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Tazir M, Nouioua S. Distal hereditary motor neuropathies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024:S0035-3787(23)01111-6. [PMID: 38702287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) are a group of heterogeneous hereditary disorders characterized by a slowly progressive distal pure motor neuropathy. Electrophysiology, with normal motor and sensory conduction velocities, can suggest the diagnosis of dHMN and guide the genetic study. More than thirty genes are currently associated with HMNs, but around 60 to 70% of cases of dHMN remain uncharacterized genetically. Recent cohort studies showed that HSPB1, GARS, BICB2 and DNAJB2 are among the most frequent dHMN genes and that the prevalence of the disease was calculated as 2.14 and 2.3 per 100,000. The determination of the different genes involved in dHMNs made it possible to observe a genotypic overlap with some other neurogenetic disorders and other hereditary neuropathies such as CMT2, mainly with the HSPB1, HSPB8, BICD2 and TRPV4 genes of AD-inherited transmission and recently observed with SORD gene of AR transmission which seems relatively frequent and potentially curable. Distal hereditary motor neuropathy that predominates in the upper limbs is linked mainly to three genes: GARS, BSCL2 and REEP1, whereas dHMN with vocal cord palsy is associated with SLC5A7, DCTN1 and TRPV4 genes. Among the rare AR forms of dHMN like IGHMBP2 and DNAJB2, the SIGMAR1 gene mutations as well as VRK1 variants are associated with a motor neuropathy phenotype often associated with upper motoneuron involvement. The differential diagnosis of these latter arises with juvenile forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, that could be caused also by variations of these genes, as well as hereditary spastic paraplegia. A differential diagnosis of dHMN related to Brown Vialetto Van Laere syndrome due to riboflavin transporter deficiency is important to consider because of the therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Tazir
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mustapha Bacha, Algiers, Algeria; Neurosciences Laboratory, University Benyoucef Benkhedda, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sonia Nouioua
- Neurosciences Laboratory, University Benyoucef Benkhedda, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Neurology, EHS El Maham, Cherchell,Tipaza, Algeria
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2
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Aishwarya R, Abdullah CS, Remex NS, Alam S, Morshed M, Nitu S, Hartman B, King J, Bhuiyan MAN, Orr AW, Kevil CG, Bhuiyan MS. Molecular Characterization of Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Sigma 1 Receptor (Sigmar1) Knockout Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:160-177. [PMID: 34710383 PMCID: PMC8759042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sigma 1 receptor (Sigmar1) is a widely expressed, multitasking molecular chaperone protein that plays functional roles in several cellular processes. Mutations in the Sigmar1 gene are associated with several distal neuropathies with strong manifestation in skeletal muscle dysfunction with phenotypes like muscle wasting and atrophy. However, the physiological function of Sigmar1 in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Herein, the physiological role of Sigmar1 in skeletal muscle structure and function in gastrocnemius, quadriceps, soleus, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior muscles was determined. Quantification of myofiber cross-sectional area showed altered myofiber size distribution and changes in myofiber type in the skeletal muscle of the Sigmar1-/- mice. Interestingly, ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of abnormal mitochondria, and immunostaining showed derangements in dystrophin localization in skeletal muscles from Sigmar1-/- mice. In addition, myopathy in Sigmar1-/- mice was associated with an increased number of central nuclei, increased collagen deposition, and fibrosis. Functional studies also showed reduced endurance and exercise capacity in the Sigmar1-/- mice without any changes in voluntary locomotion, markers for muscle denervation, and muscle atrophy. Overall, this study shows, for the first time, a potential physiological function of Sigmar1 in maintaining healthy skeletal muscle structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Aishwarya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Chowdhury S Abdullah
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Naznin S Remex
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Shafiul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Mahboob Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sadia Nitu
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Brandon Hartman
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Judy King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana.
