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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Ren Y, Sedgwick AC, Chen J, Thiabaud G, Chau CV, An J, Arambula JF, He XP, Kim JS, Sessler JL, Liu C. Manganese(II) Texaphyrin: A Paramagnetic Photoacoustic Contrast Agent Activated by Near-IR Light. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16156-16160. [PMID: 32914968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NIR absorptivity of the metallotexaphyrin derivatives MMn, MGd, and MLu for photoacoustic (PA)-based imaging is explored in this study. All three complexes demonstrated excellent photostabilities; however, MMn provided the greatest PA signal intensities in both doubly distilled water and RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo experiments using a prostate tumor mouse model were performed. MMn displayed no adverse toxicity to major organs as inferred from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and cell blood count testing. MMn also allowed for PA-based imaging of tumors with excellent in vivo stability to provide 3D tumor diagnostic information. Based on the present findings and previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, we believe MMn may have a role to play either as a stand-alone PA contrast agent or as a single molecule dual modal (PA and MR) imaging agent for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jingqin Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gregory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Calvin V Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jusung An
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- OncoTEX, Inc., Austin, Texas 78701, United States
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Galland M, Le Bahers T, Banyasz A, Lascoux N, Duperray A, Grichine A, Tripier R, Guyot Y, Maynadier M, Nguyen C, Gary‐Bobo M, Andraud C, Monnereau C, Maury O. A “Multi‐Heavy‐Atom” Approach toward Biphotonic Photosensitizers with Improved Singlet‐Oxygen Generation Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:9026-9034. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Galland
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Tangui Le Bahers
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Akos Banyasz
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Noëlle Lascoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Alain Duperray
- INSERM, U1209Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Alexei Grichine
- INSERM, U1209Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- UFR des Sciences et TechniquesUniv Brest, UMR CNRS-UBO 6521 CEMCA, IBSAM 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 29238 Brest, Cedex 3 France
| | - Yannick Guyot
- Univ. LyonInstitut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 10 rue Ada Byron 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | | | - Christophe Nguyen
- Faculté de PharmacieInstitut de Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Magali Gary‐Bobo
- Faculté de PharmacieInstitut de Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
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Meng Y, Wang J, Sun J, Zhang F, Willis P, Li J, Wang H, Zhang T, Soriano S, Qiu B, Yang X. 3.0-T MR imaging of intracoronary local delivery of motexafin gadolinium into coronary artery walls. Radiology 2013; 268:556-62. [PMID: 23513243 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a technique with clinical 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to delineate local contrast agent distribution in coronary artery walls for potential molecular MR imaging-guided local gene or drug therapy of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This animal protocol was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee and was in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. For in vitro confirmation, human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were used to determine capability of SMCs in uptake of motexafin gadolinium (MGd) and its optimal dose. For ex vivo evaluation, a 2-mL mixture of MGd and trypan blue was locally infused into coronary artery walls of six cadaveric pig hearts with MR monitoring and an MR imaging guidewire, surface coils, or both. For in vivo validation, the balloon catheter was placed into coronary arteries of seven living pigs, and the MGd and trypan blue mixture was infused into arterial walls with MR guidance. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of coronary artery walls were recorded by using different coils between pre- and postcontrast infusion, with subsequent histologic confirmation. Paired Student t tests were used to compare average SNRs and CNRs of arterial walls before and after contrast agent infusion with different coils. RESULTS SMCs could take up MGd with the optimal concentration at 150 µmol/L. Average SNR with the MR imaging guidewire and surface coil combination was significantly higher than that with the MR imaging guidewire only or with surface coils only (P < .05), and average SNR and CNR of postinfusion MR imaging was significantly higher than that of preinfusion MR imaging (P < .05). Histologic analysis was used to confirm successful intracoronary infiltration of MGd and trypan blue within coronary artery walls. CONCLUSION MR imaging can be used to delineate locally infused contrast agent distribution in coronary artery walls. This establishes groundwork for development of molecular MR imaging-guided intracoronary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Meng
