1
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Opoku E, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV. Ab Initio Electron Propagators with an Hermitian, Intermediately Normalized Superoperator Metric Applied to Vertical Electron Affinities. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4730-4749. [PMID: 38814678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
New-generation ab initio electron propagator methods for calculating electron detachment energies of closed-shell molecules and anions have surpassed their predecessors' accuracy and computational efficiency. Derived from an Hermitian, intermediately normalized superoperator metric, these methods contain no adjustable parameters. To assess their versatility, a standard set (NIST-50-EA) of 50 vertical electron affinities of small closed-shell molecules based on NIST reference data has been created. Errors with respect to reference data on 23 large, conjugated organic photovoltaic (OPV23) molecules have also been analyzed. All final states are valence anions that correspond to electron affinities between 0.2 and 4.2 eV. For a given scaling of the arithmetic bottleneck, the new-generation methods obtain the lowest mean absolute errors (MAEs). The best methods with fifth-power arithmetic scaling realize MAEs below 0.1 eV. Composite models comprising cubically and quintically scaling calculations executed with large and small basis sets, respectively, produce OPV23 MAEs near 0.05 eV. The accuracy of quintically scaling methods executed with large basis sets is thereby procured with reduced computational effort. New-generation results obtained with and without the diagonal self-energy approximation in the canonical Hartree-Fock basis have been compared. These results indicate that Dyson orbitals closely resemble canonical Hartree-Fock orbitals multiplied by the square root of a probability factor above 0.85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Opoku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - J V Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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2
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Marie A, Loos PF. Reference Energies for Valence Ionizations and Satellite Transitions. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4751-4777. [PMID: 38776293 PMCID: PMC11171335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Upon ionization of an atom or a molecule, another electron (or more) can be simultaneously excited. These concurrently generated states are called "satellites" (or shakeup transitions) as they appear in ionization spectra as higher-energy peaks with weaker intensity and larger width than the main peaks associated with single-particle ionizations. Satellites, which correspond to electronically excited states of the cationic species, are notoriously challenging to model using conventional single-reference methods due to their high excitation degree compared to the neutral reference state. This work reports 42 satellite transition energies and 58 valence ionization potentials (IPs) of full configuration interaction quality computed in small molecular systems. Following the protocol developed for the quest database [Véril, M.; Scemama, A.; Caffarel, M.; Lipparini, F.; Boggio-Pasqua, M.; Jacquemin, D.; and Loos, P.-F. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], these reference energies are computed using the configuration interaction using a perturbative selection made iteratively (CIPSI) method. In addition, the accuracy of the well-known coupled-cluster (CC) hierarchy (CC2, CCSD, CC3, CCSDT, CC4, and CCSDTQ) is gauged against these new accurate references. The performances of various approximations based on many-body Green's functions (GW, GF2, and T-matrix) for IPs are also analyzed. Their limitations in correctly modeling satellite transitions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marie
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique
Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique
Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
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3
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Abraham V, Harsha G, Zgid D. Relativistic Fully Self-Consistent GW for Molecules: Total Energies and Ionization Potentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4579-4590. [PMID: 38778459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The fully self-consistent GW (scGW) method with an iterative solution of the Dyson equation provides a consistent approach for describing the ground and excited states without any dependence on the mean-field reference. In this work, we present a relativistic version of scGW for molecules containing heavy elements using the exact two-component (X2C) Coulomb approximation. We benchmark SOC-81 data set containing closed shell heavy elements for the first ionization potential using the fully self-consistent GW as well as one-shot GW. The self-consistent GW provides superior results compared to G0W0 with PBE reference and comparable results to G0W0 with PBE0 while also removing the starting point dependence. The photoelectron spectra obtained at the X2C level demonstrate very good agreement with the experimental spectra. We also observe that scGW provides very good estimation of ionization potential for the inner d-shell orbitals. Additionally, using the well-conserved total energy, we investigate the equilibrium bond length and harmonic frequencies of a few halogen dimers using scGW. Overall, our findings demonstrate the applicability of the fully self-consistent GW method for accurate ionization potential, photoelectron spectra, and total energies in finite systems with heavy elements with a reasonable computational scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibin Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Harsha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Dominika Zgid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Opoku E, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV. New-Generation Electron-Propagator Methods for Molecular Electron-Binding Energies. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1399-1416. [PMID: 38377355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A new generation of electron-propagator methods for the calculation of electron binding energies has surpassed its antecedents with respect to accuracy, efficiency, and interpretability. No adjustable parameters are introduced in these fully ab initio procedures. Numerical tests versus several databases of valence, vertical electron binding energies of closed-shell molecules and atoms have been performed. Easily interpreted self-energy approximations with cubic arithmetic scaling produce mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.2 and 0.3 eV for electron detachments and attachments, respectively. The most accurate explicitly renormalized methods with fifth-power arithmetic scaling yield MAEs below 0.1 eV for detachments and attachments. Approximate renormalization leads to more efficient fifth-power alternatives for electron detachments that achieve similar accuracy with fewer bottleneck operations. Composite protocols generate excellent predictions versus highly accurate basis-extrapolated standards and experiments. The validity of the diagonal self-energy approximation and the accuracy of the approximate renormalizations are confirmed. The success of these perturbative methods based on canonical Hartree-Fock orbitals rests on a Hermitized, intermediately normalized superoperator metric. The results of all of the new-generation calculations may be analyzed in terms of final-state orbital relaxation and differential correlation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Opoku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - J V Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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5