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Ververis A, Dajani R, Koutsou P, Aloqaily A, Nelson-Williams C, Loring E, Arafat A, Mubaidin AF, Horany K, Bader MB, Al-Baho Y, Ali B, Muhtaseb A, DeSpenza T, Al-Qudah AA, Middleton LT, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Lifton R, Christodoulou K. Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy of the Jerash type is caused by a novel SIGMAR1 c.500A>T missense mutation. J Med Genet 2020; 57:178-186. [PMID: 31511340 PMCID: PMC7042970 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies (dHMN) are a group of genetic disorders characterised by motor neuron degeneration leading to muscle weakness that are caused by mutations in various genes. HMNJ is a distinct form of the disease that has been identified in patients from the Jerash region of Jordan. Our aim was to identify and characterise the genetic cause of HMNJ. METHODS We used whole exome and Sanger sequencing to identify a novel genetic variant associated with the disease and then carried out immunoblot, immunofluorescence and apoptosis assays to extract functional data and clarify the effect of this novel SIGMAR1 mutation. Physical and neurological examinations were performed on selected patients and unaffected individuals in order to re-evaluate clinical status of patients 20 years after the initial description of HMNJ as well as to evaluate new and previously undescribed patients with HMNJ. RESULTS A homozygous missense mutation (c.500A>T, N167I) in exon 4 of the SIGMAR1 gene was identified, cosegregating with HMNJ in the 27 patients from 7 previously described consanguineous families and 3 newly ascertained patients. The mutant SIGMAR1 exhibits reduced expression, altered subcellular distribution and elevates cell death when expressed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the homozygous SIGMAR1 c.500A>T mutation causes dHMN of the Jerash type, possibly due to a significant drop of protein levels. This finding is in agreement with other SIGMAR1 mutations that have been associated with autosomal recessive dHMN with pyramidal signs; thus, our findings further support that SIGMAR1 be added to the dHMN genes diagnostic panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Ververis
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Pantelitsa Koutsou
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmad Aloqaily
- Department of Computer Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Erin Loring
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ala Arafat
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Khalid Horany
- Neurology Department, King Hussein Medical Centre, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mai B Bader
- College of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yaqoub Al-Baho
- College of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bushra Ali
- College of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdurrahman Muhtaseb
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Lefkos T Middleton
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Zamba-Papanicolaou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neurology Clinic D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Richard Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Nandhagopal R, Meftah D, Al-Kalbani S, Scott P. Recessive distal motor neuropathy with pyramidal signs in an Omani kindred: underlying novel mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:395-403. [PMID: 29115704 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) due to sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1) gene mutation (OMIM 601978.0003) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by prominent amyotrophic distal limb weakness and co-existing pyramidal signs initially described in a Chinese family recently. We report an extended consanguineous Omani family segregating dHMN with pyramidal signs in an autosomal recessive pattern and describe a novel mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene underlying this motor phenotype. We also provide an update on the reported phenotypic profile of SIGMAR1 mutations. METHODS We utilized homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing of leucocyte DNA obtained from three affected members of an Omani family who manifested with a length-dependent motor neuropathy and pyramidal signs. RESULTS We identified a novel C>T transition at nucleotide position 238 (c.238C>T) in exon 2 of the SIGMAR1 gene. Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis confirmed the presence of two copies of the variant in the affected subjects, unlike the unaffected healthy parents/sibling who carried, at most, a single copy. The T allele is predicted to cause a truncating mutation (p.Gln80*), probably flagging the mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay leading to a complete loss of function, thereby potentially contributing to the disease process. CONCLUSIONS Our finding expands the spectrum of SIGMAR1 mutations causing recessive dHMN and indicates that this disorder is pan-ethnic. SIGMAR1 mutation should be included in the diagnostic panel of a dHMN, especially if there are co-existing pyramidal signs and autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nandhagopal
- Department of Medicine - Neurology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - D Meftah
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - S Al-Kalbani
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - P Scott