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 815 Mercer St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Zhang F, Li J, Meng Y, Sun J, Soriano SS, Willis P, Gu H, Glickerman D, Yang X. Development of an intrabiliary MR imaging-monitored local agent delivery technique: a feasibility study in pigs. Radiology 2012; 262:846-52. [PMID: 22357886 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to monitor intrabiliary delivery of motexafin gadolinium (MGd) into pig common bile duct (CBD) walls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Initially, human cholangiocarcinoma cells were treated with various concentrations of MGd, a compound serving as a T1-weighted MR imaging contrast agent, chemotherapy drug, and cell marker. These cells were then examined by means of confocal microscopy to confirm the intracellular uptake of MGd. In addition, an MGd/trypan blue mixture was locally infused into CBD walls of six cadaveric pigs using a microporous balloon catheter. CBDs of six pigs were infused with saline to serve as controls. Ex vivo T1-weighted MR imaging of these CBDs was performed. For in vivo technical validation, the microporous balloon catheter was placed in the CBD by means of a transcholecytic access to deliver MGd/trypan blue into CBD walls of six living pigs. T1-weighted images were obtained with both a surface coil and an intrabiliary MR imaging guidewire, and contrast-to-noise ratios of CBD walls before and after MGd/trypan blue infusions were compared in the two groups by means of paired t test, with subsequent histologic analysis to confirm the penetration and distribution of the MGd/trypan blue agent into CBD walls. RESULTS In vitro experiments confirmed uptake of MGd by human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The ex vivo experiments demonstrated the penetration of MGd/trypan blue into the CBD walls. The in vivo experiment confirmed the uptake of MGd/trypan blue, showing an increased contrast-to-noise ratio for the CBD after administration of the mixture, compared with images obtained prior to MGd/trypan blue administration (11.6 ± 4.2 [standard deviation] vs 5.7 ± 2.8; P = .04). Histologic results depicted the blue dye stains and red fluorescence of MGd in CBD walls, confirming the imaging findings. CONCLUSION It is feasible to use MR imaging to monitor the penetration of locally delivered MGd into pig CBD walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Image-guided Bio-Molecular Intervention Research and Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 815 Mercer St, Room S470, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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MODY TARAKD, SESSLER JONATHANL. Texaphyrins: a new approach to drug development. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The texaphyrins are prototypical metal-coordinating expanded porphyrins. They represent a burgeoning class of pharmacological agents that show promise for an array of medical applications. Currently, two different water-soluble lanthanide texaphyrins, namely motexafin gadolinium ( Gd-Tex , 1) and motexafin lutetium ( Lu-Tex , 2), are involved in multi-center clinical trials for a variety of indications. The first of these agents, XCYTRIN® (motexafin gadolinium) Injection, is being evaluated as a potential X-ray radiation enhancer in a randomized Phase III clinical trial in patients with brain metastases. The second, in various formulations, is being evaluated as a photosensitizer for use in: (i) the photodynamic treatment of recurrent breast cancer (LUTRIN® Injection; now in Phase IIb clinical trials); (ii) photoangioplastic reduction of atherosclerosis involving peripheral and coronary arteries (ANTRIN® Injection; now in Phase II and Phase I clinical trials, respectively); and (iii) light-based age-related macular degeneration (OPTRIN™ Injection; currently under Phase II clinical evaluation), a vision-threatening disease of the retina. In this article, these developments, along with fundamental aspects of the underlying chemistry are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TARAK D. MODY
- Pharmacyclics, Inc., 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - JONATHAN L. SESSLER
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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SESSLER JONATHANL, TVERMOES NICOLAIA, GULDI DIRKM, MODY TARAKD. Probing the reactivity of the radiation sensitizer motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin®) and a series of lanthanide(III) analogues in the presence of both hydroxyl radicals and aqueous electrons. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The competition of the radiation sensitizer motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin®, gadolinium(III) texaphyrin) and several other water-soluble metallotexaphyrin complexes with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) for solvated electrons and hydroxyl radicals was studied using pulse radiolysis and by steady-state γ-radiolysis. It was found that the one-electron reduced forms ( M - Tex ·+) of the Gd(III) , Eu(III) , Dy(III) , Yb(III) , and Cd(II) texaphyrin complexes, after an initial reaction with hydrated electrons, do not compete with TMPD for hydroxyl radicals formed under pulse radiolytic conditions. By contrast, the reduced Y(III) , In(III) , Tm(III) , and Lu(III) texaphyrin complexes do. These differences in competitive reactivity toward . OH are rationalized in terms of the relative rates of protonation of the various singly reduced texaphyrins. In the case of Gd - Tex 2+ in particular, the one-electron reduced product, Gd - Tex ·+, protonates rapidly, producing a redox-inactive species that does not react appreciably with . OH . By contrast, the one-electron reduced product from, e.g., Lu - Tex 2+ (motexafin lutetium), does. These results may explain, at least in part, why the Gd(III) texaphyrin functions as a radiation sensitizer in vivo, while the analogous Lu(III) complex does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- JONATHAN L. SESSLER
