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Gan N, Zeng W, Han Y, Chen Q, Jiang Y. Structural mechanism of proton conduction in otopetrin proton channel. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7250. [PMID: 39179582 PMCID: PMC11343839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The otopetrin (OTOP) proteins were recently characterized as extracellular proton-activated proton channels. Several recent OTOP channel structures demonstrated that the channels form a dimer with each subunit adopting a double-barrel architecture. However, the structural mechanisms underlying some basic functional properties of the OTOP channels remain unresolved, including extracellular pH activation, proton conducting pathway, and rapid desensitization. In this study, we performed structural and functional characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans OTOP8 (CeOTOP8) and mouse OTOP2 (mOTOP2) and illuminated a set of conformational changes related to the proton-conducting process in OTOP. The structures of CeOTOP8 reveal the conformational change at the N-terminal part of TM12 that renders the channel in a transiently proton-transferring state, elucidating an inter-barrel, Glu/His-bridged proton passage within each subunit. The structures of mOTOP2 reveal the conformational change at the N-terminal part of TM6 that exposes the central glutamate to the extracellular solution for protonation. In addition, the structural comparison between CeOTOP8 and mOTOP2, along with the structure-based mutagenesis, demonstrates that an inter-subunit movement at the OTOP channel dimer interface plays a central role in regulating channel activity. Combining the structural information from both channels, we propose a working model describing the multi-step conformational changes during the proton conducting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghai Gan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weizhong Zeng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youxing Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Dobbs Spendlove M, M. Gibson T, McCain S, Stone BC, Gill T, Pickett BE. Pathway2Targets: an open-source pathway-based approach to repurpose therapeutic drugs and prioritize human targets. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16088. [PMID: 37790614 PMCID: PMC10544355 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent efforts to repurpose existing drugs to different indications have been accompanied by a number of computational methods, which incorporate protein-protein interaction networks and signaling pathways, to aid with prioritizing existing targets and/or drugs. However, many of these existing methods are focused on integrating additional data that are only available for a small subset of diseases or conditions. Methods We have designed and implemented a new R-based open-source target prioritization and repurposing method that integrates both canonical intracellular signaling information from five public pathway databases and target information from public sources including OpenTargets.org. The Pathway2Targets algorithm takes a list of significant pathways as input, then retrieves and integrates public data for all targets within those pathways for a given condition. It also incorporates a weighting scheme that is customizable by the user to support a variety of use cases including target prioritization, drug repurposing, and identifying novel targets that are biologically relevant for a different indication. Results As a proof of concept, we applied this algorithm to a public colorectal cancer RNA-sequencing dataset with 144 case and control samples. Our analysis identified 430 targets and ~700 unique drugs based on differential gene expression and signaling pathway enrichment. We found that our highest-ranked predicted targets were significantly enriched in targets with FDA-approved therapeutics for colorectal cancer (p-value < 0.025) that included EGFR, VEGFA, and PTGS2. Interestingly, there was no statistically significant enrichment of targets for other cancers in this same list suggesting high specificity of the results. We also adjusted the weighting scheme to prioritize more novel targets for CRC. This second analysis revealed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK14 and MAPK3). These observations suggest that our open-source method with a customizable weighting scheme can accurately prioritize targets that are specific and relevant to the disease or condition of interest, as well as targets that are at earlier stages of development. We anticipate that this method will complement other approaches to repurpose drugs for a variety of indications, which can contribute to the improvement of the quality of life and overall health of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauri Dobbs Spendlove
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Trenton M. Gibson
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Shaney McCain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Stone
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | | | - Brett E. Pickett
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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Li H, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Hong F, Wang H, Cui A, Zhao J, Ji W, Chen YG. Cross-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals divergence of cell composition and functions in mammalian ileum epithelium. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35511361 PMCID: PMC9072607 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimal models are widely used for biomedical studies and drug evaluation. The small intestine plays key roles in nutrient absorption, hormone secretion, microbiota defense and drug absorption and metabolism. Although the intestinal structure of mammals is conserved, the differences on epithelial cell composition, functional assignments and drug absorption among mammals are largely unknown. Here, cross-species analysis of single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the ileum epithelium from mouse, rat, pig, macaque and human reveals the conserved and differential cell types and functions among species, identifies a new CA7+ cell type in pig, macaque and human ileum, uncovers the distinct expression pattern in enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells and Paneth cells, and defines the conserved and species-specific intestinal stem cell signature genes. The examination of drug absorption across species suggests that drug metabolism in mouse ileum is closer to human while drug transport in macaque ileum is more similar to human. Together, our data provide the comprehensive information about cell composition and functional assignments in five species, and offer the valuable guidance for animal model selection and drug testing.