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Zhou J, Jia S, Xue X, Skitnevskaya AD, Wang E, Wang X, Hao X, Zeng Q, Kuleff AI, Dorn A, Ren X. Revealing the Role of N Heteroatoms in Noncovalent Aromatic Interactions by Ultrafast Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1529-1538. [PMID: 38299504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widely recognized importance of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings in many fields, our understanding of the underlying forces and structural patterns, especially the impact of heteroaromaticity, is still incomplete. Here, we investigate the relaxation processes that follow inner-valence ionization in a range of molecular dimers involving various combinations of benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine, which initiate an ultrafast intermolecular Coulombic decay process. Multiparticle coincidence momentum spectroscopy, combined with ab initio calculations, enables us to explore the principal orientations of these fundamental dimers and, thus, to elucidate the influence of N heteroatoms on the relative preference of the aromatic π-stacking, H-bonding, and CH-π interactions and their dependence on the number of nitrogen atoms in the rings. Our studies reveal a sensitive tool for the structural imaging of molecular complexes and provide a more complete understanding of the effects of N heteroatoms on the noncovalent aromatic interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaokui Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaorui Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Anna D Skitnevskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - Enliang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xintai Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qingrui Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Alexander I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Xueguang Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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6
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Villaseco Arribas E, Maitra NT, Agostini F. Nonadiabatic dynamics with classical trajectories: The problem of an initial coherent superposition of electronic states. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054102. [PMID: 38310471 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in coherent light sources and development of pump-probe techniques in recent decades have opened the way to study electronic motion in its natural time scale. When an ultrashort laser pulse interacts with a molecular target, a coherent superposition of electronic states is created and the triggered electron dynamics is coupled to the nuclear motion. A natural and computationally efficient choice to simulate this correlated dynamics is a trajectory-based method where the quantum-mechanical electronic evolution is coupled to a classical-like nuclear dynamics. These methods must approximate the initial correlated electron-nuclear state by associating an initial electronic wavefunction to each classical trajectory in the ensemble. Different possibilities exist that reproduce the initial populations of the exact molecular wavefunction when represented in a basis. We show that different choices yield different dynamics and explore the effect of this choice in Ehrenfest, surface hopping, and exact-factorization-based coupled-trajectory schemes in a one-dimensional two-electronic-state model system that can be solved numerically exactly. This work aims to clarify the problems that standard trajectory-based techniques might have when a coherent superposition of electronic states is created to initialize the dynamics, to discuss what properties and observables are affected by different choices of electronic initial conditions and to point out the importance of quantum-momentum-induced electronic transitions in coupled-trajectory schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristo Villaseco Arribas
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Federica Agostini
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, 91405 Orsay, France
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7
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Belles E, Rabilloud F, Kuleff AI, Despré V. Size Effect in Correlation-Driven Charge Migration in Correlation Bands of Alkyne Chains. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:163-169. [PMID: 38150589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Correlation-driven charge migration initiated by inner-valence ionization leading to the population of the correlation bands of alkyne chains containing between 4 and 12 carbon atoms is explored through ab initio simulations. Scaling laws are observed, both for the time scale of the charge migration and for the slope of the density of states of the correlation bands. These can be used for predicting the relaxation time scale in much larger systems from the same molecular family and for finding promising candidates for the development of an attochemistry scheme taking advantages of the specificity of the dynamics in the correlation bands of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguerran Belles
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Franck Rabilloud
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Alexander I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Victor Despré
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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8
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Opoku E, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV. A new generation of non-diagonal, renormalized self-energies for calculation of electron removal energies. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124109. [PMID: 38127383 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A new generation of diagonal self-energies for the calculation of electron removal energies of molecules and molecular ions that has superseded its predecessors with respect to accuracy, efficiency, and interpretability is extended to include non-diagonal self-energies that permit Dyson orbitals to be expressed as linear combinations of canonical Hartree-Fock orbitals. In addition, an improved algorithm for renormalized methods eliminates the convergence difficulties encountered in the first studies of the new, diagonal self-energies. A dataset of outer-valence, vertical ionization energies with almost full-configuration-interaction quality serves as a standard of comparison in numerical tests. The new non-diagonal, renormalized methods are slightly more accurate than their diagonal counterparts, with mean absolute errors between 0.10 and 0.06 eV for outer-valence final states. This advantage is procured at the cost of an increase in the scaling of arithmetic bottlenecks that accompany the inclusion of non-diagonal self-energy terms. The new, non-diagonal, renormalized self-energies are also more accurate and efficient than their non-diagonal predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Opoku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, USA
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, USA
| | - J V Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, USA
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9
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Jana S, Herbert JM. Fractional-Electron and Transition-Potential Methods for Core-to-Valence Excitation Energies Using Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:4100-4113. [PMID: 37312236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methods for computing X-ray absorption spectra based on a constrained core hole (possibly containing a fractional electron) are examined. These methods are based on Slater's transition concept and its generalizations, wherein core-to-valence excitation energies are determined using Kohn-Sham orbital energies. Methods examined here avoid promoting electrons beyond the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, facilitating robust convergence. Variants of these ideas are systematically tested, revealing a best-case accuracy of 0.3-0.4 eV (with respect to experiment) for K-edge transition energies. Absolute errors are much larger for higher-lying near-edge transitions but can be reduced below 1 eV by introducing an empirical shift based on a charge-neutral transition-potential method, in conjunction with functionals such as SCAN, SCAN0, or B3LYP. This procedure affords an entire excitation spectrum from a single fractional-electron calculation, at the cost of ground-state density functional theory and without the need for state-by-state calculations. This shifted transition-potential approach may be especially useful for simulating transient spectroscopies or in complex systems where excited-state Kohn-Sham calculations are challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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10
