptoms, such as degree of secretory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and/or bladder irritation, and different profiles (titers, isotypes, and/or specificity) of anti-M3R autoantibodies in individuals with SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Gauna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Geidys Perez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yun-jong Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaleb M. Pauley
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University College of Arts and Sciences, Cedarville, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pauley KM, Gauna AE, Grichtchenko II, Chan EKL, Cha S. A secretagogue-small interfering RNA conjugate confers resistance to cytotoxicity in a cell model of Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3116-25. [PMID: 21567383 DOI: 10.1002/art.30450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by xerophthalmia and xerostomia resulting from loss of secretory function due to immune cell infiltration in lacrimal and salivary glands. Current therapeutic strategies for SS use secretagogues to induce secretion via muscarinic receptor stimulation. The purpose of this study was to create a secretagogue-small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugate to deliver siRNA into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, thereby altering epithelial cell responses to external cues, such as proinflammatory or death signals, while simultaneously stimulating secretion. METHODS Based on our expertise with type 3 muscarinic receptor (M3), we used carbachol, a ligand specific for muscarinic receptor, as the secretagogue. Carbachol was synthesized with an active choline group and was conjugated with an siRNA that targets caspase 3. A human salivary gland (HSG) cell line was used to test the efficacy of this secretagogue-siRNA conjugate. RESULTS Lipofectamine transfection of the conjugate into HSG cells resulted in a 78% reduction in the expression of the caspase 3 gene, while external conjugate treatment of HSG cells resulted in intracellular calcium release and induction of endocytosis at levels similar to those of carbachol stimulation, indicating that the siRNA and carbachol portions of the conjugate retained their function after conjugation. HSG cells treated with conjugate (without Lipofectamine transfection) exhibited a 50% reduction in caspase 3 gene and protein expression, indicating that our conjugate was effective in delivering functional siRNA into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor α-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in conjugate-treated cells. CONCLUSION Our secretagogue-siRNA conjugate prevented cytokine-induced apoptosis in salivary gland epithelial cells, which is critical to maintaining fluid secretion and potentially reversing the clinical hallmark of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb M Pauley
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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26
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Asahina M, Sano K, Fujinuma Y, Kuwabara S. Investigation of antimuscarinic receptor autoantibodies in patients with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis. Intern Med 2013; 52:2733-7. [PMID: 24334576 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.52.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The autoimmune mechanism is considered to play an important role in the development of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA), and muscarinic M3 receptors (M3Rs) on eccrine glands are possible autoimmune targets. We investigated the existence of autoantibodies against M3Rs in AIGA patients. METHODS We immunostained M3R-expressing cultured cells with the serum of 12 AIGA patients (mean age: 35.0±11.7 years, mean disease duration: 26.6±25.8 months) and 10 healthy subjects (mean age: 32.4±10.4 years). RESULTS The surface of the M3R-expressing cells was stained by the serum obtained from one of the 12 AIGA patients but not by the serum obtained from the remaining 11 patients or healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The presence of M3R autoantibodies may therefore be related to the underlying mechanism of disease in a subset of AIGA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asahina
- Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Sumida T, Iizuka M, Asashima H, Tsuboi H, Matsumoto I. Pathogenic role of anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor immune response in Sjögren's syndrome. Presse Med 2012; 41:e461-6. [PMID: 22884125 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) is expressed in exocrine glands (e.g., salivary glands [SGs] and lachrymal glands), and plays a crucial role in exocrine secretion. M3R reactive T cells have been detected in circulating mononuclear cells of 40% of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and the major T cell epitopes of M3R in those patients with HLA-DR B1×0901 are located in the second loop of M3R. Moreover, autoantibodies (autoAbs) against M3R are also present in sera of around 50% of patients with SS, and several B cell epitopes, such as N-region, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd loop of M3R, have been identified. Functional analysis using human SG cell lines showed that autoAbs against the 2nd loop of M3R suppressed intracellular Ca(2+) influx, suggesting inhibition of saliva secretion. To clarify whether the M3R reactive immune response induces autoimmune sialadenitis (AIS), M3R(-/-) mice were immunized with M3R synthetic peptides and their splenocytes transferred into Rag1(-/-) mice. The recipients developed severe sialadenitis, and cell transfer studies indicated that T cells are key factors in the pathogenesis of AIS. These results indicate that the M3R immune reaction plays a key pathogenic role in AIS, suggesting that M3R molecule acts as an autoantigen in the pathogenesis of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sumida
- University of Tsukuba, Department of Internal Medicine, Ibaraki, Japan.
