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Mukherjee A, Pandey S. Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:31. [PMID: 38911333 PMCID: PMC11192095 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) denotes an expanding list of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Although tremor is an important aspect of the clinical spectrum of the SCAs, its prevalence, phenomenology, and pathophysiology are unknown. Objectives This review aims to describe the various types of tremors seen in the different SCAs, with a discussion on the pathophysiology of the tremors, and the possible treatment modalities. Methods The authors conducted a literature search on PubMed using search terms including tremor and the various SCAs. Relevant articles were included in the review after excluding duplicate publications. Results While action (postural and intention) tremors are most frequently associated with SCA, rest and other rare tremors have also been documented. The prevalence and types of tremors vary among the different SCAs. SCA12, common in certain ethnic populations, presents a unique situation, where the tremor is typically the principal manifestation. Clinical manifestations of SCAs may be confused with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology of tremors in SCAs predominantly involves the cerebellum and its networks, especially the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. Additionally, connections with the basal ganglia, and striatal dopaminergic dysfunction may have a role. Medical management of tremor is usually guided by the phenomenology and associated clinical features. Deep brain stimulation surgery may be helpful in treatment-resistant tremors. Conclusions Tremor is an elemental component of SCAs, with diverse phenomenology, and emphasizes the role of the cerebellum in tremor. Further studies will be useful to delineate the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of tremor in SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
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Okelberry T, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. Updates in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 122:106086. [PMID: 38538475 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common tremor disorders and can be disabling in its affect on daily activities. There have been major breakthroughs in the treatment of tremor and ET is the subject of important ongoing research. This review will present recent advancements in the epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and imaging of ET. Current and future treatment options in the management of ET will also be reviewed. The need for continued innovation and scientific inquiry to address the unmet needs of persons of ET will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Okelberry
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Kelly E Lyons
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Ahmad I, Khalid H, Perveen A, Shehroz M, Nishan U, Rahman FU, Sheheryar, Moura AA, Ullah R, Ali EA, Shah M, Ojha SC. Identification of Novel Quinolone and Quinazoline Alkaloids as Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitors for Parkinson's Disease through a Computational Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16262-16278. [PMID: 38617664 PMCID: PMC11007772 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are vital in signal transduction, specifically by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. Within the PDE family, PDE10A is notable for its prominence in the striatum and its regulatory function over neurotransmitters in medium-spiny neurons. Given the dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease (PD) that affects striatal pathways, PDE10A inhibitors could offer therapeutic benefits by modulating D1 and D2 receptor signaling. This study was motivated by the successful history of quinazoline/quinazoline scaffolds in the inhibition of PDE10A. This study involved detailed in silico evaluations through docking followed by pharmacological, pharmacophoric, and pharmacokinetic analyses, prioritizing central nervous system (CNS)-active drug criteria. Seven cyclic peptides, those featuring the quinazoline/quinazoline moiety at both termini, exhibited notably enhanced docking scores compared to those of the remaining alkaloids within the screened library. We identified 7 quinolines and 1 quinazoline including Lepadin G, Aspernigerin, CJ-13536, Aurachin A, 2-Undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, Huajiaosimuline 3-Prenyl-4-prenyloxyquinolin-2-one, and Isaindigotone that followed the standard CNS active drug criteria. The dominant quinoline ring in our study and its related quinazoline were central to our evaluations; therefore, the pharmacophoric features of these scaffolds were highlighted. The top alkaloids met all CNS-active drug properties; while nonmutagenic and without PAINS alerts, many indicated potential hepatotoxicity. Among the compounds, Huajiaosimuline was particularly significant due to its alignment with lead-likeness and CNS-active criteria. Aspernigerin demonstrated its affinity for numerous dopamine receptors, which signifies its potential to alter dopaminergic neurotransmission that is directly related to PD. Interestingly, the majority of these alkaloids had biological targets primarily associated with G protein-coupled receptors, critical in PD pathophysiology. They exhibit superior excretion parameters and toxicity end-points compared to the standard. Notably, selected alkaloids demonstrated stability in the binding pocket of PDE10A according to the molecular dynamic simulation results. Our findings emphasize the potential of these alkaloids as PDE10A inhibitors. Further experimental studies may be necessary to confirm their actual potency in inhibiting PDE10A before exploring their therapeutic potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ahmad
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Hira Khalid
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Asia Perveen
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shehroz
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Kohsar University Murree, Murree 47150, Pakistan
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science
& Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- Department
of Zoology, University of Shangla, Shangla 19100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sheheryar
- Department
of Animal Science, Federal University of
Ceara, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Alencar Moura