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Gregianin E, Pallafacchina G, Zanin S, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Poletti A, Fang M, Li Z, Diano L, Petrucci A, Lispi L, Cavallaro T, Fabrizi GM, Muglia M, Boaretto F, Vettori A, Rizzuto R, Mostacciuolo ML, Vazza G. Loss-of-function mutations in the SIGMAR1 gene cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy by impairing ER-mitochondria tethering and Ca2+ signalling. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3741-3753. [PMID: 27402882 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological conditions characterized by degeneration of the lower motor neurons. So far, 18 dHMN genes have been identified, however, about 80% of dHMN cases remain without a molecular diagnosis. By a combination of autozygosity mapping, identity-by-descent segment detection and whole-exome sequencing approaches, we identified two novel homozygous mutations in the SIGMAR1 gene (p.E138Q and p.E150K) in two distinct Italian families affected by an autosomal recessive form of HMN. Functional analyses in several neuronal cell lines strongly support the pathogenicity of the mutations and provide insights into the underlying pathomechanisms involving the regulation of ER-mitochondria tethering, Ca2+ homeostasis and autophagy. Indeed, in vitro, both mutations reduce cell viability, the formation of abnormal protein aggregates preventing the correct targeting of sigma-1R protein to the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) and thus impinging on the global Ca2+ signalling. Our data definitively demonstrate the involvement of SIGMAR1 in motor neuron maintenance and survival by correlating, for the first time in the Caucasian population, mutations in this gene to distal motor dysfunction and highlight the chaperone activity of sigma-1R at the MAM as a critical aspect in dHMN pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia Pallafacchina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Zanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Experimental Neurobiology Lab, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mingyan Fang
- Department of Science & Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhouxuan Li
- Department of Science & Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Laura Diano
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrucci
- Neuromuscular and Rare Neurological Diseases Centre Neurology & Neurophysiopathology Unit, ASO San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Lispi
- Neuromuscular and Rare Neurological Diseases Centre Neurology & Neurophysiopathology Unit, ASO San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cavallaro
- Section of Neuropathology, Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian M Fabrizi
- Section of Neuropathology, Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Muglia
- CNR Institute of Neurological Sciences, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
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6
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Li X, Hu Z, Liu L, Xie Y, Zhan Y, Zi X, Wang J, Wu L, Xia K, Tang B, Zhang R. A SIGMAR1 splice-site mutation causes distal hereditary motor neuropathy. Neurology 2015; 84:2430-7. [PMID: 26078401 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the underlying genetic cause in a consanguineous Chinese family segregating distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) in an autosomal recessive pattern. METHODS We used whole-exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping to detect the genetic variant in 2 affected individuals of the consanguineous Chinese family with dHMN. RNA analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes and immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of stable cell lines were performed to support the pathogenicity of the identified mutation. RESULTS We identified 3 shared novel homozygous variants in 3 shared homozygous regions of the affected individuals. Sequencing of these 3 variants in family members revealed the c.151+1G>T mutation in SIGMAR1 gene, which located in homozygous region spanning approximately 5.3 Mb at chromosome 9p13.1-p13.3, segregated with the dHMN phenotype. The mutation causes an alternative splicing event and generates a transcript variant with an in-frame deletion of 60 base pairs in exon 1 (c.92_151del), and results in an internally shortened protein σ1R(31_50del). The proteasomal inhibitor treatment increased the intracellular amount of σ1R(31_50del) and led to the formation of nuclear aggregates. Stable expressing σ1R(31_50del) induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhanced apoptosis. CONCLUSION The homozygous c.151+1G>T mutation in SIGMAR1 caused a novel form of autosomal recessive dHMN in a Chinese consanguineous family. Endoplasmic reticulum stress may have a role in the pathogenesis of dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Xie
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yajing Zhan
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zi
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Junling Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lixiang Wu
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Kun Xia
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Beisha Tang
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ruxu Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital (X.L., L.L., Y.X., X.Z., R.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Z.H., J.W., K.X., B.T.), and Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine (X.L., L.W.), Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are a group of inherited disorders characterized by motor neuron loss in the spinal cord and lower brainstem, muscle weakness, and atrophy. The clinical and genetic phenotypes incorporate a wide spectrum that is differentiated based on age of onset, pattern of muscle involvement, and inheritance pattern. Over the past several years, rapid advances in genetic technology have accelerated the identification of causative genes and provided important advances in understanding the molecular and biological basis of SMA and insights into the selective vulnerability of the motor neuron. Common pathophysiological themes include defects in RNA metabolism and splicing, axonal transport, and motor neuron development and connectivity. Together these have revealed potential novel treatment strategies, and extensive efforts are being undertaken towards expedited therapeutics. While a number of promising therapies for SMA are emerging, defining therapeutic windows and developing sensitive and relevant biomarkers are critical to facilitate potential success in clinical trials. This review incorporates an overview of the clinical manifestations and genetics of SMA, and describes recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Farrar