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - NICOLAI A. TVERMOES
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - DIRK M. GULDI
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - TARAK D. MODY
- Pharmacyclics, Inc., 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA
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Callaway WB, Veauthier JM, Sessler JL. Schiff-base porphyrin and expanded porphyrin analogs. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of porphyrin chemistry has expanded to include several new analogs of the original four pyrrole, carbon-bridged systems. This review traces the development of one such class of new macrocycles, namely Schiff-base porphyrin analogs. The review's focus is on the synthesis and properties of these new Schiff-base macrocycles that for ease of division have been divided into four classes: systems with two pyrrole rings, systems with three pyrrole or heterocyclic rings, systems with four pyrrole or heterocyclic rings, and systems with five or more pyrrole or heterocyclic rings. In addition to the role of metal ions as templating agents in the synthesis of these complexes, the rich coordination chemistry of several of the macrocycles is also discussed. X-ray crystallography has played an important role in determining the structures of many of these Schiff-base porphyrin analogs and many of the available structures have been incorporated into this review. Aromaticity of the macrocycles is discussed and has been evaluated from available electronic and NMR spectra. Finally, several potential applications of these molecules are discussed, briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyeth B. Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Veauthier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
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Preihs C, Magda D, Sessler JL. Crown ether functionalized texaphyrin monomers and dimers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2011; 15:539-546. [PMID: 22025887 PMCID: PMC3197827 DOI: 10.1142/s108842461100315x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two 18-crown-6 functionalized analogues of an extensively studied gadolinium texaphyrin derivative, motexafin gadolinium (1, MGd), are reported. These are the monomeric and dimeric species, compounds 2 and 3, respectively. Both crown ether functionalized species proved to be stable at physiological pH and revealed distinct shifts in the UV spectrum when treated with sodium-, potassium-, ammonium- or zinc(II)-salts. Zinc(II) is believed to play a major role regulating apoptosis mechanisms in cancerous cells. Therefore, cytotoxicity studies of 2 and 3 were carried out using Ramos cell lines in the presence and absence of zinc(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preihs
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1-University Station A-5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0156, USA
| | | | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1-University Station A-5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0156, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Li R, Brooker S. Copper(II) and palladium(II) complexes of a terdentate pyrrolidine diester ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reza Ganjali M, Norouzi P, Faridbod F, Hajiabdollah N, Dinarvand R, Meghdadi S. Lutetium(III) Ions Determination in Biological and Environmental Samples by a Lutetium(III) Sensor Based onN,N′‐bis(2‐Pyridinecarboxamide)‐1,3‐benzene as a Sensing Material. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701746824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ford JM, Seiferheld W, Alger JR, Wu G, Endicott TJ, Mehta M, Curran W, Phan SC. Results of the phase I dose-escalating study of motexafin gadolinium with standard radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:831-8. [PMID: 17560737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a putative radiation enhancer initially evaluated in patients with brain metastases. This Phase I trial studied the safety and tolerability of a 2-6-week course (10-22 doses) of MGd with radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 33 glioblastoma multiforme patients received one of seven MGd regimens starting at 10 doses of 4 mg/kg/d MGd and escalating to 22 doses of 5.3 mg/kg/d MGd (5 or 10 daily doses then three times per week). The National Cancer Institute Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program toxicity and stopping rules were applied. RESULTS The maximal tolerated dose was 5.0 mg/kg/d MGd (5 d/wk for 2 weeks, then three times per week) for 22 doses. The dose-limiting toxicity was reversible transaminase elevation. Adverse reactions included rash/pruritus (45%), chills/fever (30%), and self-limiting vesiculobullous rash of the thumb and fingers (42%). The median survival of 17.6 months prompted a case-matched analysis. In the case-matched analysis, the MGd patients had a median survival of 16.1 months (n = 31) compared with the matched Radiation Therapy Oncology Group database patients with a median survival of 11.8 months (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.94). CONCLUSION The maximal tolerated dose of MGd with radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme in this study was 5 mg/kg/d for 22 doses (daily for 2 weeks, then three times weekly). The baseline survival calculations suggest progression to Phase II trials is appropriate, with the addition of MGd to radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Ford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6951, USA.
