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Wang Z, Ramakrishna R, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Ma J, Mintzlaff D, Zhang H, Li B, Hammell B, Lucia MS, Pomfret E, Su AJA, Washington KM, Mathes DW, Wang Z. Toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity studies of CCR4-IL2 bispecific immunotoxin in rats and minipigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176408. [PMID: 38367684 PMCID: PMC10939744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a diphtheria toxin-based recombinant human CCR4-IL2 bispecific immunotoxin (CCR4-IL2-IT) for targeted therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). CCR4-IL2-IT demonstrated superior efficacy in an immunodeficient mouse CTCL model. Recently, we have compared the in vivo efficacy of CCR4-IL2-IT versus Brentuximab (FDA approved leading drug in CTCL market) in the same immunodeficient mouse CTCL model. The comparison demonstrated that CCR4-IL2-IT was significantly more effective than Brentuximab. In this study, we have performed non-GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) toxicology, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity studies of CCR4-IL2-IT in both rats and minipigs. CCR4-IL2-IT demonstrated excellent safety profiles in both rats and minipigs. The maximum tolerated dose of CCR4-IL2-IT was determined as 0.4 mg/kg in both rats and minipigs. Complete blood count and chemistry analysis did not show significant difference for all measured parameters between the blood samples of pre-injection versus post-injection from the five-day toxicology studies of CCT4-IL2-IT in both rats and minipigs. Histology analysis did not show difference between the PBS treatment group versus CCR4-IL2-IT treatment group at 50 μg/kg in both rats and minipigs. The half-life of CCR4-IL2-IT was determined as about 45 min in rats and 30 min in minipigs. The antibodies against CCR4-IL2-IT were detected in about two weeks after CCR4-IL2-IT treatment. CCR4-IL2-IT did not induce cytokine release syndrome in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell derived humanized mouse model. The depletion of CCR4+ cell and CD25+ cell (two target cell populations of CCR4-IL2-IT) was observed in minipigs. The excellent safety profile promoted us to further develop CCR4-IL2-IT towards clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rashmi Ramakrishna
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yue Qiu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Jihong Ma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Danielle Mintzlaff
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Hammell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pomfret
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - An-Jey A Su
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kia M Washington
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David W Mathes
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Khabipov A, Trung DN, van der Linde J, Miebach L, Lenz M, Erne F, von Bernstorff W, Schulze T, Kersting S, Bekeschus S, Partecke LI. CCR4 Blockade Diminishes Intratumoral Macrophage Recruitment and Augments Survival of Syngeneic Pancreatic Cancer-Bearing Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1517. [PMID: 37371612 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is known for its tumor microenvironment (TME), which is rich in stromal and immune cells supporting cancer growth and therapy resistance. In particular, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known for their angiogenesis- and metastasis-promoting properties, which lead to the failure of conventional therapies for pancreatic cancer. Hence, treatment options targeting TAMs are needed. The C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) is critical for immune cell recruitment into the TME, and in this paper we explore the effects of its genetic or immunotherapeutic blockade in pancreatic-cancer-bearing mice. Murine PDA6606 pancreatic cancer cells and murine peritoneal macrophages were used for in vitro migration assays. In vivo, a syngeneic, orthotropic pancreatic cancer model was established. Tumor growth and survival were monitored under prophylactic and therapeutic application of a CCR4 antagonist (AF-399/420/18025) in wildtype (CCR4wt) and CCR4-knockout (CCR4-/-) mice. Immune infiltration was monitored in tumor tissue sections and via flow cytometry of lysed tumors. PDA6606 cells induced less migration in CCR4-/- than in CCR4wt macrophages in vitro. Pancreatic TAM infiltration was higher, and survival was reduced in CCR4wt mice compared to CCR4-/- mice. Antagonizing CCR4 in wildtype mice revealed similar results as in CCR4-/- mice without antagonization. Prophylactic CCR4 antagonist application in wildtype mice was more efficient than therapeutic antagonization. CCR4 seems to be critically involved in TAM generation and tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. CCR4 blockade may help prolong the relapse-free period after curative surgery in pancreatic cancer and improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydar Khabipov
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dung Nguyen Trung
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Miebach
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Lenz
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Erne
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram von Bernstorff
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Kersting
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Ivo Partecke
- Department of General, Thoracic, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, Helios Clinic Schleswig, St. Jurgener Str. 1-3, 24837 Schleswig, Germany
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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Qi Z, Qiu Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Lu L, Liu Y, Mathes D, Pomfret EA, Gao D, Lu SL, Wang Z. A novel diphtheria toxin-based bivalent human EGF fusion toxin for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1054-1068. [PMID: 33540470 PMCID: PMC8024719 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and represents a top candidate for targeted HNSCC therapy. However, the clinical effectiveness of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting EGFR is moderate, and the overall survival rate for HNSCC patients remains low. Therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. In this study, we generated a novel diphtheria toxin-based bivalent human epidermal growth factor fusion toxin (bi-EGF-IT) to treat EGFR-expressing HNSCC. Bi-EGF-IT was tested for in vitro binding affinity, cytotoxicity, and specificity using 14 human EGFR-expressing HNSCC cell lines and three human