1
|
Islam KU, Anwar S, Patel AA, Mirdad MT, Mirdad MT, Azmi MI, Ahmad T, Fatima Z, Iqbal J. Global Lipidome Profiling Revealed Multifaceted Role of Lipid Species in Hepatitis C Virus Replication, Assembly, and Host Antiviral Response. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020464. [PMID: 36851679 PMCID: PMC9965260 DOI: 10.3390/v15020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that requires a better understanding of its interaction with host cells. There is a close association of HCV life cycle with host lipid metabolism. Lipid droplets (LDs) have been found to be crucial organelles that support HCV replication and virion assembly. In addition to their role in replication, LDs also have protein-mediated antiviral properties that are activated during HCV infection. Studies have shown that HCV replicates well in cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich membranes, but the ways in which HCV alters host cell lipid dynamics are not yet known. In this study, we performed a kinetic study to check the enrichment of LDs at different time points of HCV infection. Based on the LD enrichment results, we selected early and later time points of HCV infection for global lipidomic study. Early infection represents the window period for HCV sensing and host immune response while later infection represents the establishment of viral RNA replication, virion assembly, and egress. We identified the dynamic profile of lipid species at early and later time points of HCV infection by global lipidomic study using mass spectrometry. At early HCV infection, phosphatidylinositol phospholipids (PIPs), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), triacyl glycerols (TAG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and trihexosylceramides (Hex3Cer) were observed to be enriched. Similarly, free fatty acids (FFA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE), and tri acylglycerols were enriched at later time points of HCV infection. Lipids enriched at early time of infection may have role in HCV sensing, viral attachment, and immune response as LPA and PIPs are important for immune response and viral attachment, respectively. Moreover, lipid species observed at later infection may contribute to HCV replication and virion assembly as PE, FFA, and triacylglycerols are known for the similar function. In conclusion, we identified lipid species that exhibited dynamic profile across early and later time points of HCV infection compared to mock cells, which could be therapeutically relevant in the design of more specific and effective anti-viral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Ul Islam
- Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saleem Anwar
- Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ayyub A. Patel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram 122413, India
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (J.I.)
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (J.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park S, Kim JY, Kwon HC, Jang DS, Song YJ. Antiviral Activities of Ethyl Pheophorbides a and b Isolated from Aster pseudoglehnii against Influenza Viruses. Molecules 2022; 28:41. [PMID: 36615236 PMCID: PMC9822050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of the antiviral and virucidal activities of ethanol extracts from plants endemic to the Republic of Korea revealed the inhibitory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of the whole plant of A. pseudoglehnii (APE) against influenza virus infection. Two chlorophyll derivatives, ethyl pheophorbides a and b, isolated as active components of APE, exerted virucidal effects with no evident cytotoxicity. These compounds were effective only under conditions of direct incubation with the virus, and exerted no effects on the influenza A virus (IAV) surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Interestingly, virucidal activities of ethyl pheophorbides a and b were observed against enveloped but not non-enveloped viruses, suggesting that these compounds act by affecting the integrity of the viral membrane and reducing infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee YE, Lee J, Lee YS, Jang JJ, Woo H, Choi HI, Chai YG, Kim TK, Kim T, Kim LK, Choi SS. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Noncoding RNAs Transcribed from Putative Active Enhancers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cells 2021; 44:658-669. [PMID: 34588321 PMCID: PMC8490203 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancers have been conventionally perceived as cis-acting elements that provide binding sites for trans-acting factors. However, recent studies have shown that enhancers are transcribed and that these transcripts, called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), have a regulatory function. Here, we identified putative eRNAs by profiling and determining the overlap between noncoding RNA expression loci and eRNA-associated histone marks such as H3K27ac and H3K4me1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Of the 132 HCC-derived noncoding RNAs, 74 overlapped with the eRNA loci defined by the FANTOM consortium, and 65 were located in the proximal regions of genes differentially expressed between normal and tumor tissues in TCGA dataset. Interestingly, knockdown of two selected putative eRNAs, THUMPD3-AS1 and LINC01572, led to downregulation of their target mRNAs and to a reduction in the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Additionally, the expression of these two noncoding RNAs and target mRNAs was elevated in tumor samples in the TCGA dataset, and high expression was associated with poor survival of patients. Collectively, our study suggests that noncoding RNAs such as THUMPD3-AS1 and LINC01572 (i.e., putative eRNAs) can promote the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation and that the dysregulation of these noncoding RNAs can cause cancers such as HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06230, Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Joan Jang
