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Lindner K, Ludwig M, Bootz F, Reber U, Safavieh Z, Eis-Hübinger AM, Herberhold S. Frequent detection of Saffold cardiovirus in adenoids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218873. [PMID: 31269055 PMCID: PMC6608973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is classified into the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Up to now, eleven genotypes have been identified however, their clinical significance remains unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of SAFV in asymptomatic patients admitted for adenoidectomy. A total of 70 adenoid tissue samples were collected from children with clinical symptoms caused by hypertrophy of adenoids but without symptoms of airway infection. Samples were investigated for SAFV by RT-nested PCR and sequence analysis. Eleven of 70 (15.7%) samples were positive for SAFV. Nasopharyngeal swabs were available from 45 children just before surgery. SAFV was rarely found and only in children with SAFV-positive adenoids 2/8. Our findings indicate that the presence of SAFV seems to be more frequent in adenoid tissue than expected. This could support the notion of a longer than previously anticipated persistence of SAFV nucleic acids in the respiratory tract and possibly a chronic infection. Further investigations are necessary to establish the role of SAFV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Lindner
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reber
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
| | - Stephan Herberhold
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Grigoriadis N, Petinaki E, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Viruses and endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: From correlation to causation. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:606-616. [PMID: 28542724 PMCID: PMC7159535 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease with an environmental component. According to a long-standing but unproven hypothesis dating to initial descriptions of multiple sclerosis (MS) at the end of the 19th century, viruses are either directly or indirectly implicated in MS pathogenesis. Whether viruses in MS are principally causal or simply contributory remains to be proven, but many viruses or viral elements-predominantly Epstein-Barr virus, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) but also less common viruses such as Saffold and measles viruses-are associated with MS. Here, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the main candidate viruses implicated in MS pathogenesis and summarize how these viruses might cause or lead to the hallmark demyelinating and inflammatory lesions of MS. We review data from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies and in doing so offer a transdisciplinary approach to the topic. We argue that it is crucially important not to interpret "absence of evidence" as "evidence of absence" and that future studies need to focus on distinguishing correlative from causative associations. Progress in the MS-virus field is expected to arise from an increasing body of knowledge on the interplay between viruses and HERVs in MS. Such interactions suggest common HERV-mediated pathways downstream of viral infection that cause both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We also comment on the limitations of existing studies and provide future research directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.-F. A. Mentis
- Department of Microbiology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
- The Johns Hopkins University, AAP; Baltimore MD USA
| | - E. Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - N. Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology; B’ Department of Neurology; AHEPA University Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - E. Petinaki
- Department of Microbiology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - G. M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
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Tan SZK, Tan MZY, Prabakaran M. Saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus. Rev Med Virol 2016; 27. [PMID: 27723176 PMCID: PMC7169152 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus that has been shown to be ubiquitous. Initial studies of SAFV focused on respiratory and gastrointestinal infection; however, it has also recently been associated with diverse clinical symptoms including the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Given the systemic nature of SAFV, and its high prevalence, understanding its pathogenicity and clinical impact is of utmost importance. This comprehensive review highlights and discusses recent developments in epidemiology, human pathogenicity, animal, and molecular studies related to SAFV. It also provides detailed insights into the neuropathogenicity of SAFV. We argue that human studies have been confounded by coinfections and therefore require support from robust molecular and animal research. Thereby, we aim to provide foresight into further research to better understand this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mark Zheng Yi Tan
- Critical Care Unit, Central Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Sorgeloos F, Lardinois C, Jacobs S, van Kuppeveld FJM, Kaspers B, Michiels T. Neurotropism of Saffold virus in a mouse model. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1350-1355. [PMID: 26959376 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a highly seroprevalent human Cardiovirus discovered recently. No clear association between SAFV infection and human disease has been established. Rare infection cases, however, correlated with neurological symptoms. To gain insight into the pathogenesis potential of the virus, we performed experimental mouse infection with SAFV strains of genotypes 2 and 3 (SAFV-2 and SAFV-3). After intraperitoneal infection, both strains exhibited a typical Cardiovirus tropism. Viral load was most prominent in the pancreas. Heart, spleen, brain and spinal cord were also infected. In IFN-receptor 1 deficient (IFNAR-KO) mice, SAFV-3 caused a severe encephalitis. The virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in many parts of the brain and spinal cord, both in neurons and astrocytes, but astrocyte infection was more extensive. In vitro, SAFV-3 also infected astrocytes better than neurons in mixed primary cultures. Astrocytes were, however, very efficiently protected by IFN-α/β treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sorgeloos
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cécile Lardinois
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Sophie Jacobs
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Moleculaire Virologie, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 1 Kamer W.512, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Institut für Tierphysiologie, Veterinärstr 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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Tan SZK, Chua KB, Xu Y, Prabakaran M. The Pathogenesis of Saffold Virus in AG129 Mice and the Effects of Its Truncated L Protein in the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020024. [PMID: 26901216 PMCID: PMC4776182 DOI: 10.3390/v8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffold Virus (SAFV) is a human cardiovirus that has been suggested to cause severe infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Compared to a similar virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), SAFV has a truncated Leader (L) protein, a protein essential in the establishment of persistent CNS infections. In this study, we generated a chimeric SAFV by replacing the L protein of SAFV with that of TMEV. We then compared the replication in cell cultures and pathogenesis in a mouse model. We showed that both SAFV and chimeric SAFV are able to infect Vero and Neuro2a cells well, but only chimeric SAFV was able to infect RAW264.7. We then showed that mice lacking IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptors provide a good animal model for SAFV infection, and further identified the locality of the infection to the ventral horn of the spine and several locations in the brain. Lastly, we showed that neither SAFV nor chimeric SAFV causes persistence in this model. Overall, our results provide a strong basis on which the mechanisms underlying Saffold virus induced neuropathogenesis can be further studied and, hence, facilitating new information about its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Kaw Bing Chua
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Yishi Xu
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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Kotani O, Naeem A, Suzuki T, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Sato Y, Nakajima N, Hosomi T, Tsukagoshi H, Kozawa K, Hasegawa H, Taguchi F, Shimizu H, Nagata N. Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148184. [PMID: 26828718 PMCID: PMC4734772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Saffold virus (SAFV), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of SAFV remains undetermined. Methods The virulence of two clinical isolates of SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) obtained from a patient with aseptic meningitis (AM strain) and acute upper respiratory inflammation (UR strain) was analyzed in neonatal and young mice utilizing virological, pathological, and immunological methods. Results The polyproteins of the strains differed in eight amino acids. Both clinical isolates were infective, exhibited neurotropism, and were mildly neurovirulent in neonatal ddY mice. Both strains pathologically infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, with the UR strain also infecting epithelial cells. UR infection resulted in longer inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of demyelination, while the AM strain showed more infectivity in the cerebellum in neonatal ddY mice. Additionally, young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the UR, but not the AM, strain. Conclusions Both SAFV-3 isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kotani
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asif Naeem
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takushi Hosomi
- The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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