- />Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- />Neurosciences Research Australia, Randwick, NSW Australia
- />Department of Neurology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Matthew C. Kiernan
- />Neurosciences Research Australia, Randwick, NSW Australia
- />Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Peeters K, Litvinenko I, Asselbergh B, Almeida-Souza L, Chamova T, Geuens T, Ydens E, Zimoń M, Irobi J, De Vriendt E, De Winter V, Ooms T, Timmerman V, Tournev I, Jordanova A. Molecular defects in the motor adaptor BICD2 cause proximal spinal muscular atrophy with autosomal-dominant inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:955-64. [PMID: 23664119 PMCID: PMC3675262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common form of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive disorder caused by deleterious SMN1 mutations in 5q13, whereas the genetic etiologies of non-5q SMA are very heterogeneous and largely remain to be elucidated. In a Bulgarian family affected by autosomal-dominant proximal SMA, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing and found a heterozygous de novo c.320C>T (p.Ser107Leu) mutation in bicaudal D homolog 2 (Drosophila) (BICD2). Further analysis of BICD2 in a cohort of 119 individuals with non-5q SMA identified a second de novo BICD2 mutation, c.2321A>G (p.Glu774Gly), in a simplex case. Detailed clinical and electrophysiological investigations revealed that both families are affected by a very similar disease course, characterized by early childhood onset, predominant involvement of lower extremities, and very slow disease progression. The amino acid substitutions are located in two interaction domains of BICD2, an adaptor protein linking the dynein molecular motor with its cargo. Our immunoprecipitation and localization experiments in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells and affected individuals' lymphoblasts demonstrated that p.Ser107Leu causes increased dynein binding and thus leads to accumulation of BICD2 at the microtubule-organizing complex and Golgi fragmentation. In addition, the altered protein had a reduced colocalization with RAB6A, a regulator of vesicle trafficking between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. The interaction between p.Glu744Gly altered BICD2 and RAB6A was impaired, which also led to their reduced colocalization. Our study identifies BICD2 mutations as a cause of non-5q linked SMA and highlights the importance of dynein-mediated motility in motor neuron function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Ivan Litvinenko
- Clinic of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Centralized Service Facility, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Almeida-Souza
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Geuens
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Elke Ydens
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Zimoń
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Centralized Service Facility, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Els De Vriendt
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Tinne Ooms
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Parman Y, Battaloğlu E. Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 115:847-861. [PMID: 23931818 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies are rare and show a severe phenotype. They are frequently observed in populations with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. At least 15 genes and six loci have been found to be associated with autosomal recessive CMT (AR-CMT) and X-linked CMT (AR-CMTX) and also distal hereditary motor neuronopathy (AR-dHMN). These disorders are genetically heterogeneous but the clinical phenotype is relatively homogeneous. Distal muscle weakness and atrophy predominating in the lower extremities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, distal sensory loss, and pes cavus are the main clinical features of this disorder with occasional cranial nerve involvement. Although genetic diagnosis of some of subtypes of AR-CMT are now available, rapid advances in the molecular genetics and cell biology show a great complexity. Animal models for the most common subtypes of human AR-CMT disease provide clues for understanding the pathogenesis of CMT and also help to reveal possible treatment strategies of inherited neuropathies. This chapter highlights the clinical features and the recent genetic and biological findings in these disorders based on the current classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Abstract
The inherited neuropathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders in which there have been rapid advances in the last two decades. Molecular genetic testing is now an integral part of the evaluation of patients with inherited neuropathies. In this chapter we describe the genes responsible for the primary inherited neuropathies. We briefly discuss the clinical phenotype of each of the known inherited neuropathy subgroups, describe algorithms for molecular genetic testing of affected patients and discuss genetic counseling. The basic principles of careful phenotyping, documenting an accurate family history, and testing the available genes in an appropriate manner should identify the vast majority of individuals with CMT1 and many of those with CMT2. In this chapter we also describe the current methods of genetic testing. As advances are made in molecular genetic technologies and improvements are made in bioinformatics, it is likely that the current time-consuming methods of DNA sequencing will give way to quicker and more efficient high-throughput methods, which are briefly discussed here.
