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Kraack JP, Motzkus M, Buckup T. Excited State Vibrational Spectra of All- trans Retinal Derivatives in Solution Revealed By Pump-DFWM Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:12271-12281. [PMID: 30507189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast structural changes during the photoinduced isomerization of the retinal-protonated Schiff base (RPSB) is still a poorly understood aspect in the retinal's photochemistry. In this work, we apply pump-degenerate four-wave mixing (pump-DFWM) to all- trans retinal (ATR) and retinal Schiff bases (RSB) to resolve coherent high- and low-frequency vibrational signatures from excited electronic states. We show that the vibrational spectra of excited singlet states in these samples exhibit pronounced differences compared to the relaxed ground state. Pump-DFWM results indicate three major features for ATR and RSB. (i) Excited state vibrational spectra of ATR and RSB consist predominately of low-frequency modes in the energetic range 100-500 cm-1. (ii) Excited state vibrational spectra show distinct differences for excitation in specific regions of electronic transitions of excited state absorption and emission. (iii) Low-frequency modes in ATR and RSB are inducible during the entire lifetime of the excited electronic states. This latter effect points to a transient molecular structure that, following initial relaxation between different excited electronic states, does not change anymore over the lifetime of the finally populated excited electronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Kraack
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg , D-69210 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg , D-69210 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg , D-69210 Heidelberg , Germany
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2
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Vogler A. Fluorescence of retinoic acid in the presence of metal salts. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Kliger DS, Lewis JW. Spectral and Kinetic Characterization of Visual Pigment Photointermediates. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Yuzawa T, Hamaguchi HO. Triplet quantum chain process in the photoisomerization of 9-cis retinal as revealed by nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Wilbrandt R, Jensen NH. Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy: Excited Triplet States of Biological Polyenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19810850615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Alshuth T, Stockburger M. Structural Changes in the Retinal Chromophore of Bacteriorhodopsin Studied by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19810850606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Maiti TK, Engelhard M, Sheves M. Retinal-protein interactions in halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis: binding and retinal thermal isomerization catalysis. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:472-84. [PMID: 19766652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) is a member of the retinal protein group and serves as a light-driven chloride pump in which chloride ions are transported through the membrane following light absorption by the retinal chromophore. In this study, we examined two main issues: (1) factors controlling the binding of the retinal chromophore to the NpHR opsin and (2) the ability of the NpHR opsin to catalyze the thermal isomerization of retinal isomers. We have revealed that the reconstitution process of pharaonis HR (NpHR) pigment from its apoprotein and all-trans retinal depends on the pH, and the process has a pK(a) of 5.8+/-0.1. It was proposed that this pK(a) is associated with the pK(a) of the lysine residue that binds the retinal chromophore (Lys256). The pigment formation is regulated by the concentration of sodium chloride, and the maximum yield was observed at 3.7 M NaCl. The low yield of pigment in a lower concentration of NaCl (<3 M) may be due to an altered conformation adopted by the apomembrane, which is not capable of forming the pigment. Unexpectedly and unlike the apomembrane of bacteriorhodopsin, NpHR opsin produces pigments with 11-cis retinal and 9-cis retinal owing to the thermal isomerization of these retinal isomers to all-trans retinal. The isomerization rate depends on the pH, and it is faster at a higher pH. The pK(a) value of the isomerization process is similar to the pK(a) of the binding process of these retinals, which suggests that Lys256 is also involved in the isomerization process. The isomerization is independent of the sodium chloride concentration. However, in the absence of sodium chloride, the apoprotein adopts such a conformation, which does not prevent the isomerization of retinal, but it prevents a covalent bond formation with the lysine residue. The rate and the thermodynamic parameter analysis of the retinal isomerization by NpHR apoprotein led to the conclusion that the apomembrane catalyzes the isomerization via a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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8
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Baasov T, Sheves M. Alteration of pKa of the bacteriorhodopsin protonated Schiff base. A study with model compounds. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00366a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Hildebrandt P, Stockburger M. Role of water in bacteriorhodopsin's chromophore: resonance Raman study. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00318a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Wada A, Fujioka N, Imai H, Shichida Y, Ito M. Stereoselective synthesis of 11Z-9-demethyl-9-benzyl- and 9-phenyl-retinals and their interaction with bovine opsin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:423-6. [PMID: 9871591 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
11Z-9-Demethyl-9-benzyl- and 9-phenyl-retinals were synthesized stereoselectively from the beta-ionone analog-tricarbonyliron complexes and their interaction with bovine opsin was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wada
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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11
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Merchán M, González-Luque R. Ab initiostudy on the low-lying excited states of retinal. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Katsuta Y, Sakai M, Ito M. Retinoids and related compounds. Part 15. Synthesis and spectral characterization of bicyclic retinals involving the 8–18 or 8–16 bonded structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p19930002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Ganapathy S, Liu RSH. PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF SIXTEEN ISOMERS OF RETINAL. INITIAL PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN DIRECT AND SENSITIZED IRRADIATION. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYENES 31. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Werner O, Fischer B, Lewis A. Strong self-defocusing effect and four-wave mixing in bacteriorhodopsin films. OPTICS LETTERS 1992; 17:241-243. [PMID: 19784288 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We find strong self-defocusing in bacteriorhodopsin films in the near IR with powers in the tens of milliwatts. The defocused beam acquires a ring pattern because of spatial self-phase modulation. We also demonstrate efficient four-wave mixing with phase-conjugate reflectivities of 26%. We discuss the origin of this high nonlinearity.