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Bandyopadhyaya AK, Narayanasamy S, Barth RF, Tjarks W. Synthesis of novel texaphyrins containing lanthanides and boron. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a novel, MRI-detectable, anticancer agent that enhances the cytotoxic potential of radiation therapy through several mechanisms, including depleting intracellular reducing metabolites that are necessary for repairing the oxidative damage induced by irradiation. It has tumor-specific uptake, normal tissue sparing, and tolerable and reversible toxicities in clinical trials. MGd's use in conjunction with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has demonstrated an improvement in neurocognitive decline, neurologic progression, and quality of life in patients with brain metastases from NSCLC. Its use in conjunction with radiosurgery and whole brain radiation therapy in the setting of brain metastases is currently being studied, as is MGd with radiation and temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. MGd is also being actively investigated as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation therapy in other tumors, including pediatric brain tumors, NSCLC, lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic and biliary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Richards
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Ross HM, Smelstoys JA, Davis GJ, Kapatkin AS, Del Piero F, Reineke E, Wang H, Zhu TC, Busch TM, Yodh AG, Hahn SM. Photodynamic therapy with motexafin lutetium for rectal cancer: a preclinical model in the dog. J Surg Res 2006; 135:323-30. [PMID: 16650871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local recurrence of rectal cancer remains a significant clinical problem despite multi-modality therapy. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment which generates tumor kill through the production of singlet oxygen in cells containing a photosensitizing drug when exposed to laser light of a specific wavelength. PDT is a promising modality for prevention of local recurrence of rectal cancer for several reasons: tumor cells may selectively retain photosensitizer at higher levels than normal tissues, the pelvis after mesorectal excision is a fixed space amenable to intra-operative illumination, and PDT can generate toxicity in tissues up to 1 cm thick. This study evaluated the safety, tissue penetration of 730 nm light, normal tissue toxicity and surgical outcome in a dog model of rectal resection after motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. METHODS Ten mixed breed dogs were used. Eight dogs underwent proctectomy and low rectal end to end stapled anastomosis. Six dogs received the photosensitizing agent motexafin lutetium (MLu, Pharmacyclics, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) of 2 mg/kg preoperatively and underwent subsequent pelvic illumination of the transected distal rectum of 730 nm light with light doses ranging from 0.5 J/cm(2) to 10 J/cm(2) three hours after drug delivery. Two dogs received light, but no drug, and underwent proctectomy and low-rectal stapled anastomosis. Two dogs underwent midline laparotomy and pelvic illumination. Light penetration in tissues was determined for small bowel, rectum, pelvic sidewall, and skin. Clinical outcomes were recorded. Animals were sacrificed at 14 days and histological evaluation was performed. RESULTS All dogs recovered uneventfully. No dog suffered an anastomotic leak. Severe tissue toxicity was not seen. Histological findings at necropsy revealed mild enteritis in all dogs. The excitation light penetration depths were 0.46 +/- 0.18, 0.46 +/- 0.15, and 0.69 +/- 0.39 cm, respectively, for rectum, small bowel, and peritoneum in dogs that had received MLu. For control dogs without photosensitizer MLu, the optical penetration depths were longer: 0.92 +/- 0.63, 0.67 +/- 0.10, and 1.1 +/- 0.80 cm for rectum, small bowel, and peritoneum, respectively. CONCLUSION Low rectal stapled anastomosis is safe when performed with MLu-mediated pelvic PDT in a dog model. Significant tissue penetration of 730 nm light into the rectum and pelvic sidewall was revealed without generation of significant toxicity or histological sequelae. Penetration depths of 730 nm light in pelvic tissue suggest that microscopic residual disease of less than 5 mm are likely to be treated adequately with MLu-mediated PDT. This approach merits further investigation as an adjuvant to total mesorectal excision and chemoradiation for rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Ross
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19096, USA.
