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Wu HY. Uncovering Gender-Specific and Cross-Gender Features in Mandarin Deception: An Acoustic and Electroglottographic Approach. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:2021-2037. [PMID: 38820240 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the acoustic and electroglottographic (EGG) profiles of Mandarin deception, including global characteristics and the influence of gender. METHOD Thirty-six Mandarin speakers participated in an interactive interview game in which they provided both deceptive and truthful answers to 14 biographical questions. Acoustic and EGG signals of the participants' responses were simultaneously recorded; 20 acoustic and 14 EGG features were analyzed using binary logistic regression models. RESULTS Increases in fundamental frequency (F0) mean, intensity mean, first formant (F1), fifth formant (F5), contact quotient (CQ), decontacting-time quotient (DTQ), and contact index (CI) as well as decreases in jitter, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), and fourth formant (F4) were significantly correlated with global deception. Cross-gender features included increases in intensity mean and F5 and decreases in jitter, HNR, and F4, whereas gender-specific features encompassed increases in F0 mean, shimmer, F1, third formant, and DTQ, as well as decreases in F0 maximum and CQ for female deception, and increases in CQ and CI and decreases in shimmer for male deception. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Mandarin deception could be tied to underlying pragmatic functions, emotional arousal, decreased glottal contact skewness, and more pressed phonation. Disparities in gender-specific features lend support to differences in the use of pragmatics, levels of deception-induced emotional arousal, skewness of glottal contact patterns, and phonation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City
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2
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Wilkman J, Antfolk J, Korkman J. Finnish district judges' assessments of live versus video-mediated party statements in court. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38733206 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The increase in remote hearings after the COVID-19 pandemic presents an urgent need to examine how judges assess video-mediated witness and party statements compared with live statements. There is currently a limited body of research on this subject. As for the assessment itself, professionals within the judicial system sometimes believe they can detect deception based on visible cues such as body language and emotional expression. Research has, however, shown that lies cannot be detected based on such cues. The Finnish Supreme Court has also given rulings in accordance with the scientific literature. In this study, we used a survey to investigate how much importance a Finnish sample of district judges (N = 47) gave to several variables pertaining to the statement or the statement giver, such as body language and emotional expression. We also investigated the association between the judges' beliefs about the relevance of body language and emotional expression and their preference for live statements or statements via videoconference. The judges reported giving more importance to body language and emotional expression than legal psychology research and Finnish Supreme Court rulings would call for. Our results also indicated that there was a slight bias to assess live statements more favorably than statements given via videoconference, as well as a slight bias in favor of the injured party. More effort must be put into making judges and Supreme Courts aware of findings in legal psychology to avoid biases based on intuitive reasoning where it is contrary to scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wilkman
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Julia Korkman
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)
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3
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Gustafsson PU, Sikström S, Lindholm T. The semantic structure of accuracy in eyewitness testimony. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1211987. [PMID: 38659679 PMCID: PMC11040688 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1211987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In two studies, we examined if correct and incorrect statements in eyewitness testimony differed in semantic content. Testimony statements were obtained from participants who watched staged crime films and were interviewed as eyewitnesses. We analyzed the latent semantic representations of these statements using LSA and BERT. Study 1 showed that the semantic space of correct statements differed from incorrect statements; correct statements were more closely related to a dominance semantic representation, whereas incorrect statements were more closely related to a communion semantic representation. Study 2 only partially replicated these findings, but a mega-analysis of the two datasets showed different semantic representations for correct and incorrect statements, with incorrect statements more closely related to representations of communion and abstractness. Given the critical role of eyewitness testimony in the legal context, and the generally low ability of fact-finders to estimate the accuracy of witness statements, our results strongly call for further research on semantic content in correct and incorrect testimony statements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Li H, Song H, Li M, Li H. Nonverbal cues to deception: insights from a mock crime scenario in a Chinese sample. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1331653. [PMID: 38406306 PMCID: PMC10884279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonverbal behaviors could play a crucial role in detecting deception, yet existing studies on deception cues have largely centered on Western populations, predominantly university students, thus neglecting the influence of cultural and sample diversity. To address this gap, our study explored deception cues within an Asian cultural setting, utilizing a mock crime paradigm. Our sample comprised Chinese participants, including both men and women with various socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Our findings revealed that compared to truth tellers, liars exhibited heightened emotions and an increased cognitive load. Furthermore, liars showed a higher frequency of self-adaptors and a longer duration of gaze aversion. Our findings contribute to a more profound understanding of deception cues within Asian culture and have implications for practical fields such as criminal interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hu Song
