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Bannerman D, Pascual-Gil S, Floryan M, Radisic M. Bioengineering strategies to control epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition for studies of cardiac development and disease. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:021504. [PMID: 33948525 PMCID: PMC8068500 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that occurs in a wide range of tissues and environments, in response to numerous factors and conditions, and plays a critical role in development, disease, and regeneration. The process involves epithelia transitioning into a mobile state and becoming mesenchymal cells. The investigation of EMT processes has been important for understanding developmental biology and disease progression, enabling the advancement of treatment approaches for a variety of disorders such as cancer and myocardial infarction. More recently, tissue engineering efforts have also recognized the importance of controlling the EMT process. In this review, we provide an overview of the EMT process and the signaling pathways and factors that control it, followed by a discussion of bioengineering strategies to control EMT. Important biological, biomaterial, biochemical, and physical factors and properties that have been utilized to control EMT are described, as well as the studies that have investigated the modulation of EMT in tissue engineering and regenerative approaches in vivo, with a specific focus on the heart. Novel tools that can be used to characterize and assess EMT are discussed and finally, we close with a perspective on new bioengineering methods that have the potential to transform our ability to control EMT, ultimately leading to new therapies.
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Weinberger F, Nicol P, Starbatty J, Stubbendorff M, Becher PM, Schrepfer S, Eschenhagen T. No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00407. [PMID: 29864245 PMCID: PMC5986028 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Islet-1 marks a progenitor cell population of the second heart field during cardiogenesis. In the adult heart Islet-1 expression is limited to the sinoatrial node, the ventricular outflow tract, and parasympathetic ganglia. The regenerative effect in the injured mouse ventricle of thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a 43-aminoacid peptide, was associated with increased Islet-1 immunostaining, suggesting the induction of an Islet-1-positive progenitor state by TB4. Here we aimed to reassess this effect in a genetic model. Mice from the reporter mouse line Isl1-nLacZ were primed with TB4 and subsequently underwent myocardial infarction. Islet-1 expression was assessed 2, 7, and 14 days after infarction. We detected only a single Islet-1+ cell in 8 TB4 treated and infarcted hearts which located outside of the sinoatrial node, the outflow tract or cardiac ganglia (in ~2500 sections). Two cells were identified in 5 control infarcted hearts. TB4 did not induce LacZ positivity in ventricular explants cultures of Isl1-nLacZ mice nor did it affect the density of LacZ+ cells in explant cultures of nLacZ+ regions of the heart. In summary, we found no evidence that TB4 reactivates Islet-1 expression in adult mouse ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weinberger
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
| | - Philipp Nicol
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
| | - Jutta Starbatty
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
| | - Mandy Stubbendorff
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) LabUniversity Heart Center HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Peter M. Becher
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
- Department of General and Interventional CardiologyUniversity Heart Center HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) LabUniversity Heart Center HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Researchpartner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckGermany
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Moerkamp AT, Lodder K, van Herwaarden T, Dronkers E, Dingenouts CKE, Tengström FC, van Brakel TJ, Goumans MJ, Smits AM. Human fetal and adult epicardial-derived cells: a novel model to study their activation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:174. [PMID: 27899163 PMCID: PMC5129650 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epicardium, a cell layer covering the heart, plays an important role during cardiogenesis providing cardiovascular cell types and instructive signals, but becomes quiescent during adulthood. Upon cardiac injury the epicardium is activated, which includes induction of a developmental gene program, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. However, the response of the adult epicardium is suboptimal compared to the active contribution of the fetal epicardium to heart development. To understand the therapeutic value of epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs), a direct comparison of fetal and adult sources is paramount. Such analysis has been hampered by the lack of appropriate culture systems. Methods Human fetal and adult EPDCs were isolated from cardiac specimens obtained after informed consent. EPDCs were cultured in the presence of an inhibitor of the TGFβ receptor ALK5. EMT was induced by stimulation with 1 ng/ml TGFβ. PCR, immunofluorescent staining, scratch assay, tube formation assay and RT2-PCR for human EMT genes were performed to functionally characterize and compare fetal and adult EPDCs. Results In this study, a novel protocol is presented that allows efficient isolation of human EPDCs from fetal and adult heart tissue. In vitro, EPDCs maintain epithelial characteristics and undergo EMT upon TGFβ stimulation. Although similar in several aspects, we observed important differences between fetal and adult