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28
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Bournia VK, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG. Subgroups of Sjögren syndrome patients according to serological profiles. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:15-26. [PMID: 22575069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren Syndrome (SS) is a systemic, autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands. Different clinical associations have been described for each of the diverse autoantibodies found in SS patients. Antibodies directed against the Ro/La ribonucleoprotein complexes have been correlated with younger age, more severe dysfunction of the exocrine glands and a higher prevalence of extraglandular manifestations. Anti-nuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors have been associated to extraglandular manifestations and an active immunological profile, while cryoglobulins are markers of more severe disease and correlate to lymphoma development and death. Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides are scarce in SS and have been linked in some cases to the development of non-erosive arthritis. Furthermore, the presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies and anti-smooth muscle antibodies in the sera of primary SS patients is considered indicative of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis, respectively. In addition, anti-centromere antibodies have been associated with a clinical phenotype intermediate between primary SS and systemic sclerosis, while antibodies against carbonic anhydrase have been related to renal tubular acidosis. Finally, an association of anti-muscarinic antibodies with cytopenias and a higher disease activity has also been described in primary SS. In conclusion, although not all of the above mentioned antibodies are useful for predicting distinct patient subgroups in SS, knowledge of the clinical associations of the different autoantibody specificities encountered in SS can advance our understanding of the disease and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki-Kalliopi Bournia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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Gorr SU, Wennblom TJ, Horvath S, Wong DTW, Michie SA. Text-mining applied to autoimmune disease research: the Sjögren's syndrome knowledge base. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:119. [PMID: 22759918 PMCID: PMC3495204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sjögren’s syndrome is a tissue-specific autoimmune disease that affects exocrine tissues, especially salivary glands and lacrimal glands. Despite a large body of evidence gathered over the past 60 years, significant gaps still exist in our understanding of Sjögren’s syndrome. The goal of this study was to develop a database that collects and organizes gene and protein expression data from the existing literature for comparative analysis with future gene expression and proteomic studies of Sjögren’s syndrome. Description To catalog the existing knowledge in the field, we used text mining to generate the Sjögren’s Syndrome Knowledge Base (SSKB) of published gene/protein data, which were extracted from PubMed using text mining of over 7,700 abstracts and listing approximately 500 potential genes/proteins. The raw data were manually evaluated to remove duplicates and false-positives and assign gene names. The data base was manually curated to 477 entries, including 377 potential functional genes, which were used for enrichment and pathway analysis using gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis. Conclusions The Sjögren’s syndrome knowledge base (
http://sskb.umn.edu) can form the foundation for an informed search of existing knowledge in the field as new potential therapeutic targets are identified by conventional or high throughput experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Newton JL, Frith J, Powell D, Hackett K, Wilton K, Bowman S, Price E, Pease C, Andrews J, Emery P, Hunter J, Gupta M, Vadivelu S, Giles I, Isenberg D, Lanyon P, Jones A, Regan M, Cooper A, Moots R, Sutcliffe N, Bombardieri M, Pitzalis C, McLaren J, Young-Min S, Dasgupta B, Griffiths B, Lendrem D, Mitchell S, Ng WF. Autonomic symptoms are common and are associated with overall symptom burden and disease activity in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1973-9. [PMID: 22562982 PMCID: PMC3488764 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction (dysautonomia) among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) and the relationships between dysautonomia and other clinical features of PSS. Methods Multicentre, prospective, cross-sectional study of a UK cohort of 317 patients with clinically well-characterised PSS. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction were assessed using a validated instrument, the Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale (COMPASS). The data were compared with an age- and sex-matched cohort of 317 community controls. The relationships between symptoms of dysautonomia and various clinical features of PSS were analysed using regression analysis. Results COMPASS scores were significantly higher in patients with PSS than in age- and sex-matched community controls (median (IQR) 35.5 (20.9–46.0) vs 14.8 (4.4–30.2), p<0.0001). Nearly 55% of patients (vs 20% of community controls, p<0.0001) had a COMPASS score >32.5, a cut-off value indicative of autonomic dysfunction. Furthermore, the COMPASS total score correlated independently with EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (a composite measure of the overall burden of symptoms experienced by patients with PSS) (β=0.38, p<0.001) and disease activity measured using the EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (β=0.13, p<0.009). Conclusions Autonomic symptoms are common among patients with PSS and may contribute to the overall burden of symptoms and link with systemic disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Newton
- Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Frith
- Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Danielle Powell
- Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Hackett
- Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katharine Wilton
- Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Bowman
- Rheumatology department, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Price
- Rheumatology department, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Colin Pease
- Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Jacqueline Andrews
- Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Emery
- Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - John Hunter
- Rheumatology department, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Monica Gupta
- Rheumatology department, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ian Giles
- Rheumatology department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Isenberg
- Rheumatology department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Lanyon
- Rheumatology department, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adrian Jones
- Rheumatology department, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marian Regan
- Rheumatology department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Annie Cooper
- Rheumatology department, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, UK
| | - Robert Moots
- Rheumatology department, Aintree University Hospitals, UK
| | - Nurhan Sutcliffe
- Rheumatology department, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Rheumatology department, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK
- Rheumatology department, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Rheumatology department, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK
- Rheumatology department, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - John McLaren
- Rheumatology department, NHS Fife, Whyteman's Brae Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK
| | - Steven Young-Min
- Rheumatology department, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Bhaskar Dasgupta
- Rheumatology department, Southend University Hospital, Southend, UK
| | - Bridget Griffiths
- Rheumatology department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dennis Lendrem
- Rheumatology department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sheryl Mitchell
- Rheumatology department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wan-Fai Ng
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Stern ME, Schaumburg CS, Siemasko KF, Gao J, Wheeler LA, Grupe DA, De Paiva CS, Calder VL, Calonge M, Niederkorn JY, Pflugfelder SC. Autoantibodies contribute to the immunopathogenesis of experimental dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2062-75. [PMID: 22395876 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if autoantibodies play a role in the immunopathogenesis of experimental dry eye disease. METHODS Dry eye was induced by exposing female C57BL/6 wild-type mice or hen egg lysozyme B-cell receptor transgenic mice to desiccating stress (subcutaneous scopolamine [0.5 mg/0.2 mL] 3 times a day, humidity < 40%, and sustained airflow) for 3 weeks, allowing sufficient time for a humoral immune response. Serum or purified IgG isolated from dry-eye mice or untreated controls was passively transferred to nude recipient mice, which were evaluated for ocular surface inflammation 3 days after transfer. To determine if complement activation contributed to serum-induced dry eye disease, cobra venom factor was used to deplete complement activity. RESULTS Autoantibodies against kallikrein 13 were identified in serum from dry-eye mice, but were undetectable in untreated controls. Autoantibody-containing serum or purified IgG from dry-eye mice was sufficient to mediate complement-dependent ocular surface inflammation. Serum or purified IgG caused marked inflammatory burden and tissue damage within the ocular surface tissues, including elevated Gr1+ neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines associated with goblet cell loss. Moreover, complement C3b deposition was found within the ocular surface tissues of mice receiving dry-eye serum, but not in recipients of control serum. Functionally, complement depletion attenuated the ability to transfer dry-eye-specific serum or IgG-mediated disease. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate for the first time a complement-dependent pathogenic role of dry-eye-specific autoantibodies, and suggest autoantibody deposition within the ocular surface tissues contributes to the predominantly T-cell-mediated immunopathogenesis of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Stern
- Allergan, Inc, Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Program, Irvine, California 92612, USA.