- Department
of Animal Science, Federal University of
Ceara, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohibullah Shah
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital
of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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4
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Bian X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Lou S. The function of previously unappreciated exerkines secreted by muscle in regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1305208. [PMID: 38249295 PMCID: PMC10796786 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1305208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), distinguished by compromised nervous system integrity, profoundly disrupt the quality of life of patients, concurrently exerting a considerable strain on both the economy and the social healthcare infrastructure. Exercise has demonstrated its potential as both an effective preventive intervention and a rehabilitation approach among the emerging therapeutics targeting NDs. As the largest secretory organ, skeletal muscle possesses the capacity to secrete myokines, and these myokines can partially improve the prognosis of NDs by mediating the muscle-brain axis. Besides the well-studied exerkines, which are secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise that pivotally exert their beneficial function, the physiological function of novel exerkines, e.g., apelin, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and lactate have been underappreciated previously. Herein, this review discusses the roles of these novel exerkines and their mechanisms in regulating the progression and improvement of NDs, especially the significance of their functions in improving NDs' prognoses through exercise. Furthermore, several myokines with potential implications in ameliorating ND progression are proposed as the future direction for investigation. Elucidation of the function of exerkines secreted by skeletal muscle in the regulation of NDs advances the understanding of its pathogenesis and facilitates the development of therapeutics that intervene in these processes to cure NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Bian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Gong Y, Liu R, Zha H, Dong D, Lu N, Yan H, Wan L, Nian Y. Analgesic Buxus alkaloids with Enhanced Selectivity for the Low-Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Ca v 3.2 over Ca v 3.1 through a New Binding Mode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313461. [PMID: 37997012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs; Cav 3.1-3.3) represent promising drug targets for epilepsy, pain, and essential tremor. At present, modulators with heightened selectivity for a subtype of LVGCCs are still highly desired. In this study we explored three classes of Buxus alkaloids and identified 9(10/19)abeo-artanes Buxusemine H and Buxusemine L (BXSL) as an unprecedented type of Cav 3.2 inhibitors. Particularly, BXSL exhibited Cav 3.2 inhibition comparable to Z944, a non-subtype-selective LVGCCs inhibitor under clinical trial. While lacking specificity for Cav 3.3, BXSL showed a 30-fold selectivity of Cav 3.2 over Cav 3.1. As compared to several well-known inhibitors, the experimental and computational studies suggested BXSL exhibits a distinct binding mode to Cav 3.2, notably through the essential interaction with serine-1543 in domain III. Furthermore, BXSL showed minimal impact on various recombinant and native nociceptive ion channels, while significantly reducing the excitability of isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Animal studies in wild-type and Cav 3.2 knock-out mice revealed that BXSL (5 mg/kg), by inhibiting Cav 3.2, exhibits an analgesic effect equivalent to Z944 (10 mg/kg) or mibefradil (10 mg/kg). Moreover, we proposed a structural rationale for the high selectivity of 9(10/19)abeo-artane-type alkaloids towards Cav 3.2 over Cav 3.1. This study introduces a novel analgesic agent and valuable molecular insight for structure-based innovative Cav 3.2 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Zha
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ding Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Nihong Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650041, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Luosheng Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China
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Kook YH, Lee H, Lee J, Jeong Y, Rho J, Heo WD, Lee S. AAV-compatible optogenetic tools for activating endogenous calcium channels in vivo. Mol Brain 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 37848907 PMCID: PMC10583393 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play pivotal roles in regulating diverse brain functions, including cognition, emotion, locomotion, and learning and memory. These functions are intricately regulated by a variety of Ca2+-dependent cellular processes, encompassing synaptic plasticity, neuro/gliotransmitter release, and gene expression. In our previous work, we developed 'monster OptoSTIM1' (monSTIM1), an improved OptoSTIM1 that selectively activates Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels in the plasma membrane through blue light, allowing precise control over intracellular Ca2+ signaling and specific brain functions. However, the large size of the coding sequence of monSTIM1 poses a limitation for its widespread use, as it exceeds the packaging capacity of adeno-associated virus (AAV). To address this constraint, we have introduced monSTIM1 variants with reduced coding sequence sizes and established AAV-based systems for expressing them in neurons and glial cells in the mouse brain. Upon expression by AAVs, these monSTIM1 variants significantly increased the expression levels of cFos in neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1 region following non-invasive light illumination. The use of monSTIM1 variants offers a promising avenue for investigating the spatiotemporal roles of Ca2+-mediated cellular activities in various brain functions. Furthermore, this toolkit holds potential as a therapeutic strategy for addressing brain disorders associated with aberrant Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kook
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Hyoin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonji Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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