EPDCs. Fetal and adult cells display equal migration abilities in their epithelial state. However, while TGFβ stimulation enhanced adult EPDC migration, it resulted in a reduced migration in fetal EPDCs. Matrigel assays revealed the ability of adult EPDCs to form tube-like structures, which was absent in fetal cells. Furthermore, we observed that fetal cells progress through EMT faster and undergo spontaneous EMT when TGFβ signaling is not suppressed, indicating that fetal EPDCs more rapidly respond to environmental changes. Conclusions Our data suggest that fetal and adult EPDCs are in a different state of activation and that their phenotypic plasticity is determined by this activation state. This culture system allows us to establish the cues that determine epicardial activation, behavior, and plasticity and thereby optimize the adult response post-injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0434-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja T Moerkamp
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Lodder
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa van Herwaarden
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Dronkers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Calinda K E Dingenouts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik C Tengström
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J van Brakel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, Postzone S-1-P, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Trembley MA, Velasquez LS, Small EM. Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration. J Vis Exp 2016:53750. [PMID: 27023710 PMCID: PMC4829037 DOI: 10.3791/53750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Trembley
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Lissette S Velasquez
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry;
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5
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Clunie‐O'Connor C, Smits AM, Antoniades C, Russell AJ, Yellon DM, Goumans M, Riley PR. The Derivation of Primary Human Epicardium‐Derived Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:2C.5.1-2C.5.12. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02c05s35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Clunie‐O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Anke M. Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden The Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London United Kingdom
| | - Marie‐José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
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6
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Garriock RJ, Mikawa T, Yamaguchi TP. Isolation and culture of mouse proepicardium using serum-free conditions. Methods 2014; 66:365-9. [PMID: 23816793 PMCID: PMC4034734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The proepicardium (PE) is an embryonic tissue that gives rise to multipotent vascular progenitors. Most notably the PE gives rise to the epicardium, cardiac fibroblasts, myocardium, and coronary vessels including both vascular smooth muscle and vascular endothelium. Much attention has been given to epicardial-derived cells that show the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of vascular progenitors including cardiomyocytes. However, it is the PE itself that possesses the greatest potential as a source of multipotent vascular progenitors. We show here a simple method to manually isolate mouse PE at the ninth day of mouse embryonic development and culture highly pure PE tissue in serum-free conditions. This PE culture method allows for the ex vivo analysis of specific growth factors on PE and epicardial development with greater efficiency and precision than existing epicardial culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Garriock
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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7
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miR-21 promotes fibrogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of epicardial mesothelial cells involving Programmed Cell Death 4 and Sprouty-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56280. [PMID: 23441172 PMCID: PMC3575372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lining of the adult heart contains epicardial mesothelial cells (EMCs) that have the potential to undergo fibrogenic Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) during cardiac injury. EMT of EMCs has therefore been suggested to contribute to the heterogeneous fibroblast pool that mediates cardiac fibrosis. However, the molecular basis of this process is poorly understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate a number of sub-cellular events in cardiac disease. Hence, we hypothesized that miRNAs regulate fibrogenic EMT in the adult heart. Indeed pro-fibrogenic stimuli, especially TGF-β, promoted EMT progression in EMC cultures, which resulted in differential expression of numerous miRNAs, especially the pleiotropic miR-21. Accordingly, ectopic expression of miR-21 substantially promoted the fibroblast-like phenotype arising from fibrogenic EMT, whereas an antagonist that targeted miR-21 blocked this effect, as assessed on the E-cadherin/α-smooth muscle actin balance, cell viability, matrix activity, and cell motility, thus making miR-21 a relevant target of EMC-derived fibrosis. Several mRNA targets of miR-21 was differentially regulated during fibrogenic EMT of EMCs and miR-21-dependent targeting of Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and Sprouty Homolog 1 (SPRY1) significantly contributed to the development of a fibroblastoid phenotype. However, PDCD4- and SPRY1-targeting was not entirely ascribable to all phenotypic effects from miR-21, underscoring the pleiotropic biological role of miR-21 and the increasing number of recognized miR-21 targets.