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Reina S, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E. Anti-M(3) peptide IgG from Sjögren's syndrome triggers apoptosis in A253 cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 275:33-41. [PMID: 22513175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that targets salivary and lachrymal glands, characterized by anti-cholinergic autoantibodies directed against the M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). The aim of this work was to evaluate if cholinergic autoantibodies contained in IgG purified from Sjögren sera could trigger apoptosis of A253 cell line. We also determined if caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) are involved in the induction of A253 cell death. Our results demonstrated that anti-cholinergic autoantibodies stimulate apoptosis and inositol phosphate (InsP) accumulation accompanied by caspase-3 activation and MMP-3 production. All of these effects were blunted by atropine and J104794, indicating that M(3) mAChRs are impacted by the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. The intracellular pathway leading to autoantibody-induced biological effects involves phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM) and extracellular calcium as demonstrated by treatment with U-73122, W-7, verapamil, BAPTA and BAPTA-AM, all of which blocked the effects of the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. In conclusion, anti-cholinergic autoantibodies in IgG purified from pSS patient's sera mediates apoptosis of the A253 cell line in an InsP, caspase-3 and MMP-3 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Reina
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University and Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Jin M, Hwang SM, Davies AJ, Shin Y, Bae JS, Lee JH, Lee EB, Song YW, Park K. Autoantibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients induce internalization of muscarinic type 3 receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:161-7. [PMID: 22137887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the salivary and lachrymal glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes. The presence of functional autoantibodies against muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) has been reported in pSS patients. However, the pathological role of anti-M3R autoantibodies in pSS salivary dysfunction remains controversial. METHODS Purified IgGs were obtained from normal (control) and primary SS patients' sera (pSS IgG). Internalization of M3R and clathrin was analyzed by biochemical assay and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy using human submandibular gland (hSMG) cells. Cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured by microspectrofluorimetry. RESULTS Incubation of hSMG cells with pSS IgG (1mg/ml) significantly decreased M3R expression levels at the membrane. Carbachol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) transients (CICTs) in these cells were also inhibited by pSS IgG. In contrast to pSS IgG, control IgG had no effect on both the M3R expression level and CICTs. We found that binding of pSS IgG to M3R induces phosphorylation of the receptor, and that the pSS IgG-induced M3R internalization is prevented by the lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine. In addition, pSS IgG decreased membrane clathrin expression, which was inhibited by atropine. Our immunofluorescence study further confirmed that pSS IgG induces a co-localization of M3R with clathrin and subsequent internalization of M3R. CONCLUSION pSS IgG induces internalization of M3R partly through a clathrin-mediated pathway. The results suggest M3R internalization as a potential mechanism to explain the exocrinopathy seen in pSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Kapadia M, Sakic B. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms of CNS damage. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:301-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Szyszko EA, Skarstein K, Jonsson R, Brokstad KA. Distinct phenotypes of plasma cells in spleen and bone marrow of autoimmune NOD.B10.H2b mice. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:415-26. [PMID: 21332424 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.545847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived plasma cells (PCs) residing in the bone marrow (BM) are important producers of protective antibodies. However, when reacting against self-antigens, these PCs produce autoantibodies that contribute to progression of autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS). By using a murine model of primary SS, the NOD.B10.H2b mice, we characterized phenotype and generation of PCs at different stages of the pSS disease progression. In general, the PC population found in the NOD.B10.H2b mice expressed high amounts of MHCII, IgG, and BrdU. We further demonstrate the presence of both short- and long-lived PCs in autoimmune spleen and in autoimmune BM. A long-lived PC subset was also found in the spleen and BM of non-autoimmune BALB/c mice, which have not been treated with any immunological agent. Quantitative investigation of splenic and BM PCs revealed that in the NOD.B10.H2 mice, splenic PCs migrate not only to the BM but possibly also to the sites of inflammation. Finally, BM in the aged NOD.B10.H2b mice (40-week-old) presented significantly higher quantities of long-lived PCs than BM of BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Szyszko
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway.