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Yang BY, Sakharkar MK. Alterations in Gene Pair Correlations as Potential Diagnostic Markers for Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012463. [PMID: 36293321 PMCID: PMC9604343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death from cancer in Canada. Early detection of CRC remains crucial in managing disease prognosis and improving patient survival. It can also facilitate prevention, screening, and treatment before the disease progresses to a chronic stage. In this study, we developed a strategy for identifying colon cancer biomarkers from both gene expression and gene pair correlation. Using the RNA-Seq dataset TCGA-COAD, a panel of 71 genes, including the 20 most upregulated genes, 20 most downregulated genes and 31 genes involved in the most significantly altered gene pairs, were selected as potential biomarkers for colon cancer. This signature set of genes could be used for early diagnosis. Furthermore, this strategy could be applied to other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Yang Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Nomiri S, Hoshyar R, Chamani E, Rezaei Z, Salmani F, Larki P, Tavakoli T, Gholipour F, Tabrizi NJ, Derakhshani A, Santarpia M, Franchina T, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Safarpour H. Prediction and validation of GUCA2B as the hub-gene in colorectal cancer based on co-expression network analysis: In-silico and in-vivo study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112691. [PMID: 35151227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several serious attempts to treat colorectal cancer have been made in recent decades. However, no effective treatment has yet been discovered due to the complexities of its etiology. METHODS we used Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key modules, hub-genes, and mRNA-miRNA regulatory networks associated with CRC. Next, enrichment analysis of modules has been performed using Cluepedia. Next, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the expression of selected hub-genes in CRC tissues. RESULTS Based on the WGCNA results, the brown module had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.98, p-value=9e-07) with CRC. Using the survival and DEGs analyses, 22 genes were identified as hub-genes. Next, three candidate hub-genes were selected for RT-qPCR validation, and 22 pairs of cancerous and non-cancerous tissues were collected from CRC patients referred to the Gastroenterology and Liver Clinic. The RT-qPCR results revealed that the expression of GUCA2B was significantly reduced in CRC tissues, which is consistent with the results of differential expression analysis. Finally, top miRNAs correlated with GUCA2B were identified, and ROC analyses revealed that GUCA2B has a high diagnostic performance for CRC. CONCLUSIONS The current study discovered key modules and GUCA2B as a hub-gene associated with CRC, providing references to understand the pathogenesis and be considered a novel candidate to CRC target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Nomiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Elham Chamani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Balouchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Pegah Larki
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmine Tavakoli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Faranak Gholipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Jalili Tabrizi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Teng B, Kaplan JP, Liang Z, Krieger Z, Tu YH, Burendei B, Ward AB, Liman ER. Structural motifs for subtype-specific pH-sensitive gating of vertebrate otopetrin proton channels. eLife 2022; 11:77946. [PMID: 35920807 PMCID: PMC9348849 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Otopetrin (OTOP) channels are proton-selective ion channels conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates, with no structural similarity to other ion channels. There are three vertebrate OTOP channels (OTOP1, OTOP2, and OTOP3), of which one (OTOP1) functions as a sour taste receptor. Whether extracellular protons gate OTOP channels, in addition to permeating them, was not known. Here, we compare the functional properties of the three murine OTOP channels using patch-clamp recording and cytosolic pH microfluorimetry. We find that OTOP1 and OTOP3 are both steeply activated by extracellular protons, with thresholds of pHo <6.0 and 5.5, respectively, and kinetics that are pH-dependent. In contrast, OTOP2 channels are broadly active over a large pH range (pH 5 pH 10) and carry outward currents in response to extracellular alkalinization (>pH 9.0). Strikingly, we could change the pH-sensitive gating of OTOP2 and OTOP3 channels by swapping extracellular linkers that connect transmembrane domains. Swaps of extracellular linkers in the N domain, comprising transmembrane domains 1-6, tended to change the relative conductance at alkaline pH of chimeric channels, while swaps within the C domain, containing transmembrane domains 7-12, tended to change the rates of OTOP3 current activation. We conclude that members of the OTOP channel family are proton-gated (acid-sensitive) proton channels and that the gating apparatus is distributed across multiple extracellular regions within both the N and C domains of the channels. In addition to the taste system, OTOP channels are expressed in the vertebrate vestibular and digestive systems. The distinct gating properties we describe may allow them to subserve varying cell-type specific functions in these and other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Teng
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States,Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Joshua P Kaplan
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States,Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ziyu Liang
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States,Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Zachary Krieger
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yu-Hsiang Tu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Batuujin Burendei
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Emily R Liman
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States,Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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Weinhouse C. The roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in cellular defense system responses to redox-active pollutants. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:85-108. [PMID: 33789123 PMCID: PMC8382302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to wide range of redox-active environmental pollutants. Air pollution, heavy metals, pesticides, and endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt cellular redox status. Redox-active pollutants in our environment all trigger their own sets of specific cellular responses, but they also activate a common set of general stress responses that buffer the cell against homeostatic insults. These cellular defense system (CDS) pathways include the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, the hypoxia response, the unfolded protein response, the DNA damage response, and the general stress response mediated by the stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Over the past two decades, the field of environmental epigenetics has investigated epigenetic responses to environmental pollutants, including redox-active pollutants. Studies of these responses highlight the role of chromatin modifications in controlling the transcriptional response to pollutants and the role of transcriptional memory, often referred to as "epigenetic reprogramming", in predisposing previously exposed individuals to more potent transcriptional responses on secondary challenge. My central thesis in this review is that high dose or chronic exposure to redox-active pollutants leads to transcriptional memories at CDS target genes that influence the cell's ability to mount protective responses. To support this thesis, I will: (1) summarize the known chromatin features required for inducible gene activation; (2) review the known forms of transcriptional memory; (3) discuss the roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in CDS responses that are activated by redox-active environmental pollutants; and (4) propose a conceptual framework for CDS pathway responsiveness as a readout of total cellular exposure to redox-active pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Weinhouse
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97214, USA.
