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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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2
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Sorvina A, Martini C, Prabhakaran S, Logan JM, S-Y Ung B, Moore C, Johnson IRD, Lazniewska J, Tewari P, Malone V, Brooks RD, Hickey SM, Caruso MC, Klebe S, Karageorgos L, O'Leary JJ, Delahunt B, Samaratunga H, Brooks DA. Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1 immunohistochemistry on intraductal carcinoma of the prostate provides evidence of retrograde spread. Pathology 2023; 55:792-799. [PMID: 37422404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) correlates with late-stage disease and poor outcomes for patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, but the accurate and reliable staging of disease severity remains challenging. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been utilised to overcome problems in assessing IDCP morphology, but the current markers have only demonstrated limited utility in characterising the complex biology of this lesion. In a retrospective study of a cohort of patients who had been diagnosed with IDCP, we utilised IHC on radical prostatectomy sections with a biomarker panel of Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1, to interpret different architectural patterns and to explore the theory that IDCP occurs from retrograde spread of high-grade invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cribriform IDCP displayed strong Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1 labelling patterns, while solid IDCP architecture had high intensity Appl1 and Syndecan-1 labelling, but minimal Sortilin labelling. Notably, the expression pattern of the biomarker panel in regions of IDCP was similar to that of adjacent invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma, and also comparable to prostate cancer showing perineural and vascular invasion. The Appl1, Sortilin, and Syndecan-1 biomarker panel in IDCP provides evidence for the model of retrograde spread of invasive prostatic carcinoma into ducts/acini, and supports the inclusion of IDCP into the five-tier Gleason grading system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sorvina
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Martini
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Sarita Prabhakaran
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica M Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin S-Y Ung
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Courtney Moore
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian R D Johnson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanna Lazniewska
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Prerna Tewari
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victoria Malone
- Department of Pathology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane M Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maria C Caruso
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Litsa Karageorgos
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brett Delahunt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Hemamali Samaratunga
- Aquesta Uropathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Shimoda A, Tanabe T, Sato T, Nedachi T. Hydrogen peroxide induces progranulin expression to control neurite outgrowth in HT22 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2103-2112. [PMID: 34289035 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor expressed in central nervous system. Although PGRN expression is regulated by various stressors, its precise role(s) and regulatory mechanism(s) remain elusive. In this study, we used HT22 cells to investigate the physiological implications of oxidative stress-induced PGRN expression and the regulation of PGRN expression by oxidative stress. We observed that p38 MAP kinase was activated upon the addition of H2O2, and a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor attenuated PGRN induction by H2O2. To explore the physiological role(s) of the PGRN induction, we first confirmed H2O2-dependent responses of HT22 cells and found that the length and number of neurites were increased by H2O2. Pgrn knockdown experiments suggested that these changes were mediated by H2O2-induced PGRN expression, at least in part. Overall, the results suggested that an increase in oxidative stress in HT22 cells induced PGRN expression via p38 MAP kinase pathway, thereby controlling neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Shimoda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takemi Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Taku Nedachi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
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Yabe K, Yamamoto Y, Takemura M, Hara T, Tsurumi H, Serrero G, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Progranulin depletion inhibits proliferation via the transforming growth factor beta/SMAD family member 2 signaling axis in Kasumi-1 cells. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05849. [PMID: 33490663 PMCID: PMC7809376 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is an autocrine growth factor that promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance of various cancer cells. These mechanisms mainly depend on the protein kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Recent studies have shown that patients with hematopoietic cancer have elevated serum progranulin levels. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the role of progranulin in hematopoietic cancer cells and how it modulates their proliferation. Both knockdown of progranulin and progranulin neutralizing antibody treatment inhibited proliferation in several human hematopoietic cancer cell lines. Moreover, progranulin depletion not only decreases the phosphorylation level of the Akt/mTOR pathway but also, surprisingly, increases the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and phosphorylation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) in Kasumi-1 cell. Furthermore, LY2109761, an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I/II kinase, and TGF-β neutralizing antibody blocked the inhibition of proliferation induced by progranulin depletion. These data provide new insights that progranulin alters cell proliferation via the TGF-β axis and progranulin could be a new therapeutic target for hematopoietic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Yabe