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He J, Guo JP, Ding Y, Li YN, Pan SS, Liu Y, Li ZG. Diagnostic significance of measuring antibodies to cyclic type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor peptides in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:879-84. [PMID: 21217140 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SS is an autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction leading to dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia). Anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (anti-M3R) autoantibodies have been shown to be a good serum marker in primary SS (pSS). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical correlations of anti-M3R-derived peptide antibodies in patients with pSS. METHODS Sequences of the first to fourth cycle-M3R (c1M3R-c4M3R)-derived peptide was synthesized by a solid-phase technique on an Applied Biosytems Peptide Synthesizer. Synthesized cM3R peptide (cM3RP) was used as substrate in an ELISA to detect IgG anti-cM3RP antibodies in serum samples of patients and controls. The clinical and biological parameters of the diseases were also evaluated. The EULAR SS disease activity index (ESSDAI) score was used to measure disease activity in patients with primary SS. RESULTS (i) Anti-c2M3RP antibodies were highly prevalent in pSS patients, and the titre is much higher than anti-c1,3,4M3RP antibodies. (ii) The prevalence of anti-c2M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE, RA and healthy controls was 62.2, 7.1, 5.3 and 1.6%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-linear-2-M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE and RA patients and healthy controls were 56.1, 20.0, 14.7 and 9.4%. (iii) The specificity of anti-c2M3RP antibodies was 95.1%, much higher than that of linear polypeptide (84.7%) for pSS diagnosis. (iv) In pSS patients, anti-c2M3RP positivity had significantly increased frequency in patients who were RF or ANA positive, and had several haematological abnormalities, such as leucopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the ESSDAI score was significantly higher in anti-c2M3RP-positive pSS patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Anti-c2M3RP antibody was highly specific for patients with pSS. The presence of anti-c2M3RP antibody in pSS indicates that c2M3RP may act as an autoantigen that may play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital Peking University, 11 Xizhimen South St, Beijing 100044, China
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Nguyen CQ, Yin H, Lee BH, Chiorini JA, Peck AB. IL17: potential therapeutic target in Sjögren's syndrome using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. J Transl Med 2011; 91:54-62. [PMID: 20856230 PMCID: PMC3012147 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) involves a chronic, progressive inflammation primarily of the salivary and lacrimal glands leading to decreased levels of saliva and tears that eventually result in dry mouth and dry eye diseases. T(H)17 cell populations secreting IL17A have been shown to have an important function in an increasing number of autoimmune diseases, including SS. In this study, we investigated the function of IL17A on SS development and onset. Adenovirus-5 vectors expressing either IL17R:fragment of crystallization (Fc) fusion protein or LacZ were injected through retrograde cannulation into the salivary glands of SS-susceptible (SS(S)) C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice between 6 and 8 weeks of age (a pre-disease stage) or 15 and 17 weeks of age (a diseased stage). The mice were subsequently characterized for their SS phenotypes. Mice cannulated with the Ad5-IL17R:Fc viral vector at either 7 or 16 weeks of age exhibited a rapid temporal, yet persistent, decrease in the levels of serum IL17 as well as the overall numbers of CD4+IL17+T cells present in their spleens. Disease profiling indicated that these mice showed decreased lymphocytic infiltrations of their salivary glands, normalization of their antinuclear antibodies repertoire, and increased saliva secretion. In contrast, mice cannulated with the control Ad5-LacZ viral vector did not exhibit similar changes and progressed to the overt disease stage. The capacity of the Ad5-IL17R:Fc-blocking factor to reduce SS pathology in SS(S) mice strongly suggests that IL17 is an important inflammatory cytokine in salivary gland dysfunction. Thus, therapeutic approach targeting IL17 may be effective in preventing glandular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida USA, Center for Orphan Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hongen Yin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ammon B. Peck
