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Hu L, Lin J, Qin F, Xu L, Luo L. Exploring Sources, Biological Functions, and Potential Applications of the Ubiquitous Marine Cyclic Dipeptide: A Concise Review of Cyclic Glycine-Proline. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:271. [PMID: 38921582 PMCID: PMC11205142 DOI: 10.3390/md22060271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a prevalent marine cyclic dipeptide, possesses a distinct pyrrolidine-2,5-dione scaffold, which contributes to the chemical diversity and broad bioactivities of cGP. The diverse sources from marine-related, endogenous biological, and synthetic pathways and the in vitro and in vivo activities of cGP are reviewed. The potential applications for cGP are also explored. In particular, the pivotal roles of cGP in regulating insulin-like growth factor-1 homeostasis, enhancing neuroprotective effects, and improving neurotrophic function in central nervous system diseases are described. The potential roles of this endogenous cyclic peptide in drug development and healthcare initiatives are also highlighted. This review underscores the significance of cGP as a fundamental building block in drug discovery with exceptional drug-like properties and safety. By elucidating the considerable value of cGP, this review aims to reignite interest in cGP-related research within marine medicinal chemistry and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Product Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.L.); (F.Q.); (L.X.)
- Fujian Province University Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource Engineering Research Center, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Product Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.L.); (F.Q.); (L.X.)
- Fujian Province University Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource Engineering Research Center, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Product Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.L.); (F.Q.); (L.X.)
- Fujian Province University Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource Engineering Research Center, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Li Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Product Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.L.); (F.Q.); (L.X.)
- Fujian Province University Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource Engineering Research Center, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Lianzhong Luo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Product Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.L.); (F.Q.); (L.X.)
- Fujian Province University Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource Engineering Research Center, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
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2
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Tong TYN, Clarke R, Schmidt JA, Huybrechts I, Noor U, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Travis RC, Weiderpass E, Aleksandrova K, Dahm CC, van der Schouw YT, Overvad K, Kyrø C, Tjønneland A, Kaaks R, Katzke V, Schiborn C, Schulze MB, Mayen-Chacon AL, Masala G, Sieri S, de Magistris MS, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, Brustad M, Nøst TH, Crous-Bou M, Petrova D, Amiano P, Huerta JM, Moreno-Iribas C, Engström G, Melander O, Johansson K, Lindvall K, Aglago EK, Heath AK, Butterworth AS, Danesh J, Key TJ. Dietary amino acids and risk of stroke subtypes: a prospective analysis of 356,000 participants in seven European countries. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:209-220. [PMID: 37804448 PMCID: PMC10799144 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously reported associations of protein-rich foods with stroke subtypes have prompted interest in the assessment of individual amino acids. We examined the associations of dietary amino acids with risks of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the EPIC study. METHODS We analysed data from 356,142 participants from seven European countries. Dietary intakes of 19 individual amino acids were assessed using validated country-specific dietary questionnaires, calibrated using additional 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in relation to the intake of each amino acid. The role of blood pressure as a potential mechanism was assessed in 267,642 (75%) participants. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 12.9 years, 4295 participants had an ischaemic stroke and 1375 participants had a haemorrhagic stroke. After correction for multiple testing, a higher intake of proline (as a percent of total protein) was associated with a 12% lower risk of ischaemic stroke (HR per 1 SD higher intake 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94). The association persisted after mutual adjustment for all other amino acids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The inverse associations of isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, serine and tyrosine with ischaemic stroke were each attenuated with adjustment for proline intake. For haemorrhagic stroke, no statistically significant associations were observed in the continuous analyses after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION Higher proline intake may be associated with a lower risk of ischaemic stroke, independent of other dietary amino acids and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Y N Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Urwah Noor
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Grazer Straße 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catarina Schiborn
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute for Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ana-Lucia Mayen-Chacon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research AIRE-ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Magritt Brustad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The Public Dental Service Competence Centre of Northern Norway (TkNN), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dafina Petrova
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Moreno-Iribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, SpainInstituto de Salud Pu´Blica de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarre Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lindvall
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elom K Aglago
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
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Liu R, Cao S, Cai Y, Zhou M, Gou X, Huang Y. Brain and serum metabolomic studies reveal therapeutic effects of san hua decoction in rats with ischemic stroke. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1289558. [PMID: 38098862 PMCID: PMC10720749 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1289558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