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Vester J, Despré V, Kuleff AI. The role of symmetric vibrational modes in the decoherence of correlation-driven charge migration. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104305. [PMID: 36922132 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the electron correlation, the fast removal of an electron from a molecule may create a coherent superposition of cationic states and in this way initiate pure electronic dynamics in which the hole-charge left by the ionization migrates throughout the system on an ultrashort time scale. The coupling to the nuclear motion introduces a decoherence that eventually traps the charge, and crucial questions in the field of attochemistry include how long the electronic coherence lasts and which nuclear degrees of freedom are mostly responsible for the decoherence. Here, we report full-dimensional quantum calculations of the concerted electron-nuclear dynamics following outer-valence ionization of propynamide, which reveal that the pure electronic coherences last only 2-3 fs before being destroyed by the nuclear motion. Our analysis shows that the normal modes that are mostly responsible for the fast electronic decoherence are the symmetric in-plane modes. All other modes have little or no effect on the charge migration. This information can be useful to guide the development of reduced dimensionality models for larger systems or the search for molecules with long coherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vester
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Despré
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Racioppi S, Lolur P, Hyldgaard P, Rahm M. A Density Functional Theory for the Average Electron Energy. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:799-807. [PMID: 36693279 PMCID: PMC9933435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A formally exact density functional theory (DFT) determination of the average electron energy is presented. Our theory, which is based on a different accounting of energy functional terms, partially solves one well-known downside of conventional Kohn-Sham (KS) DFT: that electronic energies have but tenuous connections to physical quantities. Calculated average electron energies are close to experimental ionization potentials (IPs) in one-electron systems, demonstrating a surprisingly small effect of self-interaction and other exchange-correlation errors in established DFT methods. Remarkable agreement with ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of multielectron systems is demonstrated using several flavors of DFT, and we argue for the use of the average electron energy as a design criterion for density functional approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Racioppi
- †Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience—MC2, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Phalgun Lolur
- †Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience—MC2, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Per Hyldgaard
- †Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience—MC2, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden,
| | - Martin Rahm
- †Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience—MC2, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden,
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12
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Schwickert D, Ruberti M, Kolorenč P, Przystawik A, Skruszewicz S, Sumfleth M, Braune M, Bocklage L, Carretero L, Czwalinna MK, Diaman D, Düsterer S, Kuhlmann M, Palutke S, Röhlsberger R, Rönsch-Schulenburg J, Toleikis S, Usenko S, Viefhaus J, Vorobiov A, Martins M, Kip D, Averbukh V, Marangos JP, Laarmann T. Charge-induced chemical dynamics in glycine probed with time-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:064301. [PMID: 36389279 PMCID: PMC9646253 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present contribution, we use x-rays to monitor charge-induced chemical dynamics in the photoionized amino acid glycine with femtosecond time resolution. The outgoing photoelectron leaves behind the cation in a coherent superposition of quantum mechanical eigenstates. Delayed x-ray pulses track the induced coherence through resonant x-ray absorption that induces Auger decay. Temporal modulation of the Auger electron signal correlated with specific ions is observed, which is governed by the initial electronic coherence and subsequent vibronic coupling to nuclear degrees of freedom. In the time-resolved x-ray absorption measurement, we monitor the time-frequency spectra of the resulting many-body quantum wave packets for a period of 175 fs along different reaction coordinates. Our experiment proves that by measuring specific fragments associated with the glycine dication as a function of the pump-probe delay, one can selectively probe electronic coherences at early times associated with a few distinguishable components of the broad electronic wave packet created initially by the pump pulse in the cation. The corresponding coherent superpositions formed by subsets of electronic eigenstates and evolving along parallel dynamical pathways show different phases and time periods in the range of ( - 0.3 ± 0.1 ) π ≤ ϕ ≤ ( 0.1 ± 0.2 ) π and 18.2 - 1.4 + 1.7 ≤ T ≤ 23.9 - 1.1 + 1.2 fs. Furthermore, for long delays, the data allow us to pinpoint the driving vibrational modes of chemical dynamics mediating charge-induced bond cleavage along different reaction coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwickert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Sumfleth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Braune
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Luis Carretero
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dian Diaman
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhlmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Palutke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sven Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Usenko
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jens Viefhaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Vorobiov
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Martins
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Kip
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vitali Averbukh
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P. Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Laarmann
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Opoku E, Pawłowski F, Ortiz JV. Electron Propagator Self-Energies versus Improved GW100 Vertical Ionization Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4927-4944. [PMID: 35822816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio electron propagator (EP) methods that are free of adjustable parameters in their self-energy formulae and in the generation of their orbital bases have been applied to the calculation of the lowest vertical ionization energies (VIEs) of the GW100 set. An improved set of standard results accompanied by irreducible representation assignments has been produced indirectly with coupled-cluster singles and doubles plus perturbative triples, i.e., CCSD(T), total energy differences at initial-state geometries reoptimized (in 28 cases) with the largest applicable point groups. The best compromises of accuracy and efficiency belong to a new generation of EP self-energies, several members of which may be derived from an intermediately normalized, Hermitized super-operator metric. The following diagonal self-energy methods are optimal: opposite-spin non-Dyson second order (os-nD-D2), approximately renormalized partial third order (P3+), approximately renormalized quasiparticle third order (Q3+), and non-Dyson approximately renormalized linear third order version B (nD-L3+B). Their mean absolute errors (MAEs) in electron volts and arithmetic scaling factors expressed in terms of occupied (O) and virtual (V) orbital dimensions are, respectively, (0.18, OV2), (0.14, O2V3), (0.15, O2V3), and (0.11, OV4). The 0.06 eV MAE for the non-diagonal, sixth-power (O2V4) Brueckner doubles, triple-field operator (BD-T1) EP method is exceeded by the 0.1 eV MAE with respect to experiments in seventh-power, ΔCCSD(T) calculations and indicates that BD-T1 may serve as a direct, spin-symmetry-conserving alternative in the generation of standard results for VIEs of larger, closed-shell molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Opoku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - J V Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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14