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11
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A novel LRSAM1 mutation is associated with autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:190-4. [PMID: 22781092 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary neuropathy resulting from mutations in >30 genes expressed in either the Schwann cells or the axon of peripheral nerves. The disease is classified into demyelinating (CMT1), axonal (CMT2) or intermediate (CMTI) based on electrophysiological and pathological findings. Our study focused on the identification of a novel disease mutation in a large Sardinian family with CMT2 of autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance. All available family members were clinically evaluated and samples were collected from consenting individuals. Initially, we excluded known CMT2 genes/loci in this family. We then conducted a genome-wide linkage analysis and mapped the gene to chromosome 9q33-q34. Refined linkage and haplotype analyses defined an 11.6-Mb candidate region with a maximum LOD score of 8.06. Following exclusion of several candidate genes from the region, we targeted the LRSAM1 (leucine-rich repeat and sterile alpha motif-containing 1) gene, very recently found to be associated with autosomal recessive CMT2 in one family. For a more efficient investigation of this large gene, already available proband RNA (cDNA) was initially analyzed. Targeted DNA analysis then confirmed a novel LRSAM1 splice-site (c.2047-1G>A) mutation, causing a frameshift that introduces a stop codon three amino acids further down the new reading frame (p.Ala683ProfsX3). This mutation is located in the C-terminal RING finger motif of the encoded protein and leads to premature truncation of the protein. In the course of our work, a second LRSAM1 mutation dominantly transmitted was identified by another group. Our data further confirms that LRSAM1 mutations are associated with CMT2 of AD inheritance.
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12
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Eckart M, Guenther UP, Idkowiak J, Varon R, Grolle B, Boffi P, Van Maldergem L, Hübner C, Schuelke M, von Au K. The natural course of infantile spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1). Pediatrics 2012; 129:e148-56. [PMID: 22157136 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only scarce information is available on the long-term outcome and the natural course of children with infantile spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) due to mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene. OBJECTIVE To describe the natural disease course, to systematically quantify the residual capacities of children with SMARD1 who survive on permanent mechanical respiration, and to identify markers predicting the disease outcome at the time of manifestation. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of 11 infantile SMARD1 patients over a mean observational period of 7.8 (SD 3.2) years. Disease-specific features were continuously assessed by using a semiquantitative scoring system. Additionally, we analyzed the residual enzymatic activity of 6 IGHMBP2 mutants in our patients. RESULTS After an initial rapid decline of the clinical score until the age of 2 years, residual capabilities reached a plateau or even improved. The overall clinical outcome was markedly heterogeneous, but clinical scores at the age of 3 months showed a positive linear correlation with the clinical outcome at 1 year and at 4 years of age. If expressed in an in vitro recombinant system, mutations of patients with more favorable outcomes retained residual enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS Despite their severe disabilities and symptoms, most SMARD1 patients are well integrated into their home environment and two thirds of them are able to attend kindergarten or school. This information will help to counsel parents at the time of disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eckart
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Rouleau GA. Addendum to 'Recent advances in the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuropathy give insight to a disease mechanism involving copper homeostasis that may extend to other motor neuron disorders'. Clin Genet 2011; 79:601-3. [PMID: 21542836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Rouleau
- Centre of Excellence in Neuromics, CHUM Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Devic P, Petiot P. [Distal hereditary motor neuropathy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011; 167:781-90. [PMID: 21529868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN), also known as spinal muscular atrophy, represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by degenerations of spinal motor neurons and leading to distal muscle weakness and wasting. Nerve conduction studies reveal a pure motor axonopathy and needle examination shows chronic denervation. STATE OF ART dHMN were initially subdivided into seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been characterized. To date, mutations in 11 different genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive dHMN. Most of the genes encode protein involved in housekeeping functions, endosomal trafficking, axonal transport, translation synthesis, RNA processing, oxidative stress response and apoptosis. PERSPECTIVES The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dHMN seem to be related to the "length-dependent" death of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance. CONCLUSION dHMN remain heterogeneous at the clinical and molecular genetic level. The molecular pathomechanisms explaining why mutations in these ubiquitously expressed housekeeping genes result in the selective involvement of spinal motor neurons remain to be unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Devic
- Service de Neurologie Fonctionnelle et d'Épileptologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France.
