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Anjou C, Lotoux A, Morvan C, Martin-Verstraete I. From ubiquity to specificity: The diverse functions of bacterial thioredoxin systems. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16668. [PMID: 38899743 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system, found universally, is responsible for the regeneration of reversibly oxidized protein thiols in living cells. This system is made up of a Trx and a Trx reductase, and it plays a central role in maintaining thiol-based redox homeostasis by reducing oxidized protein thiols, such as disulfide bonds in proteins. Some Trxs also possess a chaperone function that is independent of thiol-disulfide exchange, in addition to their thiol-disulfide reductase activity. These two activities of the Trx system are involved in numerous physiological processes in bacteria. This review describes the diverse physiological roles of the Trx system that have emerged throughout bacterial evolution. The Trx system is essential for responding to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Beyond this primary function, the Trx system also participates in redox regulation and signal transduction, and in controlling metabolism, motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. This range of functions has evolved alongside the diversity of bacterial lifestyles and their specific constraints. This evolution can be characterized by the multiplication of the systems and by the specialization of cofactors or targets to adapt to the constraints of atypical lifestyles, such as photosynthesis, insect endosymbiosis, or spore-forming bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Anjou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Lotoux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
| | - Claire Morvan
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Matarredona L, García-Bonete MJ, Guío J, Camacho M, Fillat MF, Esclapez J, Bonete MJ. Global Lrp regulator protein from Haloferax mediterranei: Transcriptional analysis and structural characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129541. [PMID: 38244746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Haloferax mediterranei, an extreme halophilic archaeon thriving in hypersaline environments, has acquired significant attention in biotechnological and biochemical research due to its remarkable ability to flourish in extreme salinity conditions. Transcription factors, essential in regulating diverse cellular processes, have become focal points in understanding its adaptability. This study delves into the role of the Lrp transcription factor, exploring its modulation of glnA, nasABC, and lrp gene promoters in vivo through β-galactosidase assays. Remarkably, our findings propose Lrp as the pioneering transcriptional regulator of nitrogen metabolism identified in a haloarchaeon. This study suggests its potential role in activating or repressing assimilatory pathway enzymes (GlnA and NasA). The interaction between Lrp and these promoters is analyzed using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay and Differential Scanning Fluorimetry, highlighting l-glutamine's indispensable role in stabilizing the Lrp-DNA complex. Our research uncovers that halophilic Lrp forms octameric structures in the presence of l-glutamine. The study reveals the three-dimensional structure of the Lrp as a homodimer using X-ray crystallography, confirming this state in solution by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. These findings illuminate the complex molecular mechanisms driving Hfx. mediterranei's nitrogen metabolism, offering valuable insights about its gene expression regulation and enriching our comprehension of extremophile biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarredona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Edafología y Química Agrícola, Grupo Biotecnología de Extremófilos, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - María-José García-Bonete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine. University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorge Guío
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mónica Camacho
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Edafología y Química Agrícola, Grupo Biotecnología de Extremófilos, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - María F Fillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julia Esclapez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Edafología y Química Agrícola, Grupo Biotecnología de Extremófilos, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - María-José Bonete
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Edafología y Química Agrícola, Grupo Biotecnología de Extremófilos, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
