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Evangelou I, Tatsii D, Bucci S, Stohl A. Atmospheric Resuspension of Microplastics from Bare Soil Regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9741-9749. [PMID: 38767840 PMCID: PMC11155246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging as an atmospheric pollutant. Here, we present a method of estimating MP resuspension with mineral dust in bare soil based on reported MP mass in soils, their enrichment in suspended dust relative to soil, and a mineral dust resuspension scheme. Using the estimated resuspensions, we simulate the global atmospheric MP transport and deposition using the dispersion model FLEXPART for two particle shape scenarios, spheres, and fibers. We estimate the uncertainties using a Monte Carlo technique that varies input data parameters within their reported ranges. The total MP resuspensions are estimated at about 104 (48-110) tonnes yr-1. We find that bare soils in West Asia and North Africa are the main source regions. FLEXPART results show that fibers have higher concentrations in the atmosphere and are dispersed more widely than spheres. Annually, 75 (43-83) tonnes of microfibers are deposited on land and 29 (18-33) tonnes in the oceans. Resuspended MPs can even reach remote regions, such as the Arctic. The results suggest that areas with bare soils can be an important MP source; however, further research on the factors that affect resuspension is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Evangelou
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Daria Tatsii
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Silvia Bucci
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, Vienna 1010, Austria
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2
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Moskovchenko DV, Pozhitkov RY, Soromotin AV. Snow Contamination by Metals and Metalloids in a Polar Town: A Case Study of Nadym, Russia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:304-324. [PMID: 38459980 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Snow composition depends on the long-range transport of pollutants. This article examines aspects of snow composition in the town of Nadym in Western Siberia. During fieldwork conducted in 2021 and 2022, we determined dust load, concentrations and ratio of dissolved and suspended forms of metals and metalloids (MMs). Moreover, we analyzed air mass trajectories using the HYSPLIT model, and the results showed that industrial regions of the southern Urals, southeastern Siberia, and Kazakhstan were the sources of MMs. Content of the insoluble fraction was increased by 23-fold in Nadym. The dust load in Nadym was higher than that in urban communities situated in the temperate zone, even though this town is relatively small in population and has little industrial infrastructure. This significant increase in dust load led to a ten- to 100-fold increase in the content MMs. Local soils (Fe, Al), vehicles (W), building dust (Mg, Ca), and anti-icing agents (Na) were found to be the sources of pollution. We found that the high dust load is caused by meteorological factors, such as temperature inversion and a large number of calm days, which reduce the dispersion of pollution. This case study demonstrates that winter air quality in polar settlements can be worse than that in urban areas in the temperate zone, even with few local sources of pollution. Furthermore, the trend toward an increase in the number of windless days, such as observed in Siberia as a result of global climate change, increases the risk of anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere of polar cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Moskovchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026, Tyumen, Russia.
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str., 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia.
| | - R Y Pozhitkov
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026, Tyumen, Russia
| | - A V Soromotin
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str., 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
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3
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Kuttippurath J, Patel VK, Roy R, Kumar P. Sources, variability, long-term trends, and radiative forcing of aerosols in the Arctic: implications for Arctic amplification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1621-1636. [PMID: 38044405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution in the Arctic has been an important driver for the ongoing climate change there. Increase in the Arctic aerosols causes the phenomena of Arctic haze and Arctic amplification. Our analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD), black carbon (BC), and dust using ground-based, satellite, and reanalysis data in the Arctic for the period 2003-2019 shows that the lowest amount of all these is found in Greenland and Central Arctic. There is high AOD, BC, and dust in the northern Eurasia and parts of North America. All aerosols show their highest values in spring. Significant positive trends in AOD (> 0.003 year-1) and BC (0.0002-0.0003 year-1) are found in the northwestern America and northern Asia. Significant negative trends are observed for dust (- 0.0001 year-1) around Central Arctic. Seasonal analysis of AOD, BC, and dust reveals an increasing trend in summer and decreasing trend in spring in the Arctic. The major sources of aerosols are the nearby Europe, Russia, and North America regions, as assessed using the potential source contribution function (PSCF). Anthropogenic emissions from the transport, energy, and household sectors along with natural sources such as wildfires contribute to the positive trends of aerosols in the Arctic. These increasing aerosols in the Arctic influence Arctic amplification through radiative effects. Here, we find that the net aerosol radiative forcing is high in Central Arctic, Greenland, Siberia, and Canadian Arctic, about 2-4 W/m2, which can influence the regional temperature. Therefore, our study can assist policy decisions for the mitigation of Arctic haze and Arctic amplification in this environmental fragile region of the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Kumar Patel