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,A&T corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masao Takemura
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tsurumi
- Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ginette Serrero
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Ishiuchi Y, Sato H, Komatsu N, Kawaguchi H, Matsuwaki T, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M, Nedachi T. Identification of CCL5/RANTES as a novel contraction-reducible myokine in mouse skeletal muscle. Cytokine 2018; 108:17-23. [PMID: 29558694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secretes several proteins, which are collectively termed myokines. Although many studies suggest that exercise regulates myokine secretion, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and all the exercise-dependent myokines have not yet been identified. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to identify novel exercise-dependent myokines by using our recently developed in vitro contractile model. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were cultured with or without electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for 24 h to induce cell contraction, and the myokines secreted in conditioned medium were analyzed using a cytokine array. Although most myokine secretions were not affected by EPS, the secretion of Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)) was significantly reduced by EPS. This was further confirmed by ELISA and quantitative PCR. Contraction-dependent calcium transients and activation of 5'-AMP activating protein kinase (AMPK) appears to be involved in this decrease, as the chelating Ca2+ by EGTA blocked contraction-dependent CCL5 reduction, whereas the pharmacological activation of AMPK significantly reduced it. However, Ccl5 gene expression was increased by AMPK activation, suggesting that AMPK-dependent CCL5 decrease occurred via post-transcriptional regulation. Finally, mouse experiments revealed that voluntary wheel-running exercise reduced serum CCL5 levels and Ccl5 gene expression in the fast-twitch muscles. Overall, our study provides the first evidence of an exercise-reducible myokine, CCL5, in the mouse skeletal muscle. Although further studies are required to understand the precise roles of the skeletal muscle cell contraction-induced decrease in CCL5, this decrease may explain some exercise-dependent physiological changes such as those in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ishiuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan; Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Nedachi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan; Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Japan.
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7
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Townley RA, Boeve BF, Benarroch EE. Progranulin: Functions and neurologic correlations. Neurology 2017; 90:118-125. [PMID: 29263224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Townley
- From the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- From the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Tanimoto R, Palladino C, Xu SQ, Buraschi S, Neill T, Gomella LG, Peiper SC, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. The perlecan-interacting growth factor progranulin regulates ubiquitination, sorting, and lysosomal degradation of sortilin. Matrix Biol 2017; 64:27-39. [PMID: 28433812 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive clinical and experimental studies over the past decades, the pathogenesis and progression to the castration-resistant stage of prostate cancer remains largely unknown. Progranulin, a secreted growth factor, strongly binds the heparin-sulfate proteoglycan perlecan, and counteracts its biological activity. We established that progranulin acts as an autocrine growth factor and promotes prostate cancer cell motility, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. Progranulin was overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues vis-à-vis non-neoplastic tissues supporting the hypothesis that progranulin may play a key role in prostate cancer progression. However, progranulin's mode of action is not well understood and proteins regulating progranulin signaling have not been identified. Sortilin, a single-pass type I transmembrane protein of the Vps10 family, binds progranulin in neurons and targets progranulin for lysosomal degradation. Significantly, in DU145 and PC3 cells, we detected very low levels of sortilin associated with high levels of progranulin production and enhanced motility. Restoring sortilin expression decreased progranulin levels, inhibited motility and anchorage-independent growth and destabilized Akt. These results demonstrated a critical role for sortilin in regulating progranulin and suggest that sortilin loss may contribute to prostate cancer progression. Here, we provide the novel observation that progranulin downregulated sortilin protein levels independent of transcription. Progranulin induced sortilin ubiquitination, internalization via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and sorting into early endosomes for lysosomal degradation. Collectively, these results constitute a regulatory feed-back mechanism whereby sortilin downregulation ensures sustained progranulin-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Tanimoto
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chiara Palladino
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Health, Endocrinology, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Shi-Qiong Xu
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Health, Endocrinology, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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