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida USA, Center for Orphan Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Nguyen CQ, Yin H, Lee BH, Carcamo WC, Chiorini JA, Peck AB. Pathogenic effect of interleukin-17A in induction of Sjögren's syndrome-like disease using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R220. [PMID: 21182786 PMCID: PMC3046533 DOI: 10.1186/ar3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sjögren's syndrome (SS) involves a chronic, progressive inflammation primarily of the salivary and lacrimal glands leading to decreased levels of saliva and tears resulting in dry mouth and dry eye diseases. Seminal findings regarding TH17 cell populations that secrete predominantly interleukin (IL)-17A have been shown to play an important role in an increasing number of autoimmune diseases, including SS. In the present study, we investigated the function of IL-17A on the development and onset of SS. METHODS Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors expressing either IL-17A or LacZ were infused via retrograde cannulation into the salivary glands of C57BL/6J mice between 6 and 8 weeks of age or between 15 and 17 weeks of age. The mice were characterized for SS phenotypes. RESULTS Disease profiling indicated that SS-non-susceptible C57BL/6J mice whose salivary glands received the Ad5-IL17A vector developed a SS-like disease profile, including the appearance of lymphocytic foci, increased cytokine levels, changes in antinuclear antibody profiles, and temporal loss of saliva flow. CONCLUSIONS Induction of SS pathology by IL-17A in SS-non-susceptible mice strongly suggests that IL-17A is an important inflammatory cytokine in salivary gland dysfunction. Thus, localized anti-IL17 therapy may be effective in preventing glandular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Eli and Edythe L, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Berg CP, Blume K, Lauber K, Gregor M, Berg PA, Wesselborg S, Stein GM. Autoantibodies to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 20950485 PMCID: PMC2972237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoantibodies to the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of the M3 type (hmAchR M3) have been suggested to play an etiopathogenic role in Sjögren's syndrome. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) often is associated with this syndrome. Therefore, we studied the co-presence of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies in patients with PBC. Methods Frequency of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies was assessed by Western blotting analysis as well as by an ELISA using a 25-mer peptide of the 2nd extracellular loop of hmAchR M3. Co-localization of hmAchR M3/PBC-specific autoantibodies was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, sera from patients with PBC as well as from healthy controls were tested. Results Western blotting analysis as well as results from ELISA testing revealed a significantly enhanced IgG reactivity in PBC patients in contrast to healthy controls. Co-localization of autoantibodies with the hmAchR M3 receptor-specific autoantibodies was observed in 10 out of 12 PBC-patients but none of the 5 healthy controls. Antibodies of the IgM type were not found to be affected. Conclusions For the first time, our data demonstrate the presence of autoantibodies to the hmAchR M3 in PBC patients. These findings might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Further studies have to focus on the functionality of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies in PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Clinic, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Nguyen CQ, Peck AB. Inflammation in dry eye diseases culminating in loss of ocular homeostasis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Birnbaum J. Peripheral nervous system manifestations of Sjögren syndrome: clinical patterns, diagnostic paradigms, etiopathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies. Neurologist 2010; 16:287-97. [PMID: 20827117 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0b013e3181ebe59f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome is among the most common autoimmune diseases affecting adults in the United States, and is frequently regarded as an immune-mediated exocrinopathy exclusively causing dry eyes and dry mouth. However, as a systemic rheumatic disease, there can be various "extraglandular" complications. The eclectic permutation of peripheral nervous system (PNS) syndromes which occur in Sjögren patients are among the most common and severe extraglandular complications. This review article highlights the evaluation, differential diagnosis, immunopathogenic mechanisms, and potential treatment options of these PNS complications encountered by neurologists. The sensory neuropathies constitute the most frequent PNS complication. Sjögren patients can suffer from severe neuropathic pain, with small-fiber neuropathy causing lancinating or burning pain which can disproportionately affect the proximal torso or extremities, and the face (ie, in a "non-length-dependent distribution"). The technique of skin biopsy, assessing for the intraepidermal nerve fiber density of unmyelinated nerves, provides a useful technique for neurologists to diagnose small-fiber neuropathies, especially when there is such a non-length-dependent distribution. Other diagnostic techniques (ie, electromyography/nerve-conduction studies, evoked potentials, nerve and muscle biopsy) may be useful in specific subtypes of neuropathies. A rational approach to treatment requires a careful appraisal of the clinical subtype of the neuropathy, as well as a familiarity with such discriminating immunopathogenic mechanisms. The application of the traditional armamentarium used for neuropathic pain can be especially challenging. Sjögren patients can suffer from debilitating fatigue, sicca symptoms, and autonomic findings; as such manifestations can be complications of various neuropathic agents, neurologists should understand how to minimize such iatrogenic complications. Therefore, this article will empower neurologists to more effectively collaborate with rheumatologists, in the diagnosis and treatment of Sjögren patients with PNS complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Birnbaum