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Steingard CH, Helmann JD. Meddling with Metal Sensors: Fur-Family Proteins as Signaling Hubs. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0002223. [PMID: 37010421 PMCID: PMC10127796 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00022-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein is the founding member of the FUR superfamily of metalloregulatory proteins that control metal homeostasis in bacteria. FUR proteins regulate metal homeostasis in response to the binding of iron (Fur), zinc (Zur), manganese (Mur), or nickel (Nur). FUR family proteins are generally dimers in solution, but the DNA-bound complex can involve a single dimer, a dimer-of-dimers, or an extended array of bound protein. Elevated FUR levels due to changes in cell physiology increase DNA occupancy and may also kinetically facilitate protein dissociation. Interactions between FUR proteins and other regulators are commonplace, often including cooperative and competitive DNA-binding interactions within the regulatory region. Further, there are many emerging examples of allosteric regulators that interact directly with FUR family proteins. Here, we focus on newly uncovered examples of allosteric regulation by diverse Fur antagonists (Escherichia coli YdiV/SlyD, Salmonella enterica EIIANtr, Vibrio parahaemolyticus FcrX, Acinetobacter baumannii BlsA, Bacillus subtilis YlaN, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PacT) as well as one Zur antagonist (Mycobacterium bovis CmtR). Small molecules and metal complexes may also serve as regulatory ligands, with examples including heme binding to Bradyrhizobium japonicum Irr and 2-oxoglutarate binding to Anabaena FurA. How these protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions act in conjunction with regulatory metal ions to facilitate signal integration is an active area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Norena-Caro DA, Zuniga C, Pete AJ, Saemundsson SA, Donaldson MR, Adams AJ, Dooley KM, Zengler K, Benton MG. Analysis of the cyanobacterial amino acid metabolism with a precise genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Thioredoxin Dependent Changes in the Redox States of FurA from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060913. [PMID: 34199999 PMCID: PMC8229018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FurA is a multifunctional regulator in cyanobacteria that contains five cysteines, four of them arranged into two CXXC motifs. Lack of a structural zinc ion enables FurA to develop disulfide reductase activity. In vivo, FurA displays several redox isoforms, and the oxidation state of its cysteines determines its activity as regulator and its ability to bind different metabolites. Because of the relationship between FurA and the control of genes involved in oxidative stress defense and photosynthetic metabolism, we sought to investigate the role of type m thioredoxin TrxA as a potential redox partner mediating dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions necessary to facilitate the interaction of FurA with its different ligands. Both in vitro cross-linking assays and in vivo two-hybrid studies confirmed the interaction between FurA and TrxA. Light to dark transitions resulted in reversible oxidation of a fraction of the regulator present in Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Reconstitution of an electron transport chain using E. coli NADPH-thioredoxin-reductase followed by alkylation of FurA reduced cysteines evidenced the ability of TrxA to reduce FurA. Furthermore, the use of site-directed mutants allowed us to propose a plausible mechanism for FurA reduction. These results point to TrxA as one of the redox partners that modulates FurA performance.
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Sarasa-Buisan C, Guio J, Broset E, Peleato ML, Fillat MF, Sevilla E. FurC (PerR) from Anabaena sp. PCC7120: a versatile transcriptional regulator engaged in the regulatory network of heterocyst development and nitrogen fixation. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:566-582. [PMID: 33938105 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FurC (PerR) from Anabaena sp. PCC7120 was previously described as a key transcriptional regulator involved in setting off the oxidative stress response. In the last years, the cross-talk between oxidative stress, iron homeostasis and nitrogen metabolism is becoming more and more evident. In this work, the transcriptome of a furC-overexpressing strain was compared with that of a wild-type strain under both standard and nitrogen-deficiency conditions. The results showed that the overexpression of furC deregulates genes involved in several categories standing out photosynthesis, iron transport and nitrogen metabolism. The novel FurC-direct targets included some regulatory elements that control heterocyst development (hetZ and asr1734), genes directly involved in the heterocyst envelope formation (devBCA and hepC) and genes which participate in the nitrogen fixation process (nifHDK and nifH2, rbrA rubrerythrin and xisHI excisionase). Likewise, furC overexpression notably impacts the mRNA levels of patA encoding a key protein in the heterocyst pattern formation. The relevance of FurC in these processes is bringing out by the fact that the overexpression of furC impairs heterocyst development and cell growth under nitrogen step-down conditions. In summary, this work reveals a new player in the complex regulatory network of heterocyst formation and nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sarasa-Buisan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Jorge Guio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Esther Broset
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - M Luisa Peleato
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - María F Fillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Emma Sevilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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