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Tarrant J, Khokhlova M, Averbukh V. Interferometry of Quantum Revivals. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:054304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that an interferometric approach can be used to obtain Auger lifetimes in molecules in certain point groups. Here, we extend this concept to those molecular states for which Auger decay is energetically forbidden and which exhibit initial quasi-exponential decay followed by quantum revivals. We demonstrate that this allows us to extract the quasi-exponential decay rate and the revival timescale. We solve analytically a model containing a state coupled to the idealised Bixon-Jortner quasicontinuum, and we obtain an interferometric signature of revival which can be easily generalised to realistic systems. Moreover, we analyse how this revival signature is influenced by the system parameters, and we suggest optimal conditions for its observation. We therefore show that our new approach allows population revivals of a molecular state to be detected interferometrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tarrant
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vitali Averbukh
- Physics, Imperial College London Department of Physics, United Kingdom
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15
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Hodecker M, Dempwolff AL, Schirmer J, Dreuw A. Theoretical analysis and comparison of unitary coupled-cluster and algebraic-diagrammatic construction methods for ionization. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:074104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Schirmer
- Theoretical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Patanen M, Abid AR, Pratt ST, Kivimäki A, Trofimov AB, Skitnevskaya AD, Grigoricheva EK, Gromov EV, Powis I, Holland DMP. Valence shell photoelectron angular distributions and vibrationally resolved spectra of imidazole: A combined experimental-theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054304. [PMID: 34364329 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Linearly polarized synchrotron radiation has been used to record polarization dependent valence shell photoelectron spectra of imidazole in the photon energy range 21-100 eV. These have allowed the photoelectron angular distributions, as characterized by the anisotropy parameter β, and the electronic state intensity branching ratios to be determined. Complementing these experimental data, theoretical photoionization partial cross sections and β-parameters have been calculated for the outer valence shell orbitals. The assignment of the structure appearing in the experimental photoelectron spectra has been guided by vertical ionization energies and spectral intensities calculated by various theoretical methods that incorporate electron correlation and orbital relaxation. Strong orbital relaxation effects have been found for the 15a', nitrogen lone-pair orbital. The calculations also predict that configuration mixing leads to the formation of several low-lying satellite states. The vibrational structure associated with ionization out of a particular orbital has been simulated within the Franck-Condon model using harmonic vibrational modes. The adiabatic approximation appears to be valid for the X 2A″ state, with the β-parameter for this state being independent of the level of vibrational excitation. However, for all the other outer valence ionic states, a disparity occurs between the observed and the simulated vibrational structure, and the measured β-parameters are at variance with the behavior expected at the level of the Franck-Condon approximation. These inconsistencies suggest that the excited electronic states may be interacting vibronically such that the nuclear dynamics occur over coupled potential energy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patanen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - A R Abid
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - S T Pratt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Kivimäki
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - A B Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A D Skitnevskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E K Grigoricheva
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E V Gromov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - I Powis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D M P Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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17
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Dempwolff AL, Belogolova AM, Trofimov AB, Dreuw A. Intermediate state representation approach to physical properties of molecular electron-attached states: Theory, implementation, and benchmarking. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104117. [PMID: 33722034 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational schemes for comprehensive studies of molecular electron-attached states and the calculation of electron affinities (EAs) are formulated and implemented employing the intermediate state representation (ISR) formalism and the algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation for the electron propagator (EA-ADC). These EA-ADC(n)/ISR(m) schemes allow for a consistent treatment of not only electron affinities and pole strengths up to third-order of perturbation theory (n = 3) but also one-electron properties of electron-attached states up to second order (m = 2). The EA-ADC/ISR equations were implemented in the Q-Chem program for Ŝz-adapted intermediate states, allowing also open-shell systems to be studied using unrestricted Hartree-Fock references. For benchmarking of the EA-(U)ADC/ISR schemes, EAs and dipole moments of various electron-attached states of small closed- and open-shell molecules were computed and compared to full configuration interaction data. As an illustrative example, EA-ADC(3)/ISR(2) has been applied to the thymine-thymine (6-4) DNA photolesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Belogolova
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander B Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Piechaczek A, Bartels C, Hock C, Rost JM, von Issendorff B. Decoherence-Induced Universality in Simple Metal Cluster Photoelectron Angular Distributions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:233201. [PMID: 34170164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.233201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measured angular distributions of photoelectrons from size-selected copper and sodium cluster anions are demonstrated to exhibit a universal behavior independent of the initial electron state, cluster size, or material, which can be traced back to momentum conservation upon photoemission. Quantum simulations reproduce the universality under the assumption that multielectron dynamics localizes the emission on the cluster surface and renders the cluster opaque to photoelectrons, thereby quenching interference effects that would otherwise obscure this almost classical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Piechaczek
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christof Bartels
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hock
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Rost
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Duran AT, Powis I, Holland DMP, Nicolas C, Bozek J, Trofimov AB, Grigoricheva EK, Skitnevskaya AD. Vibronic interaction in trans-dichloroethene studied by vibration- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using 19–90 eV photon energy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse T. Duran