San Hua Decoction (SHD) is a traditional four-herbal formula that has long been used to treat stroke. Our study used a traditional pharmacodynamic approach combined with systematic and untargeted metabolomics analyses to further investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of SHD on ischemic stroke (IS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, sham-operated, middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R) model and SHD groups. The SHD group was provided with SHD (7.2 g/kg, i.g.) and the other three groups were provided with equal amounts of purified water once a day in the morning for 10 consecutive days. Our results showed that cerebral infarct volumes were reduced in the SHD group compared with the model group. Besides, SHD enhanced the activity of SOD and decreased MDA level in MCAO/R rats. Meanwhile, SHD could ameliorate pathological abnormalities by reducing neuronal damage, improving the structure of damaged neurons and reducing inflammatory cell infiltration. Metabolomic analysis of brain and serum samples with GC-MS techniques revealed 55 differential metabolites between the sham and model groups. Among them, the levels of 12 metabolites were restored after treatment with SHD. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that SHD improved the levels of 12 metabolites related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, 9 of which were significantly associated with disease. SHD attenuated brain inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of SHD in MCAO/R rats are related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisi Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxuan Cao
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Cai
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Beijing, China
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Ogilvie CE, Czekster CM. Cyclic dipeptides and the human microbiome: Opportunities and challenges. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117372. [PMID: 37343497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Research into the human microbiome has implicated its constituents in a variety of non-communicable diseases, with certain microbes found to promote health and others leading to dysbiosis and pathogenesis.Microbes communicate and coordinate their behaviour through the secretion of small molecules, such as cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), into their surrounding environment. CDPs are ubiquitous signalling molecules thatexhibit a wide range of biological activities, with particular relevance to human health due to their potential to act as microbiome modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Elizabeth Ogilvie
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Clarissa Melo Czekster
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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Murotomi K, Kagiwada H, Hirano K, Yamamoto S, Numata N, Matsumoto Y, Kaneko H, Namihira M. Cyclo-glycylproline attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular damage mediated by the MDM2-p53 pathway in human neural stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:434-446. [PMID: 36585955 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclo-glycylproline (cGP), a cyclic dipeptide containing a condensation bond between glycine and proline, is produced by the cyclization of the N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor-1. Previous studies have shown that cGP administration exerts a neuroprotective effect and enhances the regenerative ability in rats with ischemic brain injury. The efficacy of cGP is medicated by regulating the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of cGP on brain damage remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the cGP-mediated molecular mechanism in human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs) exposed to oxidative stress, which is a key factor affecting the development of several brain diseases, including traumatic brain injury and Parkinson's disease. We found that cGP treatment attenuated oxidative stress-induced cell death in cultured hfNSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that under oxidative stress conditions, p53-mediated signaling was activated, accompanied by upregulation of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), a p53-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, in cGP-treated hfNSCs. By using a comprehensive protein phosphorylation array, we found that cGP induced the activation of Akt signaling pathway, which enhanced the expression of MDM2, in hfNSCs exposed to oxidative stress. Moreover, the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3 inhibited the protective effect of cGP on oxidative stress-induced cell death and apoptosis. Therefore, cGP attenuates oxidative stress-induced cell death mediated by the interplay between IGF-1 signaling and the MDM2-p53 pathway in human NSCs. We revealed the molecular mechanism underlying cGP-induced neuroprotective properties in a model of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Harumi Kagiwada
- Biological Data Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirano
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamamoto
- Technical Center, Jellice Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Tagajo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Numata
- Technical Center, Jellice Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Tagajo, Japan
| | - Yo Matsumoto
- Technical Center, Jellice Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Tagajo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kaneko
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masakazu Namihira
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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Guan J, Li F, Kang D, Anderson T, Pitcher T, Dalrymple-Alford J, Shorten P, Singh-Mallah G. Cyclic Glycine-Proline (cGP) Normalises Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Function: Clinical Significance in the Ageing Brain and in Age-Related Neurological Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031021. [PMID: 36770687 PMCID: PMC9919809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) function declines with age and is associated with brain ageing and the progression of age-related neurological conditions. The reversible binding of IGF-1 to IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 regulates the amount of bioavailable, functional IGF-1 in circulation. Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite from the binding site of IGF-1, retains its affinity for IGFBP-3 and competes against IGF-1 for IGFBP-3 binding. Thus, cGP and IGFBP-3 collectively regulate the bioavailability of IGF-1. The molar ratio of cGP/IGF-1 represents the amount of bioavailable and functional IGF-1 in circulation. The cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio is low in patients with age-related conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and neurological disorders with cognitive impairment. Stroke patients with a higher cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio have more favourable clinical outcomes. The elderly with more cGP have better memory retention. An increase in the cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio with age is associated with normal cognition, whereas a decrease in this ratio with age is associated with dementia in Parkinson disease. In addition, cGP administration reduces systolic blood pressure, improves memory, and aids in stroke recovery. These clinical and experimental observations demonstrate the role of cGP in regulating IGF-1 function and its potential clinical applications in age-related brain diseases as a plasma biomarker for-and an intervention to improve-IGF-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, The Centre for Research Excellent, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- The cGP Lab Limited New Zealand, Auckland 1021, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-923-6134
