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Ulatowska J, Cislak A. Power and lie detection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269121. [PMID: 35679292 PMCID: PMC9182259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social power undermines focus on others and increases reliance on stereotype-consistent information. Thus, power may enhance focus on stereotypical cues to deception, thereby decreasing lie detection accuracy. In three studies, we tested whether having power affects lie detection accuracy. Participants (overall N = 502) were asked to identify truthful and lying candidates (N = 12) during mock job interviews. Study 1 was a field experiment involving employees who held managerial and non-managerial positions (N = 88). In the following laboratory experiments, we manipulated power and asked participants to imagine themselves as managers (Study 2, N = 214) or provided them with control over resources and the ability to reward others (Study 3, N = 200). In Studies 2 and 3, we additionally manipulated the method of lie detection (direct vs. indirect). In contrast to the original hypotheses, we found that power led to increased veracity assessment accuracy. Having power over others enhances the accuracy of one’s veracity assessment, although this increase is small and limited to lie detection (Study 1) or direct judgments (Studies 2 & 3). Together, power affects the processing of social information and what aspects of this information are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ulatowska
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleksandra Cislak
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Institute of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Vrij A, Hartwig M. Deception and Lie Detection in the Courtroom: The Effect of Defendants Wearing Medical Face Masks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021; 10:392-399. [PMID: 36778029 PMCID: PMC9902031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, defendants and witnesses (as well as the prosecution and defense counsel) may wear medical face masks to prevent the spread of the virus. Alternatively, courtrooms proceedings may take place virtually. In this article, we discuss how these deviations from normal procedures may affect jurors' lie detection ability and decision-making. Although research addressing this specific question does not exist, we are able to formulate an informed view based on the extensive deception literature. Since nonverbal signs of deception in the face and body are virtually absent, we conclude that medical face mask-wearing or virtual courtroom proceedings will not hamper jurors' lie detection abilities. If jurors can hear the speech well, they may become better at detecting deception if they pay more attention to speech content, which may occur as a result of mask-wearing in the courtroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Aldert Vrij, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Hants, United Kingdom. Contact: (A.V.)
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Sporer SL, Ulatowska J. Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up? Front Psychol 2021; 12:601852. [PMID: 34122212 PMCID: PMC8188332 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Ulatowska
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Yeates P, Moult A, Lefroy J, Walsh-House J, Clews L, McKinley R, Fuller R. Understanding and developing procedures for video-based assessment in medical education. MEDICAL TEACHER 2020; 42:1250-1260. [PMID: 32749915 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2020.1801997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel uses of video aim to enhance assessment in health-professionals education. Whilst these uses presume equivalence between video and live scoring, some research suggests that poorly understood variations could challenge validity. We aimed to understand examiners' and students' interaction with video whilst developing procedures to promote its optimal use. METHODS Using design-based research we developed theory and procedures for video use in assessment, iteratively adapting conditions across simulated OSCE stations. We explored examiners' and students' perceptions using think-aloud, interviews and focus group. Data were analysed using constructivist grounded-theory methods. RESULTS Video-based assessment produced detachment and reduced volitional control for examiners. Examiners ability to make valid video-based judgements was mediated by the interaction of station content and specifically selected filming parameters. Examiners displayed several judgemental tendencies which helped them manage videos' limitations but could also bias judgements in some circumstances. Students rarely found carefully-placed cameras intrusive and considered filming acceptable if adequately justified. DISCUSSION Successful use of video-based assessment relies on balancing the need to ensure station-specific information adequacy; avoiding disruptive intrusion; and the degree of justification provided by video's educational purpose. Video has the potential to enhance assessment validity and students' learning when an appropriate balance is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yeates
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Department of Acute Medicine, Fairfield General Hospital, Pennine Acute Hospital NHS Trust, Bury, UK
| | - Alice Moult
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Fuller
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Ask K, Calderon S, Mac Giolla E, Reinhard MA. Approach, Avoidance, and the Perception of Credibility. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBased on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ask
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Calderon
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Mac Giolla
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Magnusson M, Landström S. Smell and tell: Strategically using odours to facilitate communication during witness interviews. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2017.1282325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Magnusson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 500, Gothenburg SE 405 30, Sweden
| | - Sara Landström
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 500, Gothenburg SE 405 30, Sweden
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van ’t Veer AE, Gallucci M, Stel M, van Beest I. Unconscious deception detection measured by finger skin temperature and indirect veracity judgments-results of a registered report. Front Psychol 2015; 6:672. [PMID: 26106339 PMCID: PMC4458572 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A pre-registered experiment was conducted to examine psychophysiological responses to being lied to. Bridging research on social cognition and deception detection, we hypothesized that observing a liar compared to a truth-teller would decrease finger skin temperature of observers. Participants first watched two targets while not forewarned that they would later be asked to judge (direct and indirect) veracity, and then watched another two targets while forewarned about this. During both these phases finger skin temperature was measured. Findings pertaining to temperature partly confirmed our main hypothesis. When participants were observing a liar, irrespective of being forewarned, on average finger skin temperature declined over time. In the forewarned phase, temperature trajectories of truth-tellers were higher than those of liars, however, in the not forewarned phase, this pattern was reversed. Results confirmed our further hypotheses that participants judge liars as less likeable and less trustworthy than truth-tellers-an indication of indirect deception detection. Our hypothesis that the effect size for trustworthiness would be bigger than that of liking was not supported by the data. Additionally, and also confirming our hypothesis, participants performed around chance level when directly judging whether the target person was lying. Exploratory analyses are reported with regard to truth bias and dependency between direct and indirect veracity judgments. Limitations and directions for future work related to the existence of psychophysiological indicators of deception detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. van ’t Veer
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Marcello Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariëlle Stel