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8
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Smart N, Bollini S, Dubé KN, Vieira JM, Zhou B, Riegler J, Price AN, Lythgoe MF, Davidson S, Yellon D, Pu WT, Riley PR. Myocardial regeneration: expanding the repertoire of thymosin β4 in the ischemic heart. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1269:92-101. [PMID: 23045976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cardiac regeneration postinfarction (MI) requires the replacement of lost cardiomyocytes, formation of new coronary vessels and appropriate modulation of the inflammatory response. However, insight into how to stimulate repair of the human heart is currently limited. Using the embryonic paradigm of regeneration, we demonstrated that the actin-binding peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4), required for epicardium-derived coronary vasculogenesis, can recapitulate its embryonic role and activate quiescent adult epicardial cells (EPDCs). Once stimulated, EPDCs facilitate neovascularization of the ischemic adult heart and, moreover, contribute bona fide cardiomyocytes. EPDC-derived cardiomyocytes structurally and functionally integrate with resident muscle to regenerate functional myocardium, limiting pathological remodeling, and effecting an improvement in cardiac function. Alongside pro-survival and anti-inflammatory properties, these regenerative roles, via EPDCs, markedly expand the range of therapeutic benefits of Tβ4 to sustain and repair the myocardium after ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Kovacic JC, Mercader N, Torres M, Boehm M, Fuster V. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: from cardiovascular development to disease. Circulation 2012; 125:1795-808. [PMID: 22492947 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Smart N, Bollini S, Dubé KN, Vieira JM, Zhou B, Davidson S, Yellon D, Riegler J, Price AN, Lythgoe MF, Pu WT, Riley PR. De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury. Nature 2011; 474:640-4. [PMID: 21654746 DOI: 10.1038/nature10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A significant bottleneck in cardiovascular regenerative medicine is the identification of a viable source of stem/progenitor cells that could contribute new muscle after ischaemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. A therapeutic ideal--relative to cell transplantation--would be to stimulate a resident source, thus avoiding the caveats of limited graft survival, restricted homing to the site of injury and host immune rejection. Here we demonstrate in mice that the adult heart contains a resident stem or progenitor cell population, which has the potential to contribute bona fide terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. We reveal a novel genetic label of the activated adult progenitors via re-expression of a key embryonic epicardial gene, Wilm's tumour 1 (Wt1), through priming by thymosin β4, a peptide previously shown to restore vascular potential to adult epicardium-derived progenitor cells with injury. Cumulative evidence indicates an epicardial origin of the progenitor population, and embryonic reprogramming results in the mobilization of this population and concomitant differentiation to give rise to de novo cardiomyocytes. Cell transplantation confirmed a progenitor source and chromosome painting of labelled donor cells revealed transdifferentiation to a myocyte fate in the absence of cell fusion. Derived cardiomyocytes are shown here to structurally and functionally integrate with resident muscle; as such, stimulation of this adult progenitor pool represents a significant step towards resident-cell-based therapy in human ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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11
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Rupp H, Rupp TP, Alter P, Jung N, Pankuweit S, Maisch B. Intrapericardial procedures for cardiac regeneration by stem cells: need for minimal invasive access (AttachLifter) to the normal pericardial cavity. Herz 2011; 35:458-65. [PMID: 20941468 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-010-3382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In view of the only modest functional and anatomical improvements achieved by bone marrow-derived cell transplantation in patients with heart disease, the question was addressed whether the intracoronary, transcoronary-venous, and intramyocardial delivery routes are adequate. It is hypothesized that an intrapericardial delivery of stem cells or activators of resident cardiac stem cells increases therapeutic benefits. From such an intrapericardial depot, cells or modulating factors, such as thymosin β4 or Ac-SDKP, are expected to reach the myocardium with sustained kinetics. Novel tools which provide access to the pericardial space even in the absence of pericardial effusion are, therefore, described. When the pericardium becomes attached to the suction head (monitored by an increase in negative pressure), the pericardium is lifted from the epicardium ("AttachLifter"). The opening of the suction head ("Attacher") is narrowed by flexible clamps which grab the tissue and improve the vacuum seal in the case of uneven tissue. A ridge, i.e.,"needle guidance", on the suction head excludes injury to the epicardium, whereby the pericardium is punctured by a needle which resides outside the suction head. A fiberscope can be used to inspect the pericardium prior to puncture. Based on these procedures, the role of the pericardial space and the presence of pericardial effusion in cardiac regeneration can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland.