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Raina Roy
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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4
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Barr SL, Wyld B, McQuaid JB, Neely III RR, Murray BJ. Southern Alaska as a source of atmospheric mineral dust and ice-nucleating particles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3708. [PMID: 37585539 PMCID: PMC10431707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence cloud radiative properties and climate; however, INP sources and concentrations are poorly constrained, particularly in high-latitude regions. Southern Alaska is a known source of high-latitude dust, but its contribution to atmospheric mineral dust and INP concentrations has not been quantified. We show that glacial dust collected in southern Alaska is an effective ice-nucleating material under conditions relevant for mixed-phase clouds and is more active than low-latitude dust because of a biological component that enhances its activity. We use dispersion modeling to show that this source contributes to the regional INP population and that the dust emitted is transported over a broad area of North America, reaching altitudes where it could cause cloud glaciation. Our results highlight the importance of quantifying emissions and ice-nucleating characteristics of high-latitude dusts and suggest that the ice-nucleating ability of emitted dust in these regions should be represented in models using different parametrizations to low-latitude dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barr
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, UK
| | - Bethany Wyld
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ryan R. Neely III
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, UK
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5
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Song C, Becagli S, Beddows DCS, Brean J, Browse J, Dai Q, Dall’Osto M, Ferracci V, Harrison RM, Harris N, Li W, Jones AE, Kirchgäßner A, Kramawijaya AG, Kurganskiy A, Lupi A, Mazzola M, Severi M, Traversi R, Shi Z. Understanding Sources and Drivers of Size-Resolved Aerosol in the High Arctic Islands of Svalbard Using a Receptor Model Coupled with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11189-11198. [PMID: 35878000 PMCID: PMC9386907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are important drivers of Arctic climate change through aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. However, large uncertainties remain on the sources and processes controlling particle numbers in both fine and coarse modes. Here, we applied a receptor model and an explainable machine learning technique to understand the sources and drivers of particle numbers from 10 nm to 20 μm in Svalbard. Nucleation, biogenic, secondary, anthropogenic, mineral dust, sea salt and blowing snow aerosols and their major environmental drivers were identified. Our results show that the monthly variations in particles are highly size/source dependent and regulated by meteorology. Secondary and nucleation aerosols are the largest contributors to potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, particle number with a diameter larger than 40 nm as a proxy) in the Arctic. Nonlinear responses to temperature were found for biogenic, local dust particles and potential CCN, highlighting the importance of melting sea ice and snow. These results indicate that the aerosol factors will respond to rapid Arctic warming differently and in a nonlinear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Song
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), School of Geography, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jo Browse
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental
Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter
Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerio Ferracci
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment
and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Weijun Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Anna E. Jones
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Amélie Kirchgäßner
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Agung Ghani Kramawijaya
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Alexander Kurganskiy
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Angelo Lupi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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6
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Saharan dust and giant quartz particle transport towards Iceland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11891. [PMID: 34088966 PMCID: PMC8178365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral dust emissions from Saharan sources have an impact on the atmospheric environment and sedimentary units in distant regions. Here, we present the first systematic observations of long-range Saharan dust transport towards Iceland. Fifteen Saharan dust episodes were identified to have occurred between 2008 and 2020 based on aerosol optical depth data, backward trajectories and numerical models. Icelandic samples from the local dust sources were compared with deposited dust from two severe Saharan dust events in terms of their granulometric and mineralogical characteristics. The episodes were associated with enhanced meridional atmospheric flow patterns driven by unusual meandering jets. Strong winds were able to carry large Saharan quartz particles (> 100 µm) towards Iceland. Our results confirm the atmospheric pathways of Saharan dust towards the Arctic, and identify new northward meridional long-ranged transport of giant dust particles from the Sahara, including the first evidence of their deposition in Iceland as previously predicted by models.