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Hyeonju Woo
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hae In Choi
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - TaeSoo Kim
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06230, Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shirasago Y, Fukazawa H, Aizaki H, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Sugiyama K, Wakita T, Hanada K, Abe R, Fukasawa M. Thermostable hepatitis C virus JFH1-derived variant isolated by adaptation to Huh7.5.1 cells. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1407-1417. [PMID: 30045785 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and propagation in cultured cells have mainly been investigated using the infectious clinical clone JFH1. However, its infectivity is not high enough for infection to be detected easily. In this study, we attempted to isolate HCV-JFH1 variants adapted to human hepatoma Huh7.5.1 cells. By performing serial passages of the wild-type HCV-JFH1 in Huh7.5.1 cells, we obtained a variant that was capable of inducing severe cytopathic effects and showed approximately 700-fold higher infectivity than the wild-type HCV-JFH1. Further, when highly permissive Huh7.5.1-8 cells were infected with this variant, viral particles were produced at >1011 copies ml-1, making this variant one of the most efficient HCV production systems. Two adaptive mutations were noted in the variant genome: a1994c (K74T) in the core protein region and t3014c (I414T) in the E2 protein region. Both mutations contributed to enhanced infectivity and their combination showed synergistic effects in this regard. An examination of recombinant viruses carrying K74T, I414T and K74T/I414T mutations revealed that none of the mutations had an effect on the steps after viral entry (genome replication, particle assembly and egress), but led to the viral infection becoming less dependent on scavenger receptor class B type I, changes of the infectious particles to a broader and lower range of densities, and enhanced thermal stability of the infectious viruses. Thus, this Huh7.5.1-adapted HCV-JFH1 variant with higher and stable infectivity should be a valuable tool for studying the molecular mechanisms behind the life cycle of HCV and for antiviral screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Shirasago
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidesuke Fukazawa
- 2Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- 3Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Suzuki
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- 3Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- 7Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vahedi F, Lee AJ, Collins SE, Chew MV, Lusty E, Chen B, Dubey A, Richards CD, Feld JJ, Russell RS, Mossman KL, Ashkar AA. IL-15 and IFN-γ signal through the ERK pathway to inhibit HCV replication, independent of type I IFN signaling. Cytokine 2018; 124:154439. [PMID: 29908921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective new treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, development of drug resistance, safety concerns and cost are remaining challenges. More importantly, there is no vaccine available against hepatitis C infection. Recent data suggest that there is a strong correlation between spontaneous HCV clearance and human NK cell function, particularly IFN-γ production. Further, IL-15 has innate antiviral activity and is also one of the main factors that activates NK cells to produce IFN-γ. To examine whether IL-15 and IFN-γ have direct antiviral activity against HCV, Huh7.5 cells were treated with either IFN-γ or IL-15 prior to HCV infection. Our data demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-15 block HCV replication in vitro. Additionally, we show that IL-15 and IFN-γ do not induce anti-HCV effects through the type I interferon signaling pathway or nitric oxide (NO) production. Instead, IL-15 and IFN-γ provide protection against HCV via the ERK pathway. Treatment of Huh7.5 cells with a MEK/ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-HCV effects of IL-15 and IFN-γ and overexpression of ERK1 prevented HCV replication compared to control transfection. Our in vitro data support the hypothesis that early production of IL-15 and activation of NK cells in the liver lead to control of HCV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Marianne V Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Evan Lusty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Branson Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Anisha Dubey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Liu Q. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibits hepatitis C virus replication through interacting with NS5A. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:44-61. [PMID: 29235977 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease actively involved in regulating lipid homeostasis. Although PCSK9 has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and replication, the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized. Moreover, whether PCSK9 regulates HCV translation and assembly/secretion has not been determined. We therefore further studied the effects of PCSK9 on the HCV life cycle. We showed that PCSK9 did not affect HCV translation or assembly/secretion. Overexpression of PCSK9 inhibited HCV replication in HCV genomic replicon cells in a dose-dependent manner and after cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) infection. Knocking down PCSK9 increased HCV replication. The gain-of-function (D374Y) or loss-of-function (Δaa. 31-52) PCSK9 mutants for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation had no effect on HCV replication, suggesting that HCV replication inhibition by PCSK9 was not due to LDLR degradation. The uncleaved ProPCSK9, but not cleaved PCSK9, down-regulated HCV replication, suggesting that the auto-cleavage of PCSK9 affected HCV replication. We also found that PCSK9 interacted with NS5A through NS5A aa. 95-215, and this region played an important role in NS5A dimerization, NS5A-RNA binding and was essential for HCV replication. More importantly, NS5A dimerization and NS5A-RNA binding were suppressed by PCSK9 upon interaction. These results suggested that PCSK9 inhibited HCV replication through interaction with NS5A. Our study should help optimize anti-HCV treatment regimen in patients with abnormal lipid profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Li
- VIDO-InterVac, School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,VIDO-InterVac, School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suppression of Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus via Induction of Autophagic Degradation of TRAF6. J Virol 2016; 90:10928-10935. [PMID: 27681126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01365-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an important adaptor molecule that mediates the TNFR family and interleukin-1 (IL-1)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascades. These pathways are important for the host to control viral infections. In this report, we demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) depleted TRAF6 from its host cells through a posttranslational mechanism. This depletion was independent of proteasomes, as it was not affected by the proteasome inhibitor MG132, but it was suppressed by bafilomycin A1, which led to the association of TRAF6 with autophagosomes. As bafilomycin A1 is a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor that inhibits autophagic protein degradation, these results suggested that HCV depleted TRAF6 via autophagy. The degradation of TRAF6 was apparently mediated by the p62 sequestosome protein, which is a factor important for selective autophagy, as it could bind to TRAF6 and its silencing stabilized TRAF6. The depletion of TRAF6 suppressed activation of NF-κB and induction of proinflammatory cytokines and enhanced HCV replication. In contrast, the overexpression of TRAF6 suppressed HCV replication. These results revealed a novel mechanism that was used by HCV to disrupt the host innate immune responses for viral replication and persistence. IMPORTANCE HCV can cause severe liver diseases and is one of the most important human pathogens. It establishes chronic infections in the great majority of patients that it infects, indicating that it has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade host immunity. TRAF6 is an important signaling molecule that mediates activation of NF-κB and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons. In this study, we found that HCV infection suppressed the host innate immune response through the induction of autophagic degradation of TRAF6. This finding provided important information for further understanding how HCV evades host immunity to establish persistence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Du M, Liu J, Chen X, Xie Y, Yuan C, Xiang Y, Sun B, Lan K, Chen M, James SJ, Zhang Y, Zhong J, Xiao H. Casein kinase II controls TBK1/IRF3 activation in IFN response against viral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4477-88. [PMID: 25810395 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
By sensing viral nucleic acids, host innate receptors elicit signaling pathways converging on TBK1-IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 axis in mediating IFN-αβ induction and defense mechanisms. In contrast, viruses have evolved with diverse immune evasion/interference mechanisms to undermine innate receptor signaling and IFN response. In this regard, approaches enabling host to overcome such immune evasion/interference mechanisms are urgently needed to combat infections by epidemic/pandemic viruses. In this study, we report that protein kinase CK2 serves as a key component controlling TBK1 and IRF3 activation in IFN-inducing TLR, RIG-I-like receptors, and cGAS/STING signaling pathways. Accordingly, knocking down of CK2 expression or genetic ablation of its kinase activity resulted in elevated IFN-αβ response in response to infection by DNA and RNA viruses. Moreover, PP2A was identified as one of the intermediate phosphatases responsible for CK2-regulated IFN response, suggesting that CK2 may regulate TBK1 and IRF3 activation indirectly. Importantly, blockade of CK2 activity by small molecule inhibitor was able to activate TBK1, whereby eliciting effective host defense mechanisms against hepatitis C virus infection. Taken together, our results identify CK2 as a novel regulator of TBK1 and IRF3 and suggest that targeting CK2 by small molecular inhibitor may be a viable approach to prevent and treat viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chuanping Yuan
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Unit of Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Unit of Tumor Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sharmy J James
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597; Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597; and