- School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Menghan Li
- School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hanxue Li
- College of Education, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China
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Wang S, Hou W, Wang Y, Tang Q, Tao Y, Liu X. The impact of romantic relationships on deception detection: Exploring the gender differences and the mediating role of mentalizing. Psych J 2023; 12:844-856. [PMID: 37905933 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In evolution, romantic relationships serve as the foundation for breeding and producing offspring. The ability to detect deception in these relationships can safeguard the investment and cultivation of descendants, leading to greater chances of survival and reproduction. However, barely any research has been carried out within this domain. The current study investigated the preliminary relationship between romantic relationships, mentalizing ability, and deception detection ability through an empirical experiment. Participants were primed by their romantic experiences and neutral experiences, and then went through a Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RTM) task and the deception detecting task for real person crime-type videos. Results showed that romantic relationships can improve participants' emotion recognition ability toward negative emotions, and females performed better in the deception detection task than males did. Most importantly, romantic relationships can improve participants' deception detection ability through the mediator of mentalizing ability. Though gender difference was not statistically significant in the RTM task, the results lay a solid foundation for further investigation into females' mentalizing ability and disclose the evolutionary meaning of romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Hou
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiang Tao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
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Patel B, Zhang Z, McGettigan C, Belyk M. Speech With Pauses Sounds Deceptive to Listeners With and Without Hearing Impairment. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3735-3744. [PMID: 37672786 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Communication is as much persuasion as it is the transfer of information. This creates a tension between the interests of the speaker and those of the listener, as dishonest speakers naturally attempt to hide deceptive speech and listeners are faced with the challenge of sorting truths from lies. Listeners with hearing impairment in particular may have differing levels of access to the acoustical cues that give away deceptive speech. A greater tendency toward speech pauses has been hypothesized to result from the cognitive demands of lying convincingly. Higher vocal pitch has also been hypothesized to mark the increased anxiety of a dishonest speaker. METHOD Listeners with or without hearing impairments heard short utterances from natural conversations, some of which had been digitally manipulated to contain either increased pausing or raised vocal pitch. Listeners were asked to guess whether each statement was a lie in a two-alternative forced-choice task. Participants were also asked explicitly which cues they believed had influenced their decisions. RESULTS Statements were more likely to be perceived as a lie when they contained pauses, but not when vocal pitch was raised. This pattern held regardless of hearing ability. In contrast, both groups of listeners self-reported using vocal pitch cues to identify deceptive statements, though at lower rates than pauses. CONCLUSIONS Listeners may have only partial awareness of the cues that influence their impression of dishonesty. Listeners with hearing impairment may place greater weight on acoustical cues according to the differing degrees of access provided by hearing aids. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24052446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindiya Patel
- Department of Audiological Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Belyk
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
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7
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El-Zawawy AM. Revisiting Deception in Breonna Taylor's Case: A Cognitive-Acoustic Approach. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:1409-1437. [PMID: 37027079 PMCID: PMC10520146 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-023-09956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present paper proposes an eclectic model for examining the cognitive load involved in detecting deception that benefits from the acoustic dimension as an exercise in cognitive forensic linguistics. The corpus used is composed of the legal confession transcripts of the Breonna Taylor's Case, a 26-year-old African-American woman worker who was shot dead by police officers in Louisville, Ky., in March 2020 during a crackdown on her apartment. The dataset comprises transcripts and recordings of the persons involved in the shooting event but have given unclear charges, and those accused of contributory negligence due to wanton misfiring. The data is analyzed based on the video interviews and reaction times (RT) as an application of the model proposed. The findings reveal that the episodes chosen and how they are analyzed exhibit that the modified ADCM along with the acoustic dimension provide a clear picture of cognitive load management in the course of constructing and producing lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M El-Zawawy
- Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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8
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Dunbar NE, Burgoon JK, Chen X, Wang X, Ge S, Huang Q, Nunamaker J. Detecting ulterior motives from verbal cues in group deliberations. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166225. [PMID: 37292506 PMCID: PMC10244719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forensic interviewing entails practitioners interviewing suspects to secure valid information and elicit confessions. Such interviews are often conducted in police stations but may also occur in field settings such as border crossings, security checkpoints, bus terminals, and sports venues. Because these real-world interviews often lack experimental control and ground truth, this investigation explored whether results of non-forensic interviews generalize to forensic ones. Methods Organizational espionage was simulated to determine (1) what verbal signals distinguish truth from deception, (2) whether deception in groups aligns with deception in dyads, and (3) whether non-forensic venues can be generalized to forensic ones. Engaging in a mock hiring deliberation, participants (4-5 strangers) reviewed and discussed resumes of potential candidates. Surreptitiously, two group members assigned the role of "organizational spies" attempted to persuade the group to hire an inferior candidate. Each group member presented notes from an interview of "their" candidate, followed by a discussion of all candidates. Spies were to use any means possible, including deception, to persuade others to select their candidate. A financial incentive was offered for having one's candidate chosen. The interview reports and discussions were transcribed and analyzed with SPLICE, an automated text analysis program. Results Deceivers were perceived as less trustworthy than truth-tellers, especially when the naïve players won but overall, deceivers were difficult for non-spies to detect even though they were seen as less trustworthy than the naïve participants. Deceivers' language was more complex and exhibited an "echoing" strategy of repeating others' opinions. This collusion evolved naturally, without pre-planning. No other verbal differences were evident, which suggests that the difference between spies and non-spies was subtle and difficult for truth-tellers to spot. Discussion Whether deception can be successfully detected hinges on a variety of factors including the deceiver's skill to disguise and the detector's ability to sense and process information. Furthermore, the group dynamics and communication context subtly moderate how deception manifests and influence the accuracy of detecting ulterior motives. Our future investigations could encompass non-verbal communication channels and verbal patterns rooted in content, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of deception detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah E. Dunbar
- Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Judee K. Burgoon
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xunyu Chen
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xinran Wang
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Saiying Ge
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Jay Nunamaker
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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9
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Xu T, Singh K, Rajivan P. Personalized persuasion: Quantifying susceptibility to information exploitation in spear-phishing attacks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 108:103908. [PMID: 36403509 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many cyberattacks begin with a malicious email message, known as spear phishing, targeted at unsuspecting victims. Although security technologies have improved significantly in recent years, spear phishing continues to be successful due to the bespoke nature of such attacks. Crafting such emails requires attackers to conduct careful research about their victims and collect personal information about them and their acquaintances. Despite the widespread nature of spear-phishing attacks, little is understood about the human factors behind them. This is particularly the case when considering the role of attack personalization on end-user vulnerability. To study spear-phishing attacks in the laboratory, we developed a simulation environment called SpearSim that simulates the tasks involved in the generation and reception of spear-phishing messages. Using SpearSim, we conducted a laboratory experiment with human subjects to study the effect of information availability and information exploitation end-user vulnerability. The results of the experiment show that end-users in the high information-availability condition were 2.97 times more vulnerable to spear-phishing attacks than those in the low information-availability condition. We found that access to more personal information about targets can result in attacks involving contextually meaningful impersonation and narratives. We discuss the implications of this research for the design of anti-phishing training solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- University of Washington, Department of Industrial and System Engineering, United States
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Computer Science, United States
| | - Prashanth Rajivan
- University of Washington, Department of Industrial and System Engineering, United States.