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7
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Potential Source Contribution Function Analysis of High Latitude Dust Sources over the Arctic: Preliminary Results and Prospects. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of a preliminary investigation of the dust sources in the Arctic based on their geochemical properties by potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis are presented in this paper. For this purpose, we considered one year of aerosol geochemical data from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, and a short list of chemical elements (i.e., Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, and Zn) variably related to the dust fraction. Based on PSCF analysis: (i) four different dust source areas (i.e., Eurasia, Greenland, Arctic-Alaska, and Iceland) were characterized by distinguishing geochemical ranges and seasonal occurrence; and (ii) a series of typical dust days from the distinct source areas were identified based on the corresponding back trajectory patterns. Icelandic dust samples revealed peculiar but very variable characteristics in relation to their geographical source regions marked by air mass back trajectories. The comparison between pure and mixed Icelandic dust samples (i.e., aerosols containing Icelandic dust along with natural and/or anthropogenic components) revealed the occurrence of different mixing situations. Comparison with Icelandic soils proved the existence of dilution effects related to the emission and the transport processes.
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8
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Bowen M, Vincent RF. An assessment of the spatial extent of polar dust using satellite thermal data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:901. [PMID: 33441651 PMCID: PMC7806988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of mineral dust aerosols and subsequent deposition in polar regions has historically been underestimated in climate models. Dust aerosols increase melt rates by reducing surface albedo and modifying atmospheric radiative properties. In this study 127,413 satellite images covering the Arctic and Antarctic from 2007 to 2019 were assessed for dust content using thermal infrared wavelengths. The results show a strong linear trend in which the relative spatial extent of dust (RSED) increased annually by 0.31% in the Arctic (8.5% to 12.1%) and 0.19% in the Antarctic (5.2% to 7.5%). Seasonally, the maximum aggregated average RSED occurred in the Arctic during boreal winter (11.2%), while the Antarctic peaked in austral spring (9.5%). Maximum RSED rates occurred in boreal winter/austral summer (Dec–Jan–Feb) for both polar regions. The data suggests that finer dust particles are more efficiently distributed by aeolian processes leading to higher RSED values that are not necessarily reflective of polar dust loading models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bowen
- Department of Physics and Space Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - R F Vincent
- Department of Physics and Space Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, K7K 7B4, Canada.
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9
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Seeking the Sources of Dust: Geochemical and Magnetic Studies on “Cryodust” in Glacial Cores from Southern Spitsbergen (Svalbard, Norway). ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural mineral particulate matter deposited from aerosols and trapped in glaciers—herein defined as “cryodust”—may be an excellent indicator of atmospheric circulation, if terrestrial sources of dust can be identified. In this study, we analyzed the composition of cryodust in shallow ice cores taken from five glaciers in Southern Spitsbergen (Svalbard Archipelago, Northern Norway). The chemical composition, magnetic properties and radiogenic ages of individual grains were measured, where possible, to provide indicators of source areas. To identify mineral and rock fragments, solid particulates were examined by Scanning Electron Microscope fitted with a backscattered electron and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic detectors. An Electron MicroProbe was employed for the U-Th-Pb chemical dating of monazite grains. Magnetic measurements comprised analyses of magnetic susceptibility (κ) vs. temperature (T) variations and determination of magnetic hysteresis parameters. Monazite ages span 445–423 Ma, consistent with mineral growth during the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks are exposed in the Nordaustlandet area of North-Eastern Svalbard, and this is the most probable source for monazite grains. Magnetic analyses show a predominance of ferrous (FeII) over ferric (FeIII) phases, consistent with a lack of input from subtropical sources. The results from both methods are consistent with local sources of dust from exposures in the Svalbard archipelago.
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10
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High Latitude Dust Transport Altitude Pattern Revealed from Deposition on Snow, Svalbard. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High Latitude Dust (HLD) deposition in the surface snow layer in two distant locations in Svalbard (Hornsund and Pyramiden) were collected during the June/July 2019 field campaign and examined in the laboratory. Despite the differences in their climate and topography, both locations are characterised by very similar spatial patterns of the deposition. On the one hand, strong linear negative relationship between the altitude of the sample taken and its concentration was found in low altitude (below 300 m a.s.l.), suggesting a strong influence of local HLD sources. On the other hand, almost constant concentrations were found at higher elevated sampling sites (above 300 m a.s.l.). This suggests a predominantly long-range transport in high altitude areas. The importance of local sources in the lower altitude corresponds well with the generally higher concentrations of HLD in the Pyramiden area. This region has a drier, continental climate and more deglaciated bare land surfaces, which favour more sediment to be uplifted in comparison with the more maritime climate of Hornsund area in the southern part of Svalbard. The spatial division between the local and long-range transport is supported by the proportion of certain lithophile elements in the altitude gradient.