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Photek Ltd., Castleham Road, St. Leonards on Sea, East Sussex TN38 9NS, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Powis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - John Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modelling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky Str. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E. K. Grigoricheva
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modelling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A. D. Skitnevskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemical Modelling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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20
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Ortiz JV. Dyson-orbital concepts for description of electrons in molecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:070902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0016472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. V. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, USA
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21
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Moitra T, Ponzi A, Koch H, Coriani S, Decleva P. Accurate Description of Photoionization Dynamical Parameters. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5330-5337. [PMID: 32501713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Calculation of dynamical parameters for photoionization requires an accurate description of the initial and final states of the system, as well as of the outgoing electron. We show that using a linear combination of atomic orbitals B-spline density functional theory (DFT) method to describe the outgoing electron, in combination with correlated equation of motion coupled cluster singles and double Dyson orbitals, gives good agreement with experiment and outperforms other simpler approaches, like plane and Coulomb waves, used to describe the photoelectron. Results are presented for cross-sections, angular distributions, and dichroic parameters in chiral molecules, as well as for photoionization from excited states. We also present a comparison with the results obtained using Hartree-Fock and DFT molecular orbitals selected according to Koopmans' theorem for the bound states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsha Moitra
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurora Ponzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut Rud̵er Bošković, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Henrik Koch
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, I-34121 Trieste, Italy
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22
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Matthews DA, Cheng L, Harding ME, Lipparini F, Stopkowicz S, Jagau TC, Szalay PG, Gauss J, Stanton JF. Coupled-cluster techniques for computational chemistry: The CFOUR program package. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:214108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0004837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin A. Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stella Stopkowicz
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas-C. Jagau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Péter G. Szalay
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - John F. Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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23
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Dempwolff AL, Paul AC, Belogolova AM, Trofimov AB, Dreuw A. Intermediate state representation approach to physical properties of molecular electron-detached states. II. Benchmarking. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024125. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5137794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexandra M. Belogolova
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Dempwolff AL, Paul AC, Belogolova AM, Trofimov AB, Dreuw A. Intermediate state representation approach to physical properties of molecular electron-detached states. I. Theory and implementation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5137792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexandra M. Belogolova
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Yang L, Reimers JR, Kobayashi R, Hush NS. Competition between charge migration and charge transfer induced by nuclear motion following core ionization: Model systems and application to Li 2. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124108. [PMID: 31575213 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attosecond and femtosecond spectroscopies present opportunities for the control of chemical reaction dynamics and products, as well as for quantum information processing; we address the somewhat unique situation of core-ionization spectroscopy which, for dimeric chromophores, leads to strong valence charge localization and hence tightly paired potential-energy surfaces of very similar shape. Application is made to the quantum dynamics of core-ionized Li2 +. This system is chosen as Li2 is the simplest stable molecule facilitating both core ionization and valence ionization. First, the quantum dynamics of some model surfaces are considered, with the surprising result that subtle differences in shape between core-ionization paired surfaces can lead to dramatic differences in the interplay between electronic charge migration and charge transfer induced by nuclear motion. Then, equation-of-motion coupled-cluster calculations are applied to determine potential-energy surfaces for 8 core-excited state pairs, calculations believed to be the first of their type for other than the lowest-energy core-ionized molecular pair. While known results for the lowest-energy pair suggest that Li2 + is unsuitable for studying charge migration, higher-energy pairs are predicted to yield results showing competition between charge migration and charge transfer. Central is a focus on the application of Hush's 1975 theory for core-ionized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the shapes of the potential-energy surfaces and hence predict key features of charge migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Yang
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jeffrey R Reimers
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rika Kobayashi
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Noel S Hush
- School of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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26
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Bazzi S, Santra R. Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Structural Dynamics Following Outer-Valence Ionization of a Halogen-Bonded Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7351-7360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bazzi
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chausee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Palacios A, Martín F. The quantum chemistry of attosecond molecular science. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Palacios
- Departamento de Química Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Institute of Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA‐Nano) Madrid Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
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28