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10
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Bagnall R, Cadman A, Russell A, Brosnan M, Otte M, Maras KL. Police suspect interviews with autistic adults: The impact of truth telling versus deception on testimony. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1117415. [PMID: 37034927 PMCID: PMC10074602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1117415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigative interviews by police are socially and cognitively demanding encounters, likely presenting significant challenges to those on the autism spectrum. Behavioral and communication differences mean that autistic people may also be more likely to be perceived as deceptive in the context of an investigative interview. In the present study, 32 autistic and 33 (age and IQ-matched) non-autistic adults took part in a novel virtual burglary scenario in either an 'innocent' or 'guilty' condition. In a subsequent mock-police interview, innocent suspects were instructed to tell the truth about what they did, while guilty suspects were instructed to lie in order to convince the interviewer of their innocence. In the mock-interviews, innocent autistic mock-suspects reported fewer details that would support their innocence than non-autistic mock-suspects, although both innocent and guilty autistic and non-autistic mock-suspects reported similar levels of investigation-relevant information and had similar levels of statement-evidence consistency. In post-interview questionnaires, innocent and guilty autistic mock-suspects self-reported greater difficulty in understanding interview questions, higher anxiety and perceived the interview as less supportive than non-autistic participants. Implications for investigative interviewing with autistic suspects and cues to deception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bagnall
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ralph Bagnall,
| | - Aimee Cadman
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Russell
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Brosnan
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Otte
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katie L. Maras
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Bill B, Melchers KG. Thou Shalt not Lie! Exploring and testing countermeasures against faking intentions and faking in selection interviews. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Bill
- Abteilung Arbeits‐ und Organisationspsychologie, Institut für Psychologie und Pädagogik Universität Ulm Ulm Germany
| | - Klaus G. Melchers
- Abteilung Arbeits‐ und Organisationspsychologie, Institut für Psychologie und Pädagogik Universität Ulm Ulm Germany
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12
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Gustafsson PU, Lindholm T, Jönsson FU. Eyewitness accuracy and retrieval effort: Effects of time and repetition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273455. [PMID: 36070290 PMCID: PMC9451081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important task for the law enforcement is to assess the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. Recent research show that indicators of effortful memory retrieval, such as pausing and hedging (e.g. “I think”, “maybe”), are more common in incorrect recall. However, a limitation in these studies is that participants are interviewed shortly after witnessing an event, as opposed to after greater retention intervals. We set out to mitigate this shortcoming by investigating the retrieval effort-accuracy relationship over time. In this study, participants watched a staged crime and were interviewed directly afterwards, and two weeks later. Half the participants also carried out a repetition task during the two-week retention interval. Results showed that the retrieval-effort cues Delays and Hedges predicted accuracy at both sessions, including after repetition. We also measured confidence, and found that confidence also predicted accuracy over time, although repetition led to increased confidence for incorrect memories. Moreover, retrieval-effort cues partially mediated between accuracy and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schell-Leugers JM, Masip J, González JL, Vanderhallen M, Kassin SM. Police Interviewing in Spain: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2022a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Schreibelmayr S, Mara M. Robot Voices in Daily Life: Vocal Human-Likeness and Application Context as Determinants of User Acceptance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:787499. [PMID: 35645911 PMCID: PMC9136288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing popularity of speech interfaces goes hand in hand with the creation of synthetic voices that sound ever more human. Previous research has been inconclusive about whether anthropomorphic design features of machines are more likely to be associated with positive user responses or, conversely, with uncanny experiences. To avoid detrimental effects of synthetic voice design, it is therefore crucial to explore what level of human realism human interactors prefer and whether their evaluations may vary across different domains of application. In a randomized laboratory experiment, 165 participants listened to one of five female-sounding robot voices, each with a different degree of human realism. We assessed how much participants anthropomorphized the voice (by subjective human-likeness ratings, a name-giving task and an imagination task), how pleasant and how eerie they found it, and to what extent they would accept its use in various domains. Additionally, participants completed Big Five personality measures and a tolerance of ambiguity scale. Our results indicate a positive relationship between human-likeness and user acceptance, with the most realistic sounding voice scoring highest in pleasantness and lowest in eeriness. Participants were also more likely to assign real human names to the voice (e.g., “Julia” instead of “T380”) if it sounded more realistic. In terms of application context, participants overall indicated lower acceptance of the use of speech interfaces in social domains (care, companionship) than in others (e.g., information & navigation), though the most human-like voice was rated significantly more acceptable in social applications than the remaining four. While most personality factors did not prove influential, openness to experience was found to moderate the relationship between voice type and user acceptance such that individuals with higher openness scores rated the most human-like voice even more positively. Study results are discussed in the light of the presented theory and in relation to open research questions in the field of synthetic voice design.
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Zhang Z, McGettigan C, Belyk M. Speech timing cues reveal deceptive speech in social deduction board games. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263852. [PMID: 35148352 PMCID: PMC8836341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The faculty of language allows humans to state falsehoods in their choice of words. However, while what is said might easily uphold a lie, how it is said may reveal deception. Hence, some features of the voice that are difficult for liars to control may keep speech mostly, if not always, honest. Previous research has identified that speech timing and voice pitch cues can predict the truthfulness of speech, but this evidence has come primarily from laboratory experiments, which sacrifice ecological validity for experimental control. We obtained ecologically valid recordings of