| | - Fengxia Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Dali Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, The Centre for Research Excellent, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Tim Anderson
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Neurology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
| | - Toni Pitcher
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Neurology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
| | - John Dalrymple-Alford
- Department of Neurology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
| | - Paul Shorten
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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The neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine can form a complex with AMPA receptors. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kolyvanov GB, Bochkov PO, Litvin AA, Shevchenko RV, Podol'ko AL, Kravtsova OY, Kolyasnikova KN, Zherdev VP. Metabolism of a New Dipeptide Neuroprotector in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 172:579-582. [PMID: 35352249 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of a new neuroprotector GZK-111 (N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester) in rat blood plasma was studied by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Four biotransformation products were identified. It is concluded that the main ways of GZK-111 biotransformation are hydrolysis of the ester bond by esterases followed by degradation of the resulting metabolite, as well as reactions leading to the formation of phenylacetic acid and cycloprolylglycine that exhibits neuropsychotropic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Kolyvanov
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - P O Bochkov
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Litvin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - R V Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Podol'ko
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O Yu Kravtsova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Kolyasnikova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Zherdev
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of GZK-111, a Dipeptide with Neuroprotective Activity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 172:310-313. [PMID: 35006488 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pharmacokinetics of GZK-111 (N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline ethyl ether), a compound with neuroprotective activity, and its metabolite CPG (cyclo-L-prolylglycine) in rat blood plasma after single intravenous and intragastric administration in a dose of 20 mg/kg. It was found that the parent drug undergoes intensive biotransformation; its metabolite CPG persists in the circulation more than twice as long as GZK-111 and its plasma concentrations were higher by 50-70 times than the concentrations of the parent compound.
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Singh-Mallah G, Ardalan M, Kang D, Singh K, McMahon CD, Mallard C, Guan J. Administration of cyclic glycine-proline during infancy improves adult spatial memory, astrocyte plasticity, vascularization and GluR-1 expression in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2517-2527. [PMID: 34565308 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1980845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a natural nutrient of breast milk and plays a role in regulating the function of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 function is essential for post-natal brain development and adult cognitive function. We evaluated the effects of cGP on spatial memory and histological changes in the hippocampus of the adult rats following infancy administration. Infant rats were treated with either cGP or saline between post-natal days 8 and 22 via oral administration to lactating dams. The spatial memory was evaluated between post-natal days 70 and 75 using Morris water maze tests. The changes of capillaries, astrocytes, synaptophysin and glutamate receptor-1 were examined in the CA1 stratum radiatum of the hippocampus. Compared to saline-treated group, cGP-treated group showed higher path efficiency of entry and lower average heading errors to the platform zone. cGP-treated group also showed longer, larger and more astrocytic processes, more capillaries and higher glutamate receptor-1 expression. The rats made less average heading error to the platform zone have more capillaries, larger and longer astrocytic branches. Thus cGP treatment/supplementation during infancy moderately improved adulthood spatial memory. This long-lasting effect of cGP on memory could be mediated via promoting astrocytic plasticity, vascularization and glutamate trafficking. Therefore, cGP may have a role in regulating IGF-1 function during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dali Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher D McMahon
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Kang D, Waldvogel HJ, Wang A, Fan D, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Shorten PR, Guan J. The autocrine regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 in human brain of Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105191. [PMID: 33706042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and cyclic Glycine-Proline (cGP) regulate circulating IGF-1 function that is associated with cognition. The association between IGF-1 function and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains inconclusive. This study evaluated the changes of IGFBPs and cGP, and their effects on the bioavailability and function of IGF-1 in human brain of AD cases. METHODS Using biological and mathematic analysis we measured the concentrations of total, bound and unbound forms of IGF-1, IGFBPs and cGP in the inferior-frontal gyrus and middle-frontal gyrus of human AD (n = 15) and control cases (n = 15). The association between the changes of total concentration of these peptides and total protein concentration in brain tissues were also analyzed. RESULTS The unbound bioavailable IGF-1 was lower whereas the bound cGP and IGFBP-3 were higher in AD than the control cases. Total protein that was lower in AD than control cases, was negatively associated with cGP concentration of control cases and with IGFBP-3 concentration of AD cases. CONCLUSIONS The results provide direct evidence for IGF-1 deficiency in AD brain due to lower bioavailable IGF-1. The increase of bound IGFBP-3 impaired autocrine regulation. The increase of bound cGP is an autocrine response to improve the bioavailability and function of IGF-1 in AD brain. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Additional datasets analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
| | - Dawei Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul R Shorten
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand.