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Trofimov AB, Belogolova AM, Serebrennikova SA, Forbes R, Pratt ST, Holland DMP. An experimental and theoretical study of the C 1s ionization satellites in CH 3I. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:224303. [PMID: 31202236 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The C 1s ionization spectrum of CH3I has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Synchrotron radiation has been employed to record polarization dependent photoelectron spectra at a photon energy of 614 eV. These spectra encompass the main-line due to the C 1s single-hole state and the peaks associated with the shake-up satellites. Vertical ionization energies and relative photoelectron intensities have been computed using the fourth-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation scheme for the one-particle Green's function and the 6-311++G** basis set. The theoretical spectrum derived from these calculations agrees qualitatively with the experimental results, thereby allowing the principal spectral features to be assigned. According to our calculations, two 2A1 shake-up states of the C 1s-1 σCI → σCI * type with singlet and triplet intermediate coupling of the electron spins (S' = 0, 1) play an important role in the spectrum and contribute significantly to the overall intensity. Both of these states are expected to have dissociative diabatic potential energy surfaces with respect to the C-I separation. Whereas the upper of these states perturbs the manifold of Rydberg states, the lower state forms a band which is characterized by a strongly increased width. Our results indicate that the lowest shake-up peak with significant spectral intensity is due to the pair (S' = 0, 1) of 2E (C 1s-1 I 5p → σCI *) states. We predict that these 2E states acquire photoelectron intensity due to spin-orbit interaction. Such interactions play an important role here due to the involvement of the I 5p orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A M Belogolova
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - S A Serebrennikova
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - R Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S T Pratt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D M P Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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29
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Martins GF, Cabral BJC. Electron Propagator Theory Approach to the Electron Binding Energies of a Prototypical Photo-Switch Molecular System: Azobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2091-2099. [PMID: 30779578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electron binding energies for the trans and cis conformers of azobenzene (AB), a prototypical photoswitch, were investigated by electron propagator theory (EPT). The EPT results are compared with data from photoelectron and electron transmission spectroscopies and complemented by the calculation of the differences between vertical and adiabatic ionization energies and electron affinities of the AB conformers. These differences are discussed in terms of the geometry changes associated with the processes of ionization and electron attachment. The results pointed out a major difference between these processes when we compare trans-AB and cis-AB. For trans-AB, electron attachment leads to a small geometry change, whereas for cis-AB, it is the ionized structure that keeps some similarity with the neutral species. We emphasize the interest of the present results for a better understanding of recent experiments on the dark cis-trans isomerization in different environments, specifically for azobenzenes in interaction with gold nanoparticles, where the proposed cis-trans isomerization mechanism relies on electron transfer induced isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F Martins
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI) , Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Benedito J C Cabral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI) , Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica , Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
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30
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Dempwolff AL, Schneider M, Hodecker M, Dreuw A. Efficient implementation of the non-Dyson third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction approximation for the electron propagator for closed- and open-shell molecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:064108. [PMID: 30769986 DOI: 10.1063/1.5081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D–69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D–69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D–69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D–69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Ponzi A, Quadri N, Angeli C, Decleva P. Electron correlation effects in the photoionization of CO and isoelectronic diatomic molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1937-1951. [PMID: 30632573 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the first sigma satellite band, which is by far the most prominent, in the valence photoelectron spectra for a set of isoelectronic diatomic molecules: carbon monoxide, carbon monosulfide, carbon monoselenide, silicon monoxide and boron monofluoride. In particular, we analyze the effect of the electronic structure, with the change of the atomic pair along the row and column of the periodic table on the position of the satellite peak as well as on the related dynamical observables profiles. For this investigation, highly correlated calculations have been performed on the primary ionic states and the satellite band for all the molecules considered. Cross sections for the primary ionic states, calculated using Dyson orbitals, have been compared with those obtained with Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory to probe the impact of the correlation in the bound states on the photoionization observables. Limitations of a simple intensity borrowing mechanism clearly result from the analysis of the satellite state, characterized by different features with respect to the relevant primary states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ponzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, R. Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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32
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Xu S, Guo D, Ma X, Zhu X, Feng W, Yan S, Zhao D, Gao Y, Zhang S, Ren X, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Dorn A, Cederbaum LS, Kryzhevoi NV. Damaging Intermolecular Energy and Proton Transfer Processes in Alpha-Particle-Irradiated Hydrogen-Bonded Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17023-17027. [PMID: 30417968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the biological hazard of alpha-particle radiation is well-recognized, the molecular mechanisms of biodamage are still far from being understood. Irreparable lesions in biomolecules may not only have mechanical origin but also appear due to various electronic and nuclear relaxation processes of ionized states produced by an alpha-particle impact. Two such processes were identified in the present study by considering an acetylene dimer, a biologically relevant system possessing an intermolecular hydrogen bond. The first process is the already well-established intermolecular Coulombic decay of inner-valence-ionized states. The other is a novel relaxation mechanism of dicationic states involving intermolecular proton transfer. Both processes are very fast and trigger Coulomb explosion of the dimer due to creation of charge-separated states. These processes are general and predicted to occur also in alpha-particle-irradiated nucleobase pairs in DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyue Xu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dalong Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinwen Ma
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wentian Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuncheng Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xueguang Ren
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yongtao Zhao
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhongfeng Xu
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Manna S, Mishra S. Vibronic structure and photoelectron angular distribution in the photoelectron spectrum of ICN. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:204308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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34
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Xu S, Guo D, Ma X, Zhu X, Feng W, Yan S, Zhao D, Gao Y, Zhang S, Ren X, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Dorn A, Cederbaum LS, Kryzhevoi NV. Damaging Intermolecular Energy and Proton Transfer Processes in Alpha‐Particle‐Irradiated Hydrogen‐Bonded Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenyue Xu
