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Wang PH, Nishikawa S, McGlynn SE, Fujishima K. One-Pot De Novo Synthesis of [4Fe-4S] Proteins Using a Recombinant SUF System under Aerobic Conditions. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2887-2896. [PMID: 37467114 PMCID: PMC10594875 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are essential cofactors mediating electron transfer in respiratory and metabolic networks. However, obtaining active [4Fe-4S] proteins with heterologous expression is challenging due to (i) the requirements for [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly, (ii) the O2 lability of [4Fe-4S] clusters, and (iii) copurification of undesired proteins (e.g., ferredoxins). Here, we established a facile and efficient protocol to express mature [4Fe-4S] proteins in the PURE system under aerobic conditions. An enzyme aconitase and thermophilic ferredoxin were selected as model [4Fe-4S] proteins for functional verification. We first reconstituted the SUF system in vitro via a stepwise manner using the recombinant SUF subunits (SufABCDSE) individually purified from E. coli. Later, the incorporation of recombinant SUF helper proteins into the PURE system enabled mRNA translation-coupled [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly under the O2-depleted conditions. To overcome the O2 lability of [4Fe-4S] Fe-S clusters, an O2-scavenging enzyme cascade was incorporated, which begins with formate oxidation by formate dehydrogenase for NADH regeneration. Later, NADH is consumed by flavin reductase for FADH2 regeneration. Finally, bifunctional flavin reductase, along with catalase, removes O2 from the reaction while supplying FADH2 to the SufBC2D complex. These amendments enabled a one-pot, two-step synthesis of mature [4Fe-4S] proteins under aerobic conditions, yielding holo-aconitase with a maximum concentration of ∼0.15 mg/mL. This renovated system greatly expands the potential of the PURE system, paving the way for the future reconstruction of redox-active synthetic cells and enhanced cell-free biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiang Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shota Nishikawa
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shawn Erin McGlynn
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Blue
Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington 98154, United States
| | - Kosuke Fujishima
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate
School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan
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Smith GL, Srivastava AK, Reutovich AA, Hunter NJ, Arosio P, Melman A, Bou-Abdallah F. Iron Mobilization from Ferritin in Yeast Cell Lysate and Physiological Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116100. [PMID: 35682778 PMCID: PMC9181690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most in vitro iron mobilization studies from ferritin have been performed in aqueous buffered solutions using a variety of reducing substances. The kinetics of iron mobilization from ferritin in a medium that resembles the complex milieu of cells could dramatically differ from those in aqueous solutions, and to our knowledge, no such studies have been performed. Here, we have studied the kinetics of iron release from ferritin in fresh yeast cell lysates and examined the effect of cellular metabolites on this process. Our results show that iron release from ferritin in buffer is extremely slow compared to cell lysate under identical experimental conditions, suggesting that certain cellular metabolites present in yeast cell lysate facilitate the reductive release of ferric iron from the ferritin core. Using filtration membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs (3, 10, 30, 50, and 100 kDa), we demonstrate that a cellular component >50 kDa is implicated in the reductive release of iron. When the cell lysate was washed three times with buffer, or when NADPH was omitted from the solution, a dramatic decrease in iron mobilization rates was observed. The addition of physiological concentrations of free flavins, such as FMN, FAD, and riboflavin showed about a two-fold increase in the amount of released iron. Notably, all iron release kinetics occurred while the solution oxygen level was still high. Altogether, our results indicate that in addition to ferritin proteolysis, there exists an auxiliary iron reductive mechanism that involves long-range electron transfer reactions facilitated by the ferritin shell. The physiological implications of such iron reductive mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA; (G.L.S.); (A.K.S.); (A.A.R.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Ayush K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA; (G.L.S.); (A.K.S.); (A.A.R.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Aliaksandra A. Reutovich
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA; (G.L.S.); (A.K.S.); (A.A.R.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Nathan J. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA; (G.L.S.); (A.K.S.); (A.A.R.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA;
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA; (G.L.S.); (A.K.S.); (A.A.R.); (N.J.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Qin Z, Yu S, Chen J, Zhou J. Dehydrogenases of acetic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107863. [PMID: 34793881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of bacteria that can oxidize many substrates such as alcohols and sugar alcohols and play important roles in industrial biotechnology. A majority of industrial processes that involve AAB are related to their dehydrogenases, including PQQ/FAD-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases and NAD(P)+-dependent cytoplasmic dehydrogenases. These cofactor-dependent dehydrogenases must effectively regenerate their cofactors in order to function continuously. For PQQ, FAD and NAD(P)+ alike, regeneration is directly or indirectly related to the electron transport chain (ETC) of AAB, which plays an important role in energy generation for aerobic cell growth. Furthermore, in changeable natural habitats, ETC components of AAB can be regulated so that the bacteria survive in different environments. Herein, the progressive cascade in an application of AAB, including key dehydrogenases involved in the application, regeneration of dehydrogenase cofactors, ETC coupling with cofactor regeneration and ETC regulation, is systematically reviewed and discussed. As they have great application value, a deep understanding of the mechanisms through which AAB function will not only promote their utilization and development but also provide a reference for engineering of other industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Ripa I, Ruiz-Masó JÁ, De Simone N, Russo P, Spano G, Del Solar G. A single change in the aptamer of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum rib operon riboswitch severely impairs its regulatory activity and leads to a vitamin B 2 - overproducing phenotype. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1253-1269. [PMID: 34599851 PMCID: PMC8966005 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturing of probiotics and functional foods using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that overproduce vitamin B2 has gained growing interest due to ariboflavinosis problems affecting populations of both developing and affluent countries. Two isogenic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, namely a riboflavin‐producing parental strain (UFG9) and a roseoflavin‐resistant strain (B2) that carries a mutation in the FMN‐aptamer of the potential rib operon riboswitch, were analysed for production and intra‐ and extracellular accumulation of flavins, as well as for regulation of the rib operon expression. Strain B2 accumulated in the medium one of the highest levels of riboflavin+FMN ever reported for LAB, exceeding by ~ 25 times those accumulated by UFG9. Inside the cells, concentration of FAD was similar in both strains, while that of riboflavin+FMN was ~ 8‐fold higher in B2. Mutation B2 could decrease the stability of the aptamer’s regulatory P1 helix even in the presence of the effector, thus promoting the antiterminator structure of the riboswitch ON state. Although the B2‐mutant riboswitch showed an impaired regulatory activity, it retained partial functionality being still sensitive to the effector. The extraordinary capacity of strain B2 to produce riboflavin, together with its metabolic versatility and probiotic properties, can be exploited for manufacturing multifunctional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José Ángel Ruiz-Masó
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Nicola De Simone
- Department Agriculture Food Natural Science Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Russo
- Department Agriculture Food Natural Science Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department Agriculture Food Natural Science Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gloria Del Solar
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Mould RR, Botchway SW, Parkinson JRC, Thomas EL, Guy GW, Bell JD, Nunn AVW. Cannabidiol Modulates Mitochondrial Redox and Dynamics in MCF7 Cancer Cells: A Study Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy of NAD(P)H. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630107. [PMID: 34046425 PMCID: PMC8144465 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), is part of the plant's natural defense system that when given to animals has many useful medicinal properties, including activity against cancer cells, modulation of the immune system, and efficacy in epilepsy. Although there is no consensus on its precise mode of action as it affects many cellular targets, CBD does appear to influence mitochondrial function. This would suggest that there is a cross-kingdom ability to modulate stress resistance systems that enhance homeostasis. As NAD(P)H autofluorescence can be used as both a metabolic sensor and mitochondrial imaging modality, we assessed the potential of this technique to study the in vitro effects of CBD using 2-photon excitation and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) of NAD(P)H against more traditional markers of mitochondrial morphology and cellular stress in MCF7 breast cancer cells. 2P-FLIM analysis revealed that the addition of CBD induced a dose-dependent decrease in bound NAD(P)H, with 20 µM treatments significantly decreased the contribution of bound NAD(P)H by 14.6% relative to the control (p < 0.001). CBD also increased mitochondrial concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (160 ± 53 vs. 97.6 ± 4.8%, 20 µM CBD vs. control, respectively, p < 0.001) and Ca2+ (187 ± 78 vs. 105 ± 10%, 20 µM CBD vs. the control, respectively, p < 0.001); this was associated with a significantly decreased mitochondrial branch length and increased fission. These are all suggestive of mitochondrial stress. Our results support the use of NAD(P)H autofluorescence as an investigative tool and provide further evidence that CBD can modulate mitochondrial function and morphology in a dose-dependent manner, with clear evidence of it inducing oxidative stress at higher concentrations. This continues to support emerging data in the literature and may provide further insight into its overall mode of action, not only in cancer, but potentially its function in the plant and why it can act as a medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Richard Mould
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UKRI, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James R. C. Parkinson
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Satoh J, Kimata S, Nakamoto S, Ishii T, Tanaka E, Yumoto S, Takeda K, Yoshimura E, Kanesaki Y, Ishige T, Tanaka K, Abe A, Kawasaki S, Niimura Y. Free flavins accelerate release of ferrous iron from iron storage proteins by both free flavin-dependent and -independent ferric reductases in Escherichia coli. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2020; 65:308-315. [PMID: 31281172 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase (Fpr) and oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase (NfnB) are purified from Escherichia coli JM109 (E. coli JM109) as a predominant free flavin-independent ferric reductase. In the present study, we prepared natural iron storage proteins, E. coli ferritin A (FtnA) and bacterioferritin (Bfr), to show the effective ferrous iron release from these proteins by Fpr and NfnB in the presence of free flavins. Fpr and NfnB showed flavin reductase activity for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and riboflavin, and their ferrous iron release activities were positively associated with the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for individual flavins. The ferrous iron release activity of E. coli cell-free extracts was affected by flavin reductase activity of the extracts. The Butyl TOYOPEARL column chromatography of the extracts, on the basis of NAD(P)H-dependent flavin reductase activity, resulted in the separation of six active fractions containing Fpr, NfnB, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (QOR), flavin reductase (Fre) or alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F (AhpF) as major components. Like Fpr and NfnB, recombinant QOR, Fre, and AhpF showed flavin reductase activity and ferrous iron release activity in the presence of free flavins, indicating an association of flavin reductase activity with ferrous iron releasing activity. Taken together, both free flavin-dependent and free flavin-independent ferric reductases in E. coli require free flavins to mediate an electron transfer from NAD(P)H to ferric iron in the iron storage proteins for the effective ferrous iron release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Satoh
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Shinya Kimata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Shota Nakamoto
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Tatsuya Ishii
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Eisuke Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Sayuri Yumoto
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Kouji Takeda
- Education course, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | | | - Yu Kanesaki
- Nodai Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Nodai Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Nodai Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Akira Abe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University
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