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15
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Steinberg G, Friedman N, SHEVES M, Ottlenghi M. ISOMER COMPOSITION and SPECTRA OF THE DARK and LIGHT ADAPTED FORMS OF ARTIFICIAL BACTERIORHODOPSINS. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sharonov AY, Tkachenko NV, Savransky VV, Dioumaev AK. TIME-RESOLVED ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION CHANGES IN THE PHOTOCYCLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Buma WJ, Kohler BE, Song K. Lowest energy excited singlet states of isomers of alkyl substituted hexatrienes. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
The 521-pigment in the retina of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko) readily responds to particular physical and chemical changes in its environment. When solubilized in chloride deficient state the addition of Class I anions (Cl-, Br-) induces a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectrum. Class II anions (NO3-, IO3-, N3-, OCN-, SCN-, SeCN-, N(CN)2-), which exhibit ambidental properties, cause an hypsochromic shift. Class III anions (F-, I-, NO2-, CN-, AsO3-, SO2(4-), S2O2(3-) have no spectral effect on the 521-pigment. Cations appear to have no influence on the pigment absorption and Class I anions prevent or reverse the hypsochromic shift caused by Class II anions. It is suggested that the spectral displacements reflect specific changes in the opsin conformation, which alter the immediate (dipolar) environment of the retinal chromophore. The protein conformation seems to promote excited-state processes most in the native 521-pigment state and least in the presence of Class II anions. This in turn suggests that the photosensitivity of the 521-pigment is controlled by the excited rather than by the ground-state properties of the pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crescitelli
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Rivière ME, Arrio B, Pansu R, Faure J. Influence of the surface potential on the purple membrane structure and activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 284:1-8. [PMID: 1989488 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90253-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of the divalent cations in the purple membrane is generally understood as the release mechanism of the blue form appearance. The reconstitution by cation addition leads to the recovery of the initial spectral properties. Numerous data are available in the literature on this matter but they are scattered, so that synthetic understanding is not easy. The role of divalent cations was studied through spectrophotometric titrations and electrophoretic mobility measurements, i.e., zeta potential valuations. Thus, correlations between the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) state and the whole membrane in equilibrium with a definite medium could be made. Deionization was not a fully reversible process. The absence of cations affect neither the rate of the M412 formation nor its lifetime but the yield of M412/bR was 50% lower. The number of protons involved in the blue to purple transition of both membranes was different and the reconstitution did not erase this difference. It was observed that the number of protons dissociated upon cation addition corresponded approximately to the number of positive charges removed by deionization. Electrophoretic mobility titrations showed large differences between the membranes, illustrating the influence of the surface charge density on the pK of the transition. Taking advantage of the reversible light adaptation process, the reciprocal influence of the charge density of the membrane surface and the retinal state in bR was shown. Specificity of the divalent cations was questioned by a direct substitution of them by imidazol, which left the membrane intact. The partial reversibility of the deionization, the decrease of the M412 yield, the differences in the titratable protons, and the nonstrict specificity toward divalent cations suggested that another unknown factor could be removed from the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rivière
- C.N.R.S. URA 1116, Bioénergétique Membranaire, Bât. 433, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shichida
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Smith SO, Palings I, Miley ME, Courtin J, de Groot H, Lugtenburg J, Mathies RA, Griffin RG. Solid-state NMR studies of the mechanism of the opsin shift in the visual pigment rhodopsin. Biochemistry 1990; 29:8158-64. [PMID: 2261469 DOI: 10.1021/bi00487a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state 13C NMR spectra have been obtained of bovine rhodopsin and isorhodopsin regenerated with retinal selectively 13C labeled along the polyene chain. In rhodopsin, the chemical shifts for 13C-5, 13C-6, 13C-7, 13C-14, and 13C-15 correspond closely to the chemical shifts observed in the 11-cis protonated Schiff base (PSB) model compound. Differences in chemical shift relative to the 11-cis PSB chloride salt are observed for positions 8 through 13, with the largest deshielding (6.2 ppm) localized at position 13. The localized deshielding at C-13 supports previous models of the opsin shift in rhodopsin that place a protein perturbation in the vicinity of position 13. Spectra obtained of isorhodopsin regenerated with 13C-labeled 9-cis-retinals reveal large perturbations at 13C-7 and 13C-13. The similar deshielding of the 13C-13 resonance in both pigments supports the presence of a protein perturbation near position 13. However, the chemical shifts at positions 7 and 12 in isorhodopsin are not analogous to those observed in rhodopsin and suggest that the binding site interactions near these positions are different for the two pigments. The implications of these results for the mechanism of the opsin shift in these proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Smith
- Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Ottolenghi M, Sheves M. Synthetic retinals as probes for the binding site and photoreactions in rhodopsins. J Membr Biol 1989; 112:193-212. [PMID: 2693733 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ottolenghi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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26
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Rasing T, Huang J, Lewis A, Stehlin T, Shen YR. In situ determination of induced dipole moments of pure and membrane-bound retinal chromophores. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 40:1684-1687. [PMID: 9902314 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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27
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Bagley KA, Eisenstein L, Ebrey TG, Tsuda M. A comparative study of the infrared difference spectra for octopus and bovine rhodopsins and their bathorhodopsin photointermediates. Biochemistry 1989; 28:3366-73. [PMID: 2742842 DOI: 10.1021/bi00434a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared difference spectroscopy has been used to detect the vibrational modes in the chromophore and protein that change in position and intensity between octopus rhodopsin and its photoproducts formed at low temperature (85 K), bathorhodopsin and isorhodopsin. The infrared difference spectra between octopus rhodopsin and octopus bathorhodopsin, octopus bathorhodopsin and octopus isorhodopsin, and octopus isorhodopsin and octopus rhodopsin are compared to analogous difference spectra for the well-studied bovine pigments, in order to understand the similarities in pigment structure and photochemical processes between the vertebrate and invertebrate systems. The structure-sensitive fingerprint region of the infrared spectra for octopus bathorhodopsin shows strong similarities to spectra of both all-trans-retinal and bovine bathorhodopsin, thus confirming chemical extraction data that suggest that octopus bathorhodopsin contains an all-trans-retinal chromophore. In contrast, we find dramatic differences in the hydrogen out-of-plane modes of the two bathorhodopsins, and in the fingerprint lines of the rhodopsins and isorhodopsins for the two pigments. These observations suggest that while the primary effect of light in the octopus rhodopsin system, as in the bovine rhodopsin system, is 11-cis/11-trans isomerization, the protein-chromophore interactions for the two systems are quite different. Finally, striking similarities and differences in infrared lines attributable to changes in amino acid residues in the opsin are found between the two pigment systems. They suggest that no carboxylic acid or tyrosine residues are affected in the initial changes of light-energy transduction in octopus rhodopsin. Comparing the amino acid sequences for octopus and bovine pigments also allows us to suggest that the carboxylic acid residues altered in the bovine transitions are Glu-122 and/or Glu-134.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bagley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801
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Poirier RA, Yadav A. An ab initio study of the conformational change around the 6-s-bond in a retinal analogue. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Becker RS. The visual process: photophysics and photoisomerization of model visual pigments and the primary reaction. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 48:369-99. [PMID: 3065800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Grossjean MF, Tavan P. Wavelength regulation in bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin: A Pariser–Parr–Pople multireference double excitation configuration interaction study of retinal dyes. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Deval P, Singh A. Photoisomerization of all-trans-retinal in organic solvents and organized media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(88)80076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Ikegami A, Kouyama T, Urabe H, Kinosita K. Spectroscopic analysis of the structure of bacteriorhodopsin. Subcell Biochem 1988; 13:241-57. [PMID: 2577856 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9359-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Maurer R, Vogel J, Schneider S. ANALYSIS OF FLASH PHOTOLYSIS DATA BY A GLOBAL FIT WITH MULTI-EXPONENTIALS–II. DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENT NATURAL RATE CONSTANTS and THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF THE TRANSIENT SPECIES IN THE BACTERIORHODOPSIN PHOTOCYCLE FROM MEASUREMENTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Photochem Photobiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Maurer R, Vogel J, Schneider S. ANALYSIS OF FLASH PHOTOLYSIS DATA BY A GLOBAL FIT WITH MULTI-EXPONENTIALS–I. DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMAL NUMBER OF INTERMEDIATES IN THE PHOTOCYCLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN BY THE ‘STABILITY CRITERION’. Photochem Photobiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Hiraki K, Hamanaka T, Yoshihara K, Kito Y. Bacteriorhodopsin analogues regenerated with enantiomers of 5,6-epoxyretinal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dollinger G, Eisenstein L, Lin SL, Nakanishi K, Termini J. Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin and its photoproducts regenerated with deuterated tyrosine. Biochemistry 1986; 25:6524-33. [PMID: 3790539 DOI: 10.1021/bi00369a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy has been used to detect the vibrational modes due to tyrosine residues in the protein that change in position or intensity between light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (LA) and other species, namely, the K and M intermediates and dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (DA). To aid in the identification of the bands that change in these various species, the FTIR spectra of the free amino acids Tyr-d0, Tyr-d2 (2H at positions ortho to OH), and Tyr-d4 (2H at positions ortho and meta to OH) were measured in H2O and D2O at low and high pH. The characteristic frequencies of the Tyr species obtained in this manner were then used to identify the changes in protonation state of the tyrosine residues in the various bacteriorhodopsin species. The two diagnostically most useful bands were the approximately 1480-cm-1 band of Tyr(OH)-d2 and the approximately 1277-cm-1 band of Tyr(O-)-d0. Mainly by observing the appearance or disappearance of these bands in the difference spectra of pigments incorporating the tyrosine isotopes, it was possible to identify the following: in LA, one tyrosine and one tyrosinate; in the K intermediate, two tyrosines; in the M intermediate, one tyrosine and one tyrosinate; and in DA, two tyrosines. Since these residues were observed in the difference spectra K/LA, M/LA, and DA/LA, they represent the tyrosine or tyrosinate groups that most likely undergo changes in protonation state due to the conversions. These changes are most likely linked to the proton translocation process of bacteriorhodopsin.
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Oriented purple-membrane films as a probe for studies of the mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin functioning. I. The vectorial character of the external electric-field effect on the dark state and the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Myers AB, Trulson MO, Pardoen JA, Heeremans C, Lugtenburg J, Mathies RA. Absolute resonance Raman intensities demonstrate that the spectral broadening induced by the β‐ionone ring in retinal is homogeneous. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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Gelles J, Blair DF, Chan SI. The proton-pumping site of cytochrome c oxidase: a model of its structure and mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 853:205-36. [PMID: 3040090 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(87)90002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase is an electron-transfer driven proton pump. In this paper, we propose a complete chemical mechanism for the enzyme's proton-pumping site. The mechanism achieves pumping with chemical reaction steps localized at a redox center within the enzyme; no indirect coupling through protein conformational changes is required. The proposed mechanism is based on a novel redox-linked transition metal ligand substitution reaction. The use of this reaction leads in a straightforward manner to explicit mechanisms for achieving all of the processes previously determined (Blair, D.F., Gelles, J. and Chan, S.I. (1986) Biophys. J. 50, 713-733) to be needed to accomplish redox-linked proton pumping. These processes include: (1) modulation of the energetics of protonation/deprotonation reactions and modulation of the energetics of redox reactions by the structural state of the pumping site; (2) control of the rates of the pump's redox reactions with its electron-transfer partners during the turnover cycle (gating of electrons); and (3) regulation of the rates of the protonation/deprotonation reactions between the pumping site and the aqueous phases on the two sides of the membrane during the reaction cycle (gating of protons). The model is the first proposed for the cytochrome oxidase proton pump which is mechanistically complete and sufficiently specific that a realistic assessment can be made of how well the model pump would function as a redox-linked free-energy transducer. This assessment is accomplished via analyses of the thermodynamic properties and steady-state kinetics expected of the model. These analyses demonstrate that the model would function as an efficient pump and that its behavior would be very similar to that observed of cytochrome oxidase both in the mitochondrion and in purified preparations. The analysis presented here leads to the following important general conclusions regarding the mechanistic features of the oxidase proton pump. (1) A workable proton-pump mechanism does not require large protein conformational changes. (2) A redox-linked proton pump need not display a pH-dependent midpoint potential, as has frequently been assumed. (3) Mechanisms for redox-linked proton pumps that involve transition metal ligand exchange reactions are quite attractive because such reactions readily lend themselves to the linked gating processes necessary for proton pumping.