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xianning West Road 28 Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Dalong Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xinwen Ma
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wentian Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Shuncheng Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yong Gao
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanchang Road 509 Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xueguang Ren
- School of Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xianning West Road 28 Xi'an 710049 China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Yongtao Zhao
- School of Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xianning West Road 28 Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Zhongfeng Xu
- School of Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xianning West Road 28 Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Kryzhevoi
- Theoretische Chemie Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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35
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Forbes R, De Fanis A, Bomme C, Rolles D, Pratt ST, Powis I, Besley NA, Simon M, Nandi S, Milosavljević AR, Nicolas C, Bozek JD, Underwood JG, Holland DMP. Photoionization of the iodine 3d, 4s, and 4p orbitals in methyl iodide. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5035496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Cédric Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Stephen T. Pratt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Ivan Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saikat Nandi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - John D. Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan G. Underwood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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36
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Díaz-Tinoco M, Corzo HH, Ortiz JV. Electron Propagator Methods for Vertical Electron Detachment Energies of Anions: Benchmarks and Case Studies. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5881-5895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Díaz-Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - H. H. Corzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - J. V. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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37
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Powis I, Menzies RC, Holland DMP, Trofimov AB, Skitnevskaya AD, Gromov EV, Antonsson E, Patanen M, Nicolas C, Miron C. Photoionization dynamics ofcis-dichloroethene from investigation of vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra and angular distributions. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:074305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5042216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - R. C. Menzies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky Str. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A. D. Skitnevskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E. V. Gromov
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E. Antonsson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Patanen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Miron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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38
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Trofimov AB, Powis I, Menzies RC, Holland DMP, Antonsson E, Patanen M, Nicolas C, Miron C, Skitnevskaya AD, Gromov EV, Köppel H. An experimental and theoretical study of the photoelectron spectra ofcis-dichloroethene: Valence shell vertical ionization and vibronic coupling in the low-lying cationic states. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:074306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5033425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky Str. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - R. C. Menzies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - E. Antonsson
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Patanen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Miron
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP),“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Măgurele, Judeţul Ilfov, Romania
| | - A. D. Skitnevskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E. V. Gromov
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Köppel
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Coons MP, Herbert JM. Quantum chemistry in arbitrary dielectric environments: Theory and implementation of nonequilibrium Poisson boundary conditions and application to compute vertical ionization energies at the air/water interface. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222834. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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40
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Holland DMP, Powis I, Trofimov AB, Menzies RC, Potts AW, Karlsson L, Badsyuk IL, Moskovskaya TE, Gromov EV, Schirmer J. An experimental and theoretical study of the valence shell photoelectron spectra of 2-chloropyridine and 3-chloropyridine. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:164307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4999433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky Str. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - R. C. Menzies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A. W. Potts
- Department of Physics, King’s College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Karlsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. L. Badsyuk
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - T. E. Moskovskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E. V. Gromov
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Schirmer
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Trofimov AB, Holland DMP, Powis I, Menzies RC, Potts AW, Karlsson L, Gromov EV, Badsyuk IL, Schirmer J. Ionization of pyridine: Interplay of orbital relaxation and electron correlation. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:244307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4986405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Trofimov
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx St. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - R. C. Menzies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A. W. Potts
- Department of Physics, King’s College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Karlsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. V. Gromov
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I. L. Badsyuk
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - J. Schirmer
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Sisourat N, Kazandjian S, Miteva T. Probing Conformers of Benzene Dimer with Intermolecular Coulombic Decay Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 121:45-50. [PMID: 27976576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sisourat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sévan Kazandjian
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Tsveta Miteva
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
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43