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11
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Sanchez-Marroquin A, Arnalds O, Baustian-Dorsi KJ, Browse J, Dagsson-Waldhauserova P, Harrison AD, Maters EC, Pringle KJ, Vergara-Temprado J, Burke IT, McQuaid JB, Carslaw KS, Murray BJ. Iceland is an episodic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles relevant for mixed-phase clouds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8137. [PMID: 32637618 PMCID: PMC7314534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have the potential to remove much of the liquid water in climatically important mid- to high-latitude shallow supercooled clouds, markedly reducing their albedo. The INP sources at these latitudes are very poorly defined, but it is known that there are substantial dust sources across the high latitudes, such as Iceland. Here, we show that Icelandic dust emissions are sporadically an important source of INPs at mid to high latitudes by combining ice-nucleating active site density measurements of aircraft-collected Icelandic dust samples with a global aerosol model. Because Iceland is only one of many high-latitude dust sources, we anticipate that the combined effect of all these sources may strongly contribute to the INP population in the mid- and high-latitude northern hemisphere. This is important because these emissions are directly relevant for the cloud-phase climate feedback and because high-latitude dust emissions are expected to increase in a warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sanchez-Marroquin
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - O. Arnalds
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
| | - K. J. Baustian-Dorsi
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Bison Engineering Inc., Helena, MT 59601, USA
| | - J. Browse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 8FE, UK
| | - P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 126, Prague 6, 16000, Czech Republic
| | - A. D. Harrison
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - E. C. Maters
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - K. J. Pringle
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. Vergara-Temprado
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. T. Burke
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. B. McQuaid
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B. J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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12
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Dagsson-Waldhauserova P, Renard JB, Olafsson H, Vignelles D, Berthet G, Verdier N, Duverger V. Vertical distribution of aerosols in dust storms during the Arctic winter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16122. [PMID: 31695067 PMCID: PMC6834589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High Latitude Dust (HLD) contributes 5% to the global dust budget, but HLD measurements are sparse. Dust observations from Iceland provide dust aerosol distributions during the Arctic winter for the first time, profiling dust storms as well as clean air conditions. Five winter dust storms were captured during harsh conditions. Mean number concentrations during the non-dust flights were <5 particles cm−3 for the particles 0.2–100 µm in diameter and >40 particles cm−3 during dust storms. A moderate dust storm with >250 particles cm−3 (2 km altitude) was captured on 10th January 2016 as a result of sediments suspended from glacial outburst flood Skaftahlaup in 2015. Similar concentrations were reported previously in the Saharan air layer. Detected particle sizes were up to 20 µm close to the surface, up to 10 µm at 900 m altitude, up to 5 µm at 5 km altitude, and submicron at altitudes >6 km. Dust sources in the Arctic are active during the winter and produce large amounts of particulate matter dispersed over long distances and high altitudes. HLD contributes to Arctic air pollution and has the potential to influence ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds and Arctic amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova
- Agricultural University of Iceland; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, IS 311, Iceland. .,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Renard
- LPC2E-CNRS, 3A avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Haraldur Olafsson
- University of Iceland, Department of Physical Sciences, Reykjavík, IS 101, Iceland.,Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Damien Vignelles
- LPC2E-CNRS, 3A avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Gwenaël Berthet
- LPC2E-CNRS, 3A avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Verdier
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31055, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Vincent Duverger
- LPC2E-CNRS, 3A avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
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13