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Abstract
Crime victims may respond emotionally to victimization in a multitude of ways. However, little is known about how people use victims’ emotional expressions to draw inferences about their psychological status and needs. In two experiments (total N = 340), participants were presented with a victim who reacted to a crime with either anger or sadness. Additionally, victim gender (Experiment 1) and presentation modality (text, video, or audio; Experiment 2) were manipulated. Male, but not female, victims were perceived to have a stronger need for social support when expressing sadness as opposed to anger. The effect was mediated by the fact that victims expressing sadness (vs. anger) were perceived as warmer. Moreover, the effect was consistent across presentation modalities. The results show that victim gender and differences between distinct emotions need to be taken into account to understand the social consequences of victims’ emotional expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Ask
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Landström S, Ask K, Sommar C. The emotional male victim: Effects of presentation mode on judged credibility. Scand J Psychol 2014; 56:99-104. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Landström
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Karl Ask
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
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Heath WP, Grannemann BD. How video image size interacts with evidence strength, defendant emotion, and the defendant-victim relationship to alter perceptions of the defendant. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2014; 32:496-507. [PMID: 24715347 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Courtroom video presentations can range from images on small screens installed in the jury box to images on courtroom video monitors or projection screens. Does video image size affect jurors' perceptions of information presented during trials? To investigate this we manipulated video image size as well as defendant emotion level presented during testimony (low, moderate), the defendant-victim relationship (spouses, strangers), and the strength of the evidence (weak, strong). Participants (N=263) read a case and trial summary, watched video of defendant testimony, and then answered a questionnaire. Larger screens generally accentuated what was presented (e.g., made stronger evidence seem stronger and weaker evidence seem weaker), acting mainly upon trial outcome variables (e.g., verdict). Non-trial outcomes (e.g., defendant credibility) were generally affected by defendant emotion level and the defendant-victim relationship. Researchers and attorneys presenting video images need to recognize that respondents may evaluate videotaped trial evidence differently as a function of how video evidence is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy P Heath
- University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry
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Knieps M, Granhag PA, Vrij A. Back to the Future: Asking About Mental Images to Discriminate Between True and False Intentions. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 147:619-40. [PMID: 24199515 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2012.728542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hagsand A, Hjelmsäter ERA, Granhag PA, Fahlke C, Söderpalm-Gordh A. Bottled memories: on how alcohol affects eyewitness recall. Scand J Psychol 2013; 54:188-95. [PMID: 23384077 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall. Participants (N = 126) were randomly assigned to three groups with different blood alcohol concentration (BAC), either a control group (mean BAC 0.00%, N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.04%, N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.06%, N = 44). After consumption, participants witnessed a movie of a mock crime and were interviewed one week later. The main results showed that witnesses with the higher intoxication level recalled fewer details compared to witnesses with the lower intoxication level. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on the accuracy rate. No sex differences were found. The results are discussed in the light of past research. We conclude that more studies are needed before recommendations can be made to an applied setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Hagsand
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Haraldsgatan 1, Gotherburg, Sweden.
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Lancaster GLJ, Vrij A, Hope L, Waller B. Sorting the Liars from the Truth Tellers: The Benefits of Asking Unanticipated Questions on Lie Detection. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Psychology Department; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth; UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Psychology Department; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth; UK
| | - Bridget Waller
- Psychology Department; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth; UK
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Ask K, Landström S. Why emotions matter: expectancy violation and affective response mediate the emotional victim effect. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2010; 34:392-401. [PMID: 20107882 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-009-9208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the 'emotional victim effect' (i.e., that the emotionality of a rape victim's demeanor affects perceived credibility) are relatively unexplored. In this article, a previously neglected mechanism--observers' affective response to the victim--is proposed as an alternative to the traditional expectancy-violation account. The emotional victim effect was replicated in an experiment with a sample of police trainees (N = 189), and cognitive load was found to increase the magnitude of the effect. Importantly, both compassionate affective response and expectancy violation actively mediated the emotional victim effect when the other mechanism was controlled for. These findings extend previous research on credibility judgments by introducing a 'hot' cognitive component in the judgment process. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ask
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 500, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Landström S, Granhag PA. In-court versus out-of-court testimonies: Children's experiences and adults' assessments. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ask K, Granhag PA. Motivational Bias in Criminal Investigators' Judgments of Witness Reliability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strömwall LA, Granhag PA, Landström S. Children's prepared and unprepared lies: can adults see through their strategies? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Goodman GS, Myers JEB, Qin J, Quas JA, Castelli P, Redlich AD, Rogers L. Hearsay versus children's testimony: Effects of truthful and deceptive statements on jurors' decisions. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2006; 30:363-401. [PMID: 16779675 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Researchers and courts are focusing increasing attention on the reliability of children's out-of-court statements, especially in relation to trials of child sexual abuse. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of presentation of children's out-of-court statements (e.g., hearsay) on jurors' perceptions of witness credibility and defendant guilt, and on jurors' abilities to reach the truth. Child participants experienced either a mock crime or were coached to say they experienced the crime when in fact they had not. During elaborate mock trials involving community member jurors, children's testimony was presented either: (1) live, (2) on videotape, or (3) via a social worker. Analyses revealed that testimony format directly influenced jurors' perceptions of child and social worker credibility (e.g., children were perceived as less likely to provide false statements if they testified live) as well as jurors' sympathy toward the child, all of which then predicted jurors' confidence in defendant guilt. Jurors had difficulty discerning accurate from deceptive child statements regardless of testimony format. Implications for psychology and the legal system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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