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Miles DR, Smith JA, Phan SC, Hutcheson SJ, Renschler MF, Ford JM, Boswell GW. Population pharmacokinetics of motexafin gadolinium in adults with brain metastases or glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 45:299-312. [PMID: 15703365 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004271946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine clinical variables affecting motexafin gadolinium (MGd) pharmacokinetics. Motexafin gadolinium (4-5.3 mg/kg/d) was administered intravenously for 2 to 6.5 weeks. Plasma samples from 3 clinical trials were analyzed for MGd using liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The pooled data were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) methods. The POP-PK model included 243 patients (1575 samples). Clearance (CL) was 14% lower in women, but weight-normalized clearance was only 5% lower in women. Clearance decreased with increasing alkaline phosphatase, increasing age, and decreasing hemoglobin. Administration of phenytoin increased CL by approximately 30%. Central compartment volume (V1) was 21% lower in women and increased with increasing serum creatinine. For all covariates, except sex and phenytoin, the predicted change in CL or V1 (5th and 95th percentiles) varied < or =13% from the population mean CL or V1 estimate. It was concluded that a 3-compartment, open, POP-PK model predicts small but significant effects of age, sex, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and phenytoin on MGd pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Miles
- Pharmacyclics Inc, 995 E. Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
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De Stasio G, Rajesh D, Ford JM, Daniels MJ, Erhardt RJ, Frazer BH, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK, Conhaim RL, Howard SP, Fowler JF, Estève F, Mehta MP. Motexafin-Gadolinium Taken Up In vitro by at Least 90% of Glioblastoma Cell Nuclei. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:206-13. [PMID: 16397044 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present preclinical data showing the in vitro intranuclear uptake of motexafin gadolinium by glioblastoma multiforme cells, which could serve as a prelude to the future development of radiosensitizing techniques, such as gadolinium synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (GdSSR), a new putative treatment for glioblastoma multiforme. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this approach, administration of a tumor-seeking Gd-containing compound would be followed by stereotactic external beam radiotherapy with 51-keV photons from a synchrotron source. At least two criteria must be satisfied before this therapy can be established: Gd must accumulate in cancer cells and spare the normal tissue; Gd must be present in almost all the cancer cell nuclei. We address the in vitro intranuclear uptake of motexafin gadolinium in this article. We analyzed the Gd distribution with subcellular resolution in four human glioblastoma cell lines, using three independent methods: two novel synchrotron spectromicroscopic techniques and one confocal microscopy. We present in vitro evidence that the majority of the cell nuclei take up motexafin gadolinium, a drug that is known to selectively reach glioblastoma multiforme. RESULTS With all three methods, we found Gd in at least 90% of the cell nuclei. The results are highly reproducible across different cell lines. The present data provide evidence for further studies, with the goal of developing GdSSR, a process that will require further in vivo animal and future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelsomina De Stasio
- Department of Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Stoughton, Winconsin 53589, USA.