EGFR-negative cancer cell lines. Bi-EGF-IT had increased binding affinity for EGFR-expressing HNSCC compared with the monovalent version (mono-EGF-IT), and both versions specifically depleted EGFR-positive HNSCC, but not EGFR-negative cell lines, in vitro. Bi-EGF-IT exhibited a comparable potency to that of the FDA-approved EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, for inhibiting HNSCC tumor growth in vivo using both subcutaneous and orthotopic HNSCC xenograft mouse models. When tested in an experimental metastasis model, survival was significantly longer in the bi-EGF-IT treatment group than the erlotinib treatment group, with a significantly reduced number of metastases compared with mono-EGF-IT. In addition, in vivo off-target toxicities were significantly reduced in the bi-EGF-IT treatment group compared with the mono-EGF-IT group. These results demonstrate that bi-EGF-IT is more effective and markedly less toxic at inhibiting primary HNSCC tumor growth and metastasis than mono-EGF-IT and erlotinib. Thus, the novel bi-EGF-IT is a promising drug candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Qi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Mathes
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Pomfret
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Biostatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shi-Long Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00533-20. [PMID: 32669326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00533-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be key contributors to the HIV/SIV latent reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV; reverse CD4+ T cell immune activation status, increasing the pool of resting CD4+ T cells; and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested the hypothesis that Treg depletion is a valid intervention toward an HIV cure by depleted Tregs in 14 rhesus macaque (RM) controllers infected with SIVsab, the virus that naturally infects sabaeus monkeys, through different strategies: administration of an anti-CCR4 immunotoxin, two doses of an anti-CD25 immunotoxin (interleukin-2 with diphtheria toxin [IL-2-DT]), or two combinations of both. All of these treatments resulted in significant depletion of the circulating Tregs (>70%) and their partial depletion in the gut (25%) and lymph nodes (>50%). The fractions of CD4+ T cells expressing Ki -67 increased up to 80% in experiments containing IL-2-DT and only 30% in anti-CCR4-treated RMs, paralleled by increases in the inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of ART, plasma virus rebounded to 103 vRNA copies/ml by day 10 after IL-2-DT administration. A large but transient boost of the SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses occurred in IL-2-DT-treated RMs. Such increases were minimal in the RMs receiving anti-CCR4-based regimens. Five RMs received IL-2-DT on ART, but treatment was discontinued because of high toxicity and lymphopenia. As such, while all treatments depleted a significant proportion of Tregs, the side effects in the presence of ART prevent their clinical use and call for different Treg depletion approaches. Thus, based on our data, Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded.IMPORTANCE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can decisively contribute to the establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV, increase the pool of resting CD4+ T cells by reversing their immune activation status, and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested multiple Treg depletion strategies and showed that all of them are at least partially successful in depleting Tregs. As such, Treg depletion appears to be a valid intervention toward an HIV cure, reducing the size of the reservoir, reactivating the virus, and boosting cell-mediated immune responses. Yet, when Treg depletion was attempted in ART-suppressed animals, the treatment had to be discontinued due to high toxicity and lymphopenia. Therefore, while Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded, the methodology for Treg depletion has to be revisited.
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Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang H, Qi Z, Johnson AC, Mathes D, Pomfret EA, Rubin E, Huang CA, Wang Z. Bispecific human IL2-CCR4 immunotoxin targets human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:991-1000. [PMID: 32107846 PMCID: PMC7191189 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of clinically diagnosed cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) highly express the cell-surface markers CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) and/or CD25. Recently, we have developed diphtheria toxin-based recombinant Ontak®-like human IL2 fusion toxin (IL2 fusion toxin) and anti-human CCR4 immunotoxin (CCR4 IT). In this study, we first compared the efficacy of the CCR4 IT vs IL2 fusion toxin for targeting human CD25+ CCR4+ CTCL. We demonstrated that CCR4 IT was more effective than IL2 fusion toxin. We further constructed an IL2-CCR4 bispecific IT. The bispecific IT was significantly more effective than either IL2 fusion toxin or CCR4 IT alone. The bispecific IT is a promising novel targeted therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of refractory and recurrent human CD25+ and/or CCR4+ CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zeng Qi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel C Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Mathes
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Pomfret
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin Rubin
- Transplantation Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christene A Huang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hosts for Hostile Protein Production: The Challenge of Recombinant Immunotoxin Expression. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020038. [PMID: 31108917 PMCID: PMC6630761 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the recombinant expression of toxin-based drugs, a crucial step lies not only in the choice of the production host(s) but also in the accurate design of the protein chimera. These issues are particularly important since such products may be toxic to the expressing host itself. To avoid or limit the toxicity to productive cells while obtaining a consistent yield in chimeric protein, several systems from bacterial to mammalian host cells have been employed. In this review, we will discuss the development of immunotoxin (IT) expression, placing special emphasis on advantages and on potential drawbacks, as one single perfect host for every chimeric protein toxin or ligand does not exist.
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