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Šantl-Temkiv T, Lange R, Beddows D, Rauter U, Pilgaard S, Dall'Osto M, Gunde-Cimerman N, Massling A, Wex H. Biogenic Sources of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Arctic Site Villum Research Station. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10580-10590. [PMID: 31094516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The radiative balance in the Arctic region is sensitive to in-cloud processes, which principally depend on atmospheric aerosols, including ice nucleating particles (INPs). High temperature INPs (active at ≥-15 °C) are common in the Arctic. While laboratory and limited in situ studies show that the high-temperature active INPs are associated with bioaerosols and biogenic compounds, there is still little quantitative insight into the Arctic biogenic INPs and bioaerosols. We measured concentrations of bioaerosols, bacteria, and biogenic INPs at the Villum Research Station (VRS, Station Nord) in a large number of snow (15) and air (51) samples. We found that INPs active at high subzero temperatures were present both in spring and summer. Air INP concentrations were higher in summer (18 INP m-3 at ≥-10 °C) than in spring (<4 INP m-3 at ≥-10 °C), when abundant INPs were found in snowfall (1.4 INP mL-1 at ≥-10 °C). Also, in summer, a significantly higher number of microbial and bacterial cells were present compared to the spring. A large proportion (60%-100%) of INPs that were active between -6 °C and -20 °C could be deactivated by heating to 100 °C, which was indicative of their predominantly proteinaceous origin. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between the summer air concentrations of INPs active at ≥-10 °C and air concentrations of bacterial-marker-genes (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.999, n = 6), pointing at bacterial cells as the source of high-temperature active INPs. In conclusion, the majority of INPs was of proteinaceous, and possibly of bacterial, origin and was found in air during summer and in snowfall during springtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Microbiology Section , Aarhus University , 116 Ny Munkegad , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Robert Lange
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - David Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , B15 2TT Birmingham , U.K
| | - Urška Rauter
- Department of Biology , University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Stephanie Pilgaard
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Microbiology Section , Aarhus University , 116 Ny Munkegad , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography , Institute of Marine Sciences , 08003 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Heike Wex
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
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Francis D, Eayrs C, Chaboureau JP, Mote T, Holland DM. A meandering polar jet caused the development of a Saharan cyclone and the transport of dust toward Greenland. ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5194/asr-16-49-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. In this study, we identify a new mechanism by which dust aerosols travel
over long distances across the eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean
toward the Arctic. The meandering polar jet was at the origin of both dust
emission through cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa and poleward transport
of the uplifted dust towards the Arctic, through cut-off circulation. The
dust emission was associated with an intense Saharan cyclone that formed
over Northwest Africa in early April 2011. The formation of the cyclone was
caused by the intrusion into subtropics, of a high-latitude-upper-level
trough, linked to the meandering polar jet. The trough initiated
cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa after orographic blocking by the
Anti-Atlas Mountains. The still meandering polar jet led to the formation of
a cut-off low further south with which the Saharan dust-cyclone merged 2 d later and moved northward with the main stream. Beside satellite
observations, a simulation at high resolution was performed using the
prognostic-dust permitting model MesoNH. The total dust load carried during
this event to areas located north of 40∘ N was estimated by the model to be
38 Tg and dust deposition was estimated to be 1.3 Tg. The Saharan dust
reaching Greenland was accompanied by warm and moist air masses that caused
a rise in surface temperature of about 10 ∘C for more than 3 consecutive days
over the southeastern Greenland. Ice melt over this area of Greenland was
detected in the brightness temperature observations.
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Quantum Mechanical Modeling of the Vibrational Spectra of Minerals with a Focus on Clays. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of how to use quantum mechanical calculations to predict vibrational frequencies of molecules and materials such as clays and silicates. Other methods of estimating vibrational frequencies are mentioned, such as classical molecular dynamics simulations; references are given for additional information on these approaches. Herein, we discuss basic vibrational theory, calculating Raman and infrared intensities, steps for creating realistic models, and applications to spectroscopy, thermodynamics, and isotopic fractionation. There are a wide variety of programs and methods that can be employed to model vibrational spectra, but this work focuses on hybrid density functional theory (DFT) approaches. Many of the principles are the same when used in other programs and DFT methods, so a novice can benefit from simple examples that illustrate key points to consider when modeling vibrational spectra. Other methods and programs are listed to give the beginner a starting point for exploring and choosing which approach will be best for a given problem. The modeler should also be aware of the numerous analytical methods available for obtaining information on vibrations of atoms in molecules and materials. In addition to traditional infrared and Raman spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation (SFG) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) are also excellent techniques for obtaining vibrational frequency information in certain circumstances.
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