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Altschuler MD, Zhu TC, Li J, Hahn SM. Optimized interstitial PDT prostate treatment planning with the Cimmino feasibility algorithm. Med Phys 2005; 32:3524-36. [PMID: 16475751 PMCID: PMC4467800 DOI: 10.1118/1.2107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether optimized photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment planning (seeking optimized positions, lengths, and strengths of the light sources to satisfy a given dose prescription) can improve dose coverage to the prostate and the sparing of critical organs relative to what can be achieved by the standard PDT plan. The Cimmino algorithm and search procedures based on that algorithm were tested for this purpose. A phase I motexafin lutetium (MLu)-mediated photodynamic therapy protocol is ongoing at the University of Pennsylvania. PDT for the prostate is performed with cylindrical diffusing fibers of various lengths inserted perpendicular to a base plate to obtain longitudinal coverage by a matrix of parallel catheters. The standard plan for the protocol uses sources of equal strength with equal spaced (1-cm) loading. Uniform optical properties were assumed. Our algorithms produce plans that cover the prostate and spare the urethra and rectum with less discrepancy from the dose prescription than the standard plan. The Cimmino feasibility algorithm is fast enough that changes to the treatment plan may be made in the operating room before and during PDT to optimize light delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Altschuler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Donnelly ET, Liu Y, Paul TK, Rockwell S. Effects of motexafin gadolinium on DNA damage and X-ray-induced DNA damage repair, as assessed by the Comet assay. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:1176-86. [PMID: 15990023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of motexafin gadolinium (MGd) on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and DNA damage in EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. The ability of MGd to alter radiosensitivity and to inhibit DNA damage repair after X-ray irradiation was also evaluated. METHODS AND MATERIALS Reactive oxygen species and GSH levels were assessed by 2,7-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence flow cytometry and the Tietze method, respectively. Cellular radiosensitivity was assessed by clonogenic assays. Deoxyribonucleic acid damage and DNA damage repair were assessed in plateau-phase EMT6 cells by the Comet assay and clonogenic assays. RESULTS Cells treated with 100 mumol/L MGd plus equimolar ascorbic acid (AA) had significantly increased levels of ROS and a 58.9% +/- 3.4% decrease in GSH levels, relative to controls. Motexafin gadolinium plus AA treatment increased the hypoxic, but not the aerobic, radiosensitivity of EMT6 cells. There were increased levels of single-strand breaks in cells treated with 100 mumol/L MGd plus equimolar AA, as evidenced by changes in the alkaline tail moment (MGd + AA, 6 h: 14.7 +/- 1.8; control: 2.8 +/- 0.9). The level of single-strand breaks was dependent on the length of treatment. Motexafin gadolinium plus AA did not increase double-strand breaks. The repair of single-strand breaks at 2 h, but not at 4 h and 6 h, after irradiation was altered significantly in cells treated with MGd plus AA (MGd + AA, 2 h: 15.8 +/- 3.4; control: 5.8 +/- 0.6). Motexafin gadolinium did not alter the repair of double-strand breaks at any time after irradiation with 10 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Motexafin gadolinium plus AA generated ROS, which in turn altered GSH homeostasis and induced DNA strand breaks. The MGd plus AA-mediated alteration of GSH levels increased the hypoxic, but not aerobic, radiosensitivity of EMT6 cells. Motexafin gadolinium altered the kinetics of single-strand break repair soon after irradiation but did not inhibit potentially lethal damage repair in EMT6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling T Donnelly
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Zhu TC, Finlay JC, Hahn SM. Determination of the distribution of light, optical properties, drug concentration, and tissue oxygenation in-vivo in human prostate during motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2005; 79:231-41. [PMID: 15896650 PMCID: PMC4470428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to quantify the distribution of the light fluence rate, the optical properties, the drug concentration, and the tissue oxygenation for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of prostate cancer. We have developed an integrated system to determine these quantities before and after PDT treatment using motorized probes. The optical properties (absorption (micro(a)), transport scattering (micro(s'), and effective attenuation (micro(eff)) coefficients) of cancerous human prostate were measured in-vivo using interstitial isotropic detectors. Measurements were made at 732 nm before and after motexafin lutetium (MLu) mediated PDT at different locations along each catheter. The light fluence rate distribution was also measured along the catheters during PDT. Diffuse absorption spectroscopy measurement using a white light source allows extrapolation of the distribution of oxygen saturation StO2, total blood volume ([Hb]t), and MLu concentration. The distribution of drug concentration was also studied using fluorescence from a single optical fiber, and was found to be in good agreement with the values determined by absorption spectroscopy. This study shows significant inter- and intra-prostatic variations in the tissue optical properties and MLu drug distribution, suggesting that a real-time dosimetry measurement and feedback system for monitoring these values during treatment should be considered in future PDT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Jarod C. Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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Mani C, Upadhyay S, Lacy S, Boswell GW, Miles DR. Reductase‐mediated metabolism of motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin®) in rat and human liver subcellular fractions and purified enzyme preparations. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:559-70. [PMID: 15666291 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of motexafin gadolinium (MGd, Xcytrin) was investigated in subcellular rat and human liver fractions. Microsomal MGd metabolism was dependent on NADPH in both species. Cytosolic metabolism in rat and human livers was dependent on NADPH or NADH. Under anaerobic conditions, MGd metabolism increased in liver microsomes and purified enzyme preparations. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitors ketoconazole, proadifen, and carbon monoxide increased NADPH-dependent MGd metabolism in microsomes. Treatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone increased cytosolic metabolism of MGd twofold, but had no effect on microsomal metabolism. Conversely, in liver preparations from phenobarbital treated rats microsomal metabolism of MGd was enhanced twofold, but not in cytosolic preparations. Purified CYP450 reductase from phenobarbital-treated rabbit or untreated human livers metabolized MGd suggesting involvement of CYP450 reductase. Dicumarol, a potent DT-diaphorase inhibitor, inhibited MGd metabolism in both rat and human liver cytosol. These data suggest MGd metabolism in rat liver involves CYP450 reductase and/or DT-diaphorase. In human liver preparations only CYP450 reductase is directly involved in MGd metabolism. A metabolite identified in microsomes and cytosol is a metal-free, reduced form of MGd, indicating that both enzymes generate metabolite 1, which appears to be PCI-0108, a synthetic precursor to MGd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Mani
- Pharmacyclics, 995 E. Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, California 94085-4521, USA.
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Dicopper(II) and dinickel(II) complexes of Schiff-base macrocycles derived from 5,5-dimethyl-1,9-diformyldipyrromethane. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Donnelly ET, Liu Y, Fatunmbi YO, Lee I, Magda D, Rockwell S. Effects of texaphyrins on the oxygenation of EMT6 mouse mammary tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:1570-6. [PMID: 15050338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of texaphyrins on the oxygenation of EMT6 mouse mammary tumors in Balb/c Rw mice. Texaphyrins are synthetic, porphyrin-like molecules capable of stably coordinating lanthanide and nonlanthanide metals. Metallotexaphyrin compounds containing gadolinium (MGd), lutetium (MLu), europium (Eu-Tex), dysprosium (Dy-Tex), and manganese (Mn-Tex) were evaluated. METHODS Tumor oxygenation was measured using an Eppendorf pO2 histograph when tumors, implanted intradermally in the rear dorsum, reached 150-200 mm3. Oxygen measurements were also made in the leg muscle of tumor-bearing mice, to determine whether changes in oxygenation occurred in nontumor tissue. RESULTS Motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin, MGd) seems to be an effective modulator of tumor oxygen tension. The mean of the median tumor pO2 6 hours after injection of MGd was 8.0 +/- 2.4 mm Hg. The control value was 1.5 +/- 0.4 mm Hg. The oxygen levels within EMT6 tumors were shifted significantly toward higher oxygen tensions 6-8 hours after i.v. injection of 40 micromol/kg MGd, thereby reducing the percentage of severely hypoxic readings (MGd, 6 hours: 44.6 +/- 4.3% <2.5 mm Hg; CONTROL 69.4 +/- 3.0% <2.5 mm Hg). There was no significant change in the oxygenation of the leg muscle after MGd treatment. Eu-Tex and Mn-Tex increased the tumor oxygenation to a much lesser degree than MGd. MLu, Dy-Tex, and the vehicle (a 5% mannitol solution) did not modulate tumor oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS MGd is an effective modulator of tumor oxygenation. The central metal composition of texaphyrin compounds is an important determinant of the effect of the texaphyrins on tumor oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling T Donnelly
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
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Quirino JP, Dulay MT, Fu L, Mody TD, Zare RN. Capillary electrophoresis separation and native laser-induced fluorescence detection of metallotexaphyrins. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020901)25:13<819::aid-jssc819>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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