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Alshutn T, Stockburger M. TIME-RESOLVED RESONANCE RAMAN STUDIES ON THE PHOTOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN. Photochem Photobiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bagley KA, Balogh-Nair V, Croteau AA, Dollinger G, Ebrey TG, Eisenstein L, Hong MK, Nakanishi K, Vittitow J. Fourier-transform infrared difference spectroscopy of rhodopsin and its photoproducts at low temperature. Biochemistry 1985; 24:6055-71. [PMID: 4084506 DOI: 10.1021/bi00343a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared difference spectroscopy has been used to detect the vibrational modes in the chromophore and protein that change in position or intensity between rhodopsin and the photoproducts formed at low temperature (70 K), bathorhodopsin and isorhodopsin. A method has been developed to obtain infrared difference spectra between rhodopsin and bathorhodopsin, bathorhodopsin and isorhodopsin, and rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. To aid in the identification of the vibrational modes, we performed experiments on deuterated and hydrated films of native rod outer segments and rod outer segments regenerated with either retinal containing 13C at carbon 15 or 15-deuterioretinal. Our infrared measurements provide independent verification of the resonance Raman result that the retinal in bathorhodopsin is distorted all-trans. The positions of the C = N stretch in the deuterated pigment and the deuterated pigments regenerated with 11-cis-15-deuterioretinal or 11-cis-retinal containing 13C at carbon 15 are indicative that the Schiff-base linkage is protonated in rhodopsin, bathorhodopsin, and isorhodopsin. Furthermore, the C = N stretching frequency occurs at the same position in all three species. The data indicate that the protonated Schiff base has a C = N trans conformation in all three species. Finally, we present evidence that, even in these early stages of the rhodopsin photosequence, changes are occurring in the opsin and perhaps the associated lipids.
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Effect of pH on the stoichiometry of light-induced proton release and uptake from purple membrane suspensions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Time-resolved resonance Raman spectra of the lowest excited triplet state of all-trans-2,4,6-octatriene, alloocimene and neo-alloocimene. Chem Phys Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(85)85338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kakitani H, Kakitani T, Rodman H, Honig B. On the mechanism of wavelength regulation in visual pigments. Photochem Photobiol 1985; 41:471-9. [PMID: 4011704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Deng H, Pande C, Callender RH, Ebrey TG. A detailed resonance Raman study of the M412 intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Photochem Photobiol 1985; 41:467-70. [PMID: 4011703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wilbrandt R, Jensen NH, Houée-Levin C. RESONANCE RAMAN and ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ISOMERIC RETINALS IN THEIR LOWEST EXCITED TRIPLET STATES. Photochem Photobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
We studied the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the kinetics of the photocycle of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium. The data were interpreted in terms of a unidirectional and unbranched model. We found that all of the distinct processes of the photocycle are retarded by pressure, with the earlier, fast processes showing less sensitivity to pressure than the later, slow processes. The qualitative similarity of these results with the effects of solvent viscosity on the photocycle kinetics suggests that the primary effects of pressure on the kinetics are via the intrinsic viscosity of the membrane and not via activation volumes. There is a strong quantitative correlation between the pressure effects and the solvent viscosity effects, further supporting this interpretation. We observed a monotonic decrease in the positive absorbance change signal at 640 nm near the end of the photocycle as the pressure is increased. This signal is usually ascribed to the O intermediate, and we interpreted our finding, along with evidence from other experiments, to mean that an ionizable group or groups, such as carboxylic acids, are undissociated and uncharged in O.
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Le Thanh H, Vocelle D. Interaction of phenylated carboxylic acids with a conjugated imine in a study of a model of rhodopsin. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)85548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bissonnette M, Vocelle D. Interactions of carboxylic acids with all-trans-retinylidene tert-butylamine. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)85549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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