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15
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Merner ND, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Recent advances in the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuropathy give insight to a disease mechanism involving copper homeostasis that may extend to other motor neuron disorders. Clin Genet 2010; 79:23-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Muglia M, Magariello A, Citrigno L, Passamonti L, Sprovieri T, Conforti FL, Mazzei R, Patitucci A, Gabriele AL, Ungaro C, Bellesi M, Quattrone A. A novel locus for dHMN with pyramidal features maps to chromosome 4q34.3-q35.2. Clin Genet 2008; 73:486-91. [PMID: 18336586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) is a rare genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by weakness and wasting of distal limb muscles in absence of overt sensory abnormalities. Recently, pyramidal signs have been also described in some patients with dominant or recessive dHMN, and two different loci have been identified in families affected by dHMN complicated with pyramidal dysfunction. We investigated an Italian family affected by an autosomal dominant dHMN complicated by pyramidal signs in order to map a new gene locus. The disease maps to a novel locus in a 26-cM region flanked by D4S1552 and D4S2930 on chromosome 4q34.3-35.2. Three candidate genes (SNX25, CASP3 and TUBB4Q) located in the critical region were screened for the presence of mutations by heteroduplex analysis. No mutations have been detected in the analyzed genes. In conclusion, the new private genetic locus we reported further confirms the wide heterogeneity of dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muglia
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy.
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17
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Guillot N, Cuisset JM, Cuvellier JC, Hurtevent JF, Joriot S, Vallee L. Unusual clinical features in infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophies. Brain Dev 2008; 30:169-78. [PMID: 17804187 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spinal Muscular Atrophies (SMA) are a group of degenerative diseases primarily affecting the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. Diagnostic criteria were proposed by the International SMA Consortium (ISMAC) to differentiate"classical" proximal SMA caused by homozygous deletion or conversion of the SMN1 gene (5q13) from atypical SMA unlinked to chromosome 5q (non-5q-SMA entities). The aim of our study was to emphasize the unusual clinical features encountered in infantile SMA. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 63 children with SMA hospitalized between 1985 and 2006. RESULTS Forty-eight children suffered from classical SMA and 15 from atypical SMA, including 4 distal SMA, 2 scapuloperoneal SMA, one pontocerebellar hypoplasia type I, 7 neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (2 of them associated with a central nervous system (CNS) involvement) and one undetermined case. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the clinical variety of proximal SMA and put in perspective some exclusion criteria (CNS involvement, phrenic or facial palsy). Some symptoms allowed us to anticipate the normality of the SMN1 gene: improvement of motor condition, distal predominance and, more relatively, assymetry of motor weakness. Diagnosis difficulties were especially encountered in case of predominant distal deficit, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and associated clinical abnormalities. Detailed phenotypical description and syndromic regrouping of cases of atypical SMA lead to a better understanding of underlying physiopathological processes and to the identification of other genes involved in infantile SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guillot
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Lille University Hospital, France
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18
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Barisic N, Claeys KG, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Löfgren A, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a clinico-genetic confrontation. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:416-41. [PMID: 18215208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common neuromuscular disorder. It represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies. Here, we review the results of molecular genetic investigations and the clinical and neurophysiological features of the different CMT subtypes. The products of genes associated with CMT phenotypes are important for the neuronal structure maintenance, axonal transport, nerve signal transduction and functions related to the cellular integrity. Identifying the molecular basis of CMT and studying the relevant genes and their functions is important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, and the processes involved in the normal development and function of the peripheral nervous system. The results of molecular genetic investigations have impact on the appropriate diagnosis, genetic counselling and possible new therapeutic options for CMT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barisic
- Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb University Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hamamy H, Al-Hait S, Alwan A, Ajlouni K. Jordan: communities and community genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 10:52-60. [PMID: 17167252 DOI: 10.1159/000096282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The population in Jordan mounted from half a million in 1952 to 5.3 millions in 2004 and is composed of a variety of ethnic groups, the majority being Arabs. Couples nowadays tend to have fewer children, with the total fertility rate falling from 7.4 in 1976 to 3.7 in 2004. Consanguineous marriages are traditionally favored, with the preferred marriage partner being the offspring of the father's brother. First-cousin marriages declined from 28.5% for marriages contracted between 1950 and 1979 to 19.5% for marriages contracted after 1980. In the overall population, carrier rates for beta-thalassemia, alpha-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are in the range of 2-4%, 3.2-12% of males have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and the prevalences for familial Mediterranean fever and cystic fibrosis were estimated at around 0.04% each. A mandatory premarital screening program for beta-thalassemia carriers commenced in June 2004. The high consanguinity rate and the large family size in Jordan have contributed to the description of a number of rare and new autosomal recessive conditions. Genetic services in Jordan are still scarce and do not cover all the country due to the major impediments of a paucity of resources and trained health professionals in the area of medical genetics. The demographic data suggest that the health system in Jordan is capable of introducing some basic community genetic services into the primary health care program through comprehensive and cost-effective programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hamamy
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan.
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20
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Irobi J, Dierick I, Jordanova A, Claeys KG, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Unraveling the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuronopathies. Neuromolecular Med 2006; 8:131-46. [PMID: 16775372 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary motor neuronopathies (HMN [MIM 158590]) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an exclusive involvement of the motor part of the peripheral nervous system. They are usually subdivided in proximal HMN, i.e., the classical spinal muscular atrophy syndromes and distal hereditary motor neuronopathies (distal HMN) that clinically resemble Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndromes. In this review, we concentrate on distal HMN. The distal HMN are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and were initially subdivided in seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been delineated. Since the introduction of positional cloning, 13 chromosomal loci and seven disease-associated genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive distal HMN. Most of the genes involved encode protein with housekeeping functions, such as RNA processing, translation synthesis, stress response, apoptosis, and others code for proteins involved in retrograde survival. Motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord seems to be vulnerable to defects in these housekeeping proteins, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance, transport over long distances and precise connectivity. Understanding the molecular pathomechanisms for mutations in these genes that are ubiquitous expressed will help unravel the neuronal mechanisms that underlie motor neuropathies leading to denervation of distal limb muscles, and might generate new insights for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Kiyosawa H, Kawashima T, Silva D, Petrovsky N, Hasegawa Y, Sakai K, Hayashizaki Y. Systematic genome-wide approach to positional candidate cloning for identification of novel human disease genes. Intern Med J 2004; 34:79-90. [PMID: 15030454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2004.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent large-scale genome projects afford a unique opportunity to identify many novel disease genes and thereby better understand the genetic basis of human disease. Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) 2, the largest mouse transcriptome project yet, provides a wealth of data on novel genes, splice variants and non-coding RNA, and provides a unique opportunity to identify novel human disease genes. AIMS To demonstrate the power of combining the FANTOM 2 cDNA dataset with a positional candidate approach and bioinformatics analysis to identify genes underlying human genetic disease. RESULTS By mapping all FANTOM 2 cDNA to the human genome, we were able to identify mouse clones that co-localised on the human genome with mapped but uncloned human disease loci. By this method we identified mouse and corresponding human genes mapping within the loci of 100 different human genetic diseases (mapped interval of <5 cM). Of particular interest was the elucidation through FANTOM 2 novel mouse gene data of candidate human genes for the following: (i) developmental -disorders: neural tube defect, Meckel syndrome, Wolf--Hirschhorn syndrome and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans cum ophiasi; (ii) neurological disorders: benign familial infantile convulsions 3, early-onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes, infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia and vacuolar neuro-myopathy and (iii) cancer-related syndromes: tylosis with oesophageal cancer and low-grade B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS The FANTOM 2 data will dramatically accelerate efforts to identify genes underlying human disease. It will also facilitate the creation of transgenic mouse models to help elucidate the function of potential human disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyosawa
- Technology and Development team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, Bioresource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Spinal muscular atrophies reveal motor neuron vulnerability to defects in ribonucleoprotein handling. Curr Opin Neurol 2003. [DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200310000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Chapter 16 Spinal Muscular Atrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-3419(09)70117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Viollet L, Barois A, Rebeiz JG, Rifai Z, Burlet P, Zarhrate M, Vial E, Dessainte M, Estournet B, Kleinknecht B, Pearn J, Adams RD, Urtizberea JA, Cros DP, Bushby K, Munnich A, Lefebvre S. Mapping of autosomal recessive chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy to chromosome 11q13. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:585-92. [PMID: 12112104 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Distal spinal muscular atrophy is a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders caused by progressive anterior horn cell degeneration and characterized by progressive motor weakness and muscular atrophy, predominantly in the distal parts of the limbs. Here we report on chronic autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy in a large, inbred family with onset at various ages. Because this condition had some of the same clinical features as spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, we tested the disease gene for linkage to chromosome 11q and mapped the disease locus to chromosome 11q13 in the genetic interval that included the spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress gene (D11S1889-D11S1321, Z(max) = 4.59 at theta = 0 at locus D11S4136). The sequencing of IGHMBP2, the human homologue of the mouse neuromuscular degeneration gene (nmd) that accounts for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, failed to detect any mutation in our chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy patients, suggesting that spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress and chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy are caused by distinct genes located in the same chromosomal region. In addition, the high intrafamilial variability in age at onset raises the question of whether nonallelic modifying genes could be involved in chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Viollet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U 393, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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25
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McEntagart M, Norton N, Williams H, Teare MD, Dunstan M, Baker P, Houlden H, Reilly M, Wood N, Harper PS, Futreal PA, Williams N, Rahman N. Localization of the gene for distal hereditary motor neuronopathy VII (dHMN-VII) to chromosome 2q14. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:1270-6. [PMID: 11294660 PMCID: PMC1226107 DOI: 10.1086/320122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2001] [Accepted: 03/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type VII (dHMN-VII) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by distal muscular atrophy and vocal cord paralysis. We performed a genomewide linkage search in a large Welsh pedigree with dHMN-VII and established linkage to chromosome 2q14. Analyses of a second family with dHMN-VII confirmed the location of the gene and provided evidence for a founder mutation segregating in both pedigrees. The maximum three-point LOD score in the combined pedigree was 7.49 at D2S274. Expansion of a polyalanine tract in Engrailed-1, a transcription factor strongly expressed in the spinal cord, was excluded as the cause of dHMN-VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriel McEntagart
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Nadine Norton
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Hywel Williams
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - M. Dawn Teare
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Melanie Dunstan
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Philip Baker
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Henry Houlden
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Mary Reilly
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Nick Wood
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Peter S. Harper
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - P. Andrew Futreal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Nigel Williams
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Group, Strangeways Laboratories, and Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Hawkes Bay Hospital, Hastings, New Zealand; and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
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