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Jerome Greene Sjögren's Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mechanisms involved in injury and repair of the murine lacrimal gland: role of programmed cell death and mesenchymal stem cells. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:60-9. [PMID: 20427009 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The non-keratinized epithelia of the ocular surface are constantly challenged by environmental insults, such as smoke, dust, and airborne pathogens. Tears are the sole physical protective barrier for the ocular surface. Production of tears in inadequate quantity or of inadequate quality results in constant irritation of the ocular surface, leading to dry eye disease, also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, such as occurs in Sjogren syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and other pathological conditions, results in inadequate secretion of the aqueous layer of the tear film and is a leading cause of dry eye disease. The hallmarks of lacrimal gland inflammation are the presence of immune cell infiltrates, loss of acinar epithelial cells (the secreting cells), and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. To date, the mechanisms leading to acinar cell loss and the associated decline in lacrimal gland secretion are still poorly understood. It is also not understood why the remaining lacrimal gland cells are unable to proliferate in order to regenerate a functioning lacrimal gland. This article reviews recent advances in exocrine tissue injury and repair, with emphasis on the roles of programmed cell death and stem/progenitor cells.
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Sumida T, Tsuboi H, Iizuka M, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto I. Functional role of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) reactive T cells and anti-M3R autoantibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:615-7. [PMID: 20462524 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into the lachrymal and salivary glands, leading to dry eyes and mouth. Infiltration is also found in the kidneys, lungs, thyroid, and liver. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that most infiltrating lymphocytes are CD4(+) T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta T cells. The antigen specificity of T cells is decided by TCR expressed on T cells. The usage of TCRalpha and TCRbeta genes have been examined by immunological and molecular biological methods. Autoantigens recognized by T cells infiltrating into salivary glands have been analyzed and several candidates for autoantigens have been clarified. In the present study, we focused on M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) as a salivary gland-specific autoantigen and clarified T cell epitopes and B cell epitopes on M3R. The functions of anti-M3R antibodies and M3R reactive T cells were also carried out. To clarify whether M3R reactive T cells play a crucial role in the generation of autoimmune sialoadenitis, splenic CD3+T cells form M3R(-/-) mice immunized by M3R peptides were transferred into Rag-1(-/-) mice and sialoadenitis analyzed. The functional role of M3R reactive T cells in the generation of SS was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sumida
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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HUO AP, LIN KC, CHOU CT. Predictive and prognostic value of antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Int J Rheum Dis 2010; 13:39-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2009.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wu K, Joffre C, Li X, MacVeigh-Aloni M, Hom M, Hwang J, Ding C, Gregoire S, Bretillon L, Zhong JF, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Altered expression of genes functioning in lipid homeostasis is associated with lipid deposition in NOD mouse lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:319-32. [PMID: 19345210 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional atrophy and accompanying lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the lacrimal gland (LG) are characteristics of Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS). The male NOD mouse is an experimental model for the autoimmune exocrinopathy that develops in the LG of SjS patients. Acinar cells in LG of male NOD mice aged 3-4 months were previously shown to accumulate lipid droplets. In the current study, analysis of lipid components revealed that the accumulated lipids were mostly cholesteryl esters (CE). Gene expression microarray analysis followed by real-time RT-PCR revealed alterations in the expression of several genes involved in lipid homeostasis in LG of 12-week-old male NOD mice relative to matched BALB/c controls. A series of upregulated genes including apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein F, hepatic lipase, phosphomevalonate kinase, ATP-binding cassette D1 and ATP-binding cassette G1 were identified. Comparison of liver mRNAs to LG mRNAs in BALB/c and NOD mice revealed that the differential expressions were LG-specific. Gene expression profiles were also characterized in LGs of female mice, younger mice and immune-incompetent NOD SCID mice. Investigation of the cellular distribution of Apo-E and Apo-F proteins suggested that these proteins normally coordinate to mediate lipid efflux from the acinar cells but that dysfunction of these processes due to missorting of Apo-F may contribute to CE deposition. Finally, the initiation and extent of lipid deposition were correlated with lymphocytic infiltration in the LG of male NOD mice. We propose that impaired lipid efflux contributes to lipid deposition, an event that may contribute to the development and/or progression of dacryoadenitis in the male NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