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12
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Syed F, Lachman N, Christensen K, Mears JA, Buescher T, Cha YM, Friedman PA, Munger TM, Asirvatham SJ. The Pericardial Space: Obtaining Access and an Approach to Fluoroscopic Anatomy. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2010; 2:9-23. [PMID: 28770739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pericardial space is now increasingly used as a means and vantage point for mapping and ablating various arrhythmias. In this review, present techniques to access the pericardial space are examined and potential improvements over this technique discussed. The authors then examine in detail the regional anatomy of the pericardial space relevant to the major arrhythmias treated in contemporary electrophysiology. In each of these sections, emphasis is placed on anatomic fluoroscopic correlation and avoiding complications that may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Syed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nirusha Lachman
- Department of Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin Christensen
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer A Mears
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Traci Buescher
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yong-Mei Cha
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul A Friedman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas M Munger
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Popescu LM, Gherghiceanu M, Manole CG, Faussone-Pellegrini MS. Cardiac renewing: interstitial Cajal-like cells nurse cardiomyocyte progenitors in epicardial stem cell niches. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:866-86. [PMID: 19382895 PMCID: PMC2737613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that various cell lineages exist within the subepicardium and we supposed that this area could host cardiac stem cell niches (CSCNs). Using transmission electron microscopy, we have found at least 10 types of cells coexisting in the subepicardium of normal adult mice: adipocytes, fibroblasts, Schwann cells and nerve fibres, isolated smooth muscle cells, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) and cardiomyocytes progenitors (CMPs). The latter cells, sited in the area of origin of coronary arteries and aorta, showed typical features of either very immature or developing cardiomyocytes. Some of these cells were connected to each other to form columns surrounded by a basal lamina and embedded in a cellular network made by ICLCs. Complex intercellular communication occurs between the ICLCs and CMPs through electron-dense nanostructures or through shed vesicles. We provide here for the first time the ultrastructural description of CSCN in the adult mice myocardium, mainly containing ICLCs and CMPs. The existence of resident CMPs in different developmental stages proves that cardiac renewing is a continuous process. We suggest that ICLCs might act as supporting nurse cells of the cardiac niches and may be responsible for activation, commitment and migration of the stem cells out of the niches. Briefly, not only resident cardiac stem cells but also ICLCs regulate myocyte turnover and contribute to both cardiac cellular homeostasis and endogenous repair/remodelling after injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Popescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Suciu L, Popescu LM, Regalia T, Ardelean A, Manole CG. Epicardium: interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) highlighted by immunofluorescence. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:771-7. [PMID: 19382907 PMCID: PMC3822883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, there is an increasing interest in the role of the epicardium in cardiac development, myocardial remodelling or repair and regeneration. Several types of cells were described in the subepicardial loose connective tissue, beneath the epicardial mesothe-lium. We showed previously (repeatedly) the existence of interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) in human and mammalian myocardium, either in atria or in ventricles. Here, we describe ICLCs in adult mice epicardium and primary culture as well as in situ using frozen sections. The identification of ICLCs was based on phase contrast microscopy and immunophenotyping. We found cells with characteristic morphologic aspects: spindle-shaped, triangular or polygonal cell body and typical very long (tens to hundreds micrometres) and very thin cyto-plasmic processes, with a distinctive ‘beads-on-a-string’ appearance. The dilations contain mitochondria, as demonstrated by MitoTracker Green FM labelling of living cells. Epicardial ICLCs were found positive for c-kit/CD117 and/or CD34. However, we also observed ICLCs positive for c-kit and vimentin. In conclusion, ICLCs represent a distinct cell type in the subendocardium, presumably comprising at least two subpopulations: (i) c-kit/CD34-positive and (ii) only c-kit-positive. ICLCs might be essential as progenitor (or promoter) cells for developing cardiomyocyte lineages in normal and/or injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Suciu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a versatile biophysical technique with wide applicability in drug discovery research, particularly for the detection and characterization of molecular interactions. This review highlights in a comprehensive manner the aspects of biomolecular NMR which are most beneficial for pharmaceutical research and presents them as contributions to the different stages of a drug discovery program: target selection, assay development, lead generation and lead optimization. Emphasis is put on the concept of the particular NMR application, rather than on technical details, and on recent examples. Finally, an appendix of frequently asked questions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - H Widmer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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