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12
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Lugovaya AV, Emanuel VS, Kalinina NM, Ivanov AM, Artemova AV. [Apoptosis and autophagy in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke (review of literature).]. Klin Lab Diagn 2020; 65:428-434. [PMID: 32762181 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-7-428-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about 5 million people die every year from cerebrovascular disease. At the same time, the proportion of cerebral infarction, or ischemic stroke (IS), among forms of acute cerebrovascular accident reaches 80-85%. Despite the active study of biochemical and morphological changes leading to acute cerebrovascular ischemia, the problem of early diagnosis, prevention, as well as predicting the outcome of this disease is still relevant. There is no doubt that the interruption of the ischemic cascade at earlier stages can be accompanied by a greater effect of treatment. A timely and effective pharmacological intervention requires a clear understanding of the pathochemical and biological processes underlying acute ischemia at the molecular level. High mortality and disability accompanying acute IS, dictate the need to create new diagnostic and prognosis algorithms both in the acute period of IS, and in the recovery period. According to some authors, elucidation of the pathways that underlie the pathogenetic mechanisms acting in the penumbra are of great clinical interest for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Studying the mechanisms of apoptosis and autophagy of neurons in the dynamics of the acute period of IS, modulation of the autophagy process in the penumbra zone can contribute to the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of acute IS. The review presents the results of the latest experimental studies on the role of apoptosis and autophagy in the development of acute cerebral ischemia and attempts to modulate these processes in order to influence the ischemic cascade. The review was based on sources from such international and national data bases as Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, RINC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Lugovaya
- Academician I.P. Pavlov First St Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 197022, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V S Emanuel
- Academician I.P. Pavlov First St Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 197022, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - N M Kalinina
- Academician I.P. Pavlov First St Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 197022, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, 194044, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A M Ivanov
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Russian Defense Ministry, 194044, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A V Artemova
- Academician I.P. Pavlov First St Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 197022, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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13
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Li H, Kong R, Wan B, Yang L, Zhang S, Cao X, Chen H. Initiation of PI3K/AKT pathway by IGF-1 decreases spinal cord injury-induced endothelial apoptosis and microvascular damage. Life Sci 2020; 263:118572. [PMID: 33065147 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs) is a crucial factor in blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption post spinal cord injury (SCI). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a protective cytokine that plays an important role in multiple diseases, whereas the distinct role in SCI-induced remains critical questions to address. Here we designed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of IGF-1 in endothelial damage after SCI. MAIN METHODS In the current study, we established mouse microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) injury model via LPS and cDNA of IGF-1 was transfected into MVECs. In vivo SCI mice, overexpression of IGF-1 (SCI-IGF-1) and its corresponding empty vehicle (SCI-NC) were conducted using lentivirus, then apoptosis degree, component of tight junction, and inflammatory damage were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS IGF-1 treatment in MVECs displayed a milder apoptosis and cell damage under LPS insult. IGF-1 increased the level of PI3K/AKT pathway, which impeded the procedure of apoptosis. Blocking of PI3K/AKT pathway markedly neutralized the effect of IGF-1 treatment. Transfection of excess IGF-1 into SCI mice significantly corrected microenvironment of neural tissue repair, reduced area of injured core and improved functional recovery with greater activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. SIGNIFICANCE The results above argue that the promising roles played by IGF-1 is potentially vital for developing effective future therapies in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Renyi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Gudasheva TA, Povarnina PY, Koliasnikova KN, Alyaeva AG, Vorontsova ON, Seredenin SB. The Anxiolytic Effect of the Neuropeptide Cycloprolylglycine Is Mediated by AMPA and TrkB Receptors. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2020; 493:190-192. [PMID: 32894462 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672920040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that the neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine is an endogenous positive modulator of AMPA receptors and assumed that the pharmacological effects of CPG are associated with the brain neurotrophic factor. In this paper, we have first demonstrated that DNQX, an inhibitor of AMPA receptors, and K252A, an ihibitor of Trk receptors, prevented the anxiolytic effect of CPG, which confirms the formulated hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gudasheva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - P Yu Povarnina