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Nakajo E, Masuda T, Yabushita S. Theoretical Study on the Photoelectron Spectra of Ln(COT) 2-: Lanthanide Dependence of the Metal-Ligand Interaction. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9529-9544. [PMID: 27933909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a theoretical analysis of the recently reported photoelectron (PE) spectra of the series of sandwich complex anions Ln(COT)2- (Ln = La-Lu, COT = 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene), focusing on the Ln dependence of the vertical detachment energies. For most Ln, the π molecular orbitals, largely localized on the COT ligands, have the energy order of e1g < e1u < e2g < e2u as in the actinide analogues, reflecting the substantial orbital interaction with the Ln 5d and 5p orbitals. Thus, it would be expected that the lanthanide contraction would increase the orbital interaction so that the overlaps between the COT π and Ln atomic orbitals tend to increase across the series. However, the PE spectra and theoretical calculations were not consistent with this expectation, and the details have been clarified in this study. Furthermore, the energy level splitting patterns of the anion and neutral complexes have been studied by multireference ab initio methods, and the X peak splittings observed in the PE spectra only for the middle-range Ln complexes were found to be due to the specific interaction between the Ln 4f and ligand π orbitals of the neutral complexes in e2u symmetry. Because the magnitude of this 4f-ligand interaction depends critically on the final state 4f electron configuration and the spin state, a significant Ln dependence in the PE spectra is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakajo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomohide Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yabushita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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44
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Díaz-Tinoco M, Dolgounitcheva O, Zakrzewski VG, Ortiz JV. Composite electron propagator methods for calculating ionization energies. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:224110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4953666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
The energy change per electron in a chemical or physical transformation, ΔE/n, may be expressed as Δχ̅ + Δ(VNN + ω)/n, where Δχ̅ is the average electron binding energy, a generalized electronegativity, ΔVNN is the change in nuclear repulsions, and Δω is the change in multielectron interactions in the process considered. The last term can be obtained by the difference from experimental or theoretical estimates of the first terms. Previously obtained consequences of this energy partitioning are extended here to a different analysis of bonding in a great variety of diatomics, including more or less polar ones. Arguments are presented for associating the average change in electron binding energy with covalence, and the change in multielectron interactions with electron transfer, either to, out, or within a molecule. A new descriptor Q, essentially the scaled difference between the Δχ̅ and Δ(VNN + ω)/n terms, when plotted versus the bond energy, separates nicely a wide variety of bonding types, covalent, covalent but more correlated, polar and increasingly ionic, metallogenic, electrostatic, charge-shift bonds, and dispersion interactions. Also, Q itself shows a set of interesting relations with the correlation energy of a bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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46
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Feifel R, Eland JHD, Squibb RJ, Mucke M, Zagorodskikh S, Linusson P, Tarantelli F, Kolorenč P, Averbukh V. Ultrafast Molecular Three-Electron Auger Decay. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:073001. [PMID: 26943531 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-electron Auger decay is an exotic and elusive process, in which two outer-shell electrons simultaneously refill an inner-shell double vacancy with emission of a single Auger electron. Such transitions are forbidden by the many-electron selection rules, normally making their decay lifetimes orders of magnitude longer than the few-femtosecond lifetimes of normal (two-electron) Auger decay. Here we present theoretical predictions and direct experimental evidence for a few-femtosecond three-electron Auger decay of a double inner-valence-hole state in CH_{3}F. Our analysis shows that in contrast to double core holes, double inner-valence vacancies in molecules can decay exclusively by this ultrafast three-electron Auger process, and we predict that this phenomenon occurs widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John H D Eland
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Melanie Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergey Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Linusson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Averbukh
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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47
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Schneider M, Soshnikov DY, Holland DMP, Powis I, Antonsson E, Patanen M, Nicolas C, Miron C, Wormit M, Dreuw A, Trofimov AB. A fresh look at the photoelectron spectrum of bromobenzene: A third-order non-Dyson electron propagator study. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4931643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Yu. Soshnikov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E. Antonsson
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Patanen
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Miron
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Wormit
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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Powis I, Holland DMP, Antonsson E, Patanen M, Nicolas C, Miron C, Schneider M, Soshnikov DY, Dreuw A, Trofimov AB. The influence of the bromine atom Cooper minimum on the photoelectron angular distributions and branching ratios of the four outermost bands of bromobenzene. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4931642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - E. Antonsson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Patanen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Miron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computation, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Yu. Soshnikov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A. Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computation, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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49
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Rahm M, Hoffmann R. Toward an Experimental Quantum Chemistry: Exploring a New Energy Partitioning. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10282-91. [PMID: 26193123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following the work of L. C. Allen, this work begins by relating the central chemical concept of electronegativity with the average binding energy of electrons in a system. The average electron binding energy, χ̅, is in principle accessible from experiment, through photoelectron and X-ray spectroscopy. It can also be estimated theoretically. χ̅ has a rigorous and understandable connection to the total energy. That connection defines a new kind of energy decomposition scheme. The changing total energy in a reaction has three primary contributions to it: the average electron binding energy, the nuclear-nuclear repulsion, and multielectron interactions. This partitioning allows one to gain insight into the predominant factors behind a particular energetic preference. We can conclude whether an energy change in a transformation is favored or resisted by collective changes to the binding energy of electrons, the movement of nuclei, or multielectron interactions. For example, in the classical formation of H2 from atoms, orbital interactions dominate nearly canceling nuclear-nuclear repulsion and two-electron interactions. While in electron attachment to an H atom, the multielectron interactions drive the reaction. Looking at the balance of average electron binding energy, multielectron, and nuclear-nuclear contributions one can judge when more traditional electronegativity arguments can be justifiably invoked in the rationalization of a particular chemical event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Corzo HH, Galano A, Dolgounitcheva O, Zakrzewski VG, Ortiz JV. NR2 and P3+: Accurate, Efficient Electron-Propagator Methods for Calculating Valence, Vertical Ionization Energies of Closed-Shell Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. H. Corzo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa
San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - O. Dolgounitcheva
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - V. G. Zakrzewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - J. V. Ortiz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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