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Mukund K, Syulyukina N, Ramamoorthy S, Subramaniam S. Right and left-sided colon cancers - specificity of molecular mechanisms in tumorigenesis and progression. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:317. [PMID: 32293332 PMCID: PMC7161305 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the differences in embryonic origin, vascular and nervous supplies, microbiotic burden, and main physiological functions of left and right colons, tumor location is increasingly suggested to dictate tumor behavior affecting pathology, progression and prognosis. Right-sided colon cancers arise in the cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure and/or transverse colon, while left-sided colon cancers arise in the splenic flexure, descending, and/or sigmoid colon. In contrast to prior reports, we attempt to delineate programs of tumorigenesis independently for each side. Methods Four hundred and eleven samples were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas-COAD cohort, based on a conservative sample inclusion criterion. Each side was independently analyzed with respect to their respective normal tissue, at the level of transcription, post-transcription, miRNA control and methylation in both a stage specific and stage-agnostic manner. Results Our results indicate a suppression of enzymes involved in various stages of carcinogen breakdown including CYP2C8, CYP4F12, GSTA1, and UGT1A within right colon tumors. This implies its reduced capacity to detoxify carcinogens, contributing to a genotoxic tumor environment, and subsequently a more aggressive phenotype. Additionally, we highlight a crucial nexus between calcium homeostasis (sensing, mobilization and absorption) and immune/GPCR signaling within left-sided tumors, possibly contributing to its reduced proliferative and metastatic potential. Interestingly, two genes SLC6A4 and HOXB13 show opposing regulatory trends within right and left tumors. Post-transcriptional regulation mediated by both RNA-binding proteins (e.g. NKRF (in left) and MSI2 (in right)) and miRNAs (e.g. miR-29a (in left); miR-155, miR181-d, miR-576 and miR23a (in right)) appear to exhibit side-specificity in control of their target transcripts and is pronounced in right colon tumors. Additionally, methylation results depict location-specific differences, with increased hypomethylation in open seas within left tumors, and increased hypermethylation of CpG islands within right tumors. Conclusions Differences in molecular mechanisms captured here highlight distinctions in tumorigenesis and progression between left and right colon tumors, which will serve as the basis for future studies, influencing the efficacies of existing and future diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Syulyukina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Ramamoorthy
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Hu Y, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zheng J, Guo Y, Ma J. Characterization of chromosome organization in the differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells by all-trans retinoic acid. Life Sci 2020; 249:117479. [PMID: 32119959 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A concomitant change of nucleus shape and chromosome conformation often happens in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. However, the relation between the 3D chromosome architecture and the genome-wide epigenetic pattern for transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. In this study, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) were employed to investigate the landscape of chromosome distal interaction and H3K4/27me3 in HL-60 cells treated with ATRA. We observed a general loss of topological associated domains (TADs) at PTPN11 during the differentiation of HL-60 cells. Furthermore, the significantly reduced enrichment of CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) near the boundary where PTPN11 located, as well as the decreased H3K4me3 and increased H3K27me3 enrichment at PTPN11 upon ATRA treatment was observed. Taken together, our study indicated a regulatory mechanism behind the silenced PTPN11 in HL-60 cells differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China
| | - Hongchao Zhao
- Department of gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China
| | - Yixun Zhao
- Endoscopic Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China
| | - Jiawen Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China
| | - Yongjun Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, PR China.
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