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A G Alyaeva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Vorontsova
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S B Seredenin
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Fan D, Pitcher T, Dalrymple‐Alford J, MacAskill M, Anderson T, Guan J. Changes of plasma cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio with age is associated with cognitive status of Parkinson disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12025. [PMID: 32671179 PMCID: PMC7346731 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairment is a common feature of Parkinson disease (PD), for which age is a major contributing factor. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) declines with age and contributes to age-related cognitive impairment in PD. Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a metabolite of IGF-1 and normalizes bioavailable IGF-1. Plasma cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio that represents bioactive IGF-1 in circulation, may associate with the cognitive status in PD. METHODS We examined the association of plasma cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio with the cognitive scores or age in PD patients with normal cognition (PD-N, n = 74), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 71), or dementia (PD-D, n = 33), and with the cognitive scores in 23 age-matched healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3, and cGP were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), respectively. RESULTS The cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio was positively correlated with the age of PD-N group, negatively correlated with the age of PD-D group, and not associated with the age of PD-MCI group. Independent of age, the cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio was positively correlated with the cognitive scores of healthy controls, but not in PD groups. CONCLUSION Old healthy people with a higher cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio showed better preserved cognition, possibly due to improved IGF-1 function. Increased cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio with age may contribute to cognitive retention in the PD-N group. The absence or reversal of such association with age in the PD-MCI and PD-D groups may indicate the conversion of cognitive status in PD, if confirmed through longitudinal investigations within the individuals with advancing cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacologySchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research ExcellenceAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Toni Pitcher
- Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research ExcellenceAucklandNew Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - John Dalrymple‐Alford
- Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research ExcellenceAucklandNew Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Michael MacAskill
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Tim Anderson
- Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research ExcellenceAucklandNew Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of NeurologyCanterbury District Health BoardChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacologySchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, A Centre of Research ExcellenceAucklandNew Zealand
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16
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Misiura M, Miltyk W. Proline-containing peptides-New insight and implications: A Review. Biofactors 2019; 45:857-866. [PMID: 31430415 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The family of regulatory proline-containing peptides (PCPs), also known as glyprolines, exhibit significant biological activity. The group of glyprolines includes Gly-Pro (GP), Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), cyclic Gly-Pro (cGP), as well as PGP derivatives, for example, N-acetylated PGP (N-a-PGP) and N-methylated PGP (N-m-PGP). PCPs are engaged in various biological processes including the proinflammatory neutrophil chemoattraction in lung diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases or ischemic stroke. Glyprolines have been also postulated to play an important role as atheroprotective and anticoagulant agents, exhibit neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease, as well as regulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) homeostasis. It was also noticed that PCPs inhibit proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in wound healing, protection of the gastric mucosa and stimulation of its regeneration. The regulatory glyprolines are derived from endogenous and exogenous sources. Most PCPs are derived from collagen or diet protein degradation. Recently, great interest is concentrated on short proline-rich oligopeptides derived from IGF-1 degradation. The mechanism of PCPs biological activity is not fully explained. It involves receptor-mediated mechanisms, for example, N-a-PGP acts as CXCR1/2 receptor ligand, whereas cGP regulates IGF-1 bioavailability by modifying the IGF-1 binding to the IGF-1 binding protein-3. PGP has been observed to interact with collagen-specific receptors. The data suggest a promising role of PGP as a target of various diseases therapy. This review is focused on the effect of PCPs on metabolic processes in different tissues and the molecular mechanism of their action as an approach to pharmacotherapy of PCPs-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Misiura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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