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597; Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597; and
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Unit of Immune Signaling and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Vaccine Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stewart H, Bartlett C, Ross-Thriepland D, Shaw J, Griffin S, Harris M. A novel method for the measurement of hepatitis C virus infectious titres using the IncuCyte ZOOM and its application to antiviral screening. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:59-65. [PMID: 25796989 PMCID: PMC4411217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant human pathogen, causing severe liver disease. Accurate quantification of viral titres is essential for the majority of assays. The current methods of HCV titration and quantification are laborious and imprecise. We report a novel method for calculating infectious HCV titres using the IncuCyte ZOOM. This method has applications for screening of novel antiviral compounds.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant human pathogen infecting 3% of the world population. An infectious molecular clone capable of replicating and releasing infectious virions in cell culture has only been available since 2005, leaving a significant knowledge gap concerning post-RNA replication events such as particle assembly, trafficking and release. Thus, a fast, efficient and accurate method of measuring infectious viral titres is highly desirable. Current methods rely upon manual counting of infected cell foci and so are both labour-intensive and susceptible to human error. Here, we report a novel protocol, which utilises the IncuCyte ZOOM instrument and related software to accurately count infected cells and extrapolation of this data to produce an infectious titre, reported as infectious units per millilitre (IU/mL). This method reduces cost, time and error in experiments. We also demonstrate that this approach is amenable to high-throughput compound screening, thereby expediting the identification of novel antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Stewart
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bartlett
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Ross-Thriepland
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Griffin
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the major factor in causing cervical cancer as well as being implicated in causing oral and anal cancers. The life cycle of HPV is tied to the epithelial differentiation system, as only native virus can be produced in stratified human skin. Initially, HPV research was only possible utilizing recombinant systems in monolayer culture. With new cell culture technology, systems using differentiated skin have allowed HPV to be studied in its native environment. Here, we describe current research studying native virions in differentiated skin including viral assembly, maturation, capsid protein interactions, and L2 cross-neutralizing epitopes. In doing so, we hope to show how differentiating skin systems have increased our knowledge of HPV biology and identify gaps in our knowledge about this important virus.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. Entry and replication of recombinant hepatitis C viruses in cell culture. Methods 2012; 59:233-48. [PMID: 23009812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand enveloped RNA virus and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The heavy health burden associated with the virus infection in humans and the intriguing peculiarities of the interaction between the HCV replication cycle and the hepatocyte host cell have stimulated a flourishing research field. The present review aims at recapitulating the different viral and cellular systems modelling HCV entry and replication, and in particular at gathering the tools available to dissect the HCV entry pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; A Joint Venture Between The Medical School Hannover and The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hepatitis C virus infection causes cell cycle arrest at the level of initiation of mitosis. J Virol 2011; 85:7989-8001. [PMID: 21680513 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00280-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic immune-mediated inflammation is likely to be an important factor in the development of HCV-associated HCC, but direct effects of HCV infection on the host cell cycle may also play a role. Although overexpression studies have revealed multiple interactions between HCV-encoded proteins and host cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressor proteins, the relevance of these observations to HCV-associated liver disease is not clear. We determined the net effect of these interactions on regulation of the cell cycle in the context of virus infection. Flow cytometry of HCV-infected carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled hepatoma cells indicated a slowdown in proliferation that correlated with abundance of viral antigen. A decrease in the proportions of infected cells in G(1) and S phases with an accumulation of cells in G(2)/M phase was observed, compared to mock-infected controls. Dramatic decreases in markers of mitosis, such as phospho-histone H3, in infected cells suggested a block to mitotic entry. In common with findings described in the published literature, we observed caspase 3 activation, suggesting that cell cycle arrest is associated with apoptosis. Differences were observed in patterns of cell cycle disturbance and levels of apoptosis with different strains of HCV. However, the data suggest that cell cycle arrest at the interface of G(2) and mitosis is a common feature of HCV infection.
Collapse
|