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Sjögren's syndrome: an old tale with a new twist. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:57-66. [PMID: 19219532 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is chronic autoimmune disease manifested by the loss of saliva and/or tear secretion by salivary and/or lacrimal glands, respectively. The pathogenesis of the disease remains elusive, perhaps due to the multiple triggers of the disease. However, substantial advances have been made in attempting to resolve the complexity of SjS using both animal models and human subjects. The primary objectives of this review are to provide a better understanding of the disease processes with major emphasis on the use of mouse models, how genetic predisposition plays a role in the natural history of the disease, as well as a presentation of new findings pertaining to the role of T(H)1, T(H)2, and T(H)17 cells in the pathogenesis of SjS.
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Berggreen E, Nyløkken K, Delaleu N, Hajdaragic-Ibricevic H, Jonsson MV. Impaired vascular responses to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation in the submandibular gland in nonobese diabetic mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R18. [PMID: 19200376 PMCID: PMC2688250 DOI: 10.1186/ar2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decreased vascular responses to salivary gland stimulation are observed in Sjögren's syndrome patients. We investigate whether impaired vascular responses to parasympathetic stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation in salivary glands parallels hyposalivation in an experimental model for Sjögren's syndrome. Methods Blood flow responses in the salivary glands were measured by laser Doppler flowmeter. Muscarinic receptor activation was followed by saliva secretion measurements. Nitric oxide synthesis-mediated blood flow responses were studied after administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Glandular autonomic nerves and muscarinic 3 receptor distributions were also investigated. Results Maximal blood flow responses to parasympathetic stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation were significantly lower in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice compared with BALB/c mice, coinciding with impaired saliva secretion in nonobese diabetic mice (P < 0.005). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor had less effect on blood flow responses after parasympathetic nerve stimulation in nonobese diabetic mice compared with BALB/c mice (P < 0.02). In nonobese diabetic mice, salivary gland parasympathetic nerve fibres were absent in areas of focal infiltrates. Muscarinic 3 receptor might be localized in the blood vessel walls of salivary glands. Conclusions Impaired vasodilatation in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation may contribute to hyposalivation observed in nonobese diabetic mice. Reduced nitric oxide signalling after parasympathetic nerve stimulation may contribute in part to the impaired blood flow responses. The possibility of muscarinic 3 receptor in the vasculature supports the notion that muscarinic 3 receptor autoantibodies present in nonobese diabetic mice might impair the fluid transport required for salivation. Parasympathetic nerves were absent in areas of focal infiltrates, whereas a normal distribution was found within glandular epithelium. Trial registration The trial registration number for the present study is 79-04/BBB, given by the Norwegian State Commission for Laboratory Animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Berggreen
- Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Liesvei 91, Bergen 5009, Norway.
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Segal B, Carpenter A, Walk D. Involvement of Nervous System Pathways in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34:885-906, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), more commonly known as dry eye, is an inflammatory condition of the ocular surface caused by a pathologic reduction in the aqueous component of the tear film. It is seen commonly in the dog and defined as a Schirmer tear test with a reading of less than 10 mm in one minute. While KCS may be caused by neurological disease or drug toxicity, most cases are immune-mediated. Whereas the immunological basis of autoimmune KCS has been extensively investigated in humans and experimental rodent models, little research has been undertaken in the dog. It is hoped that this review spurs further research into the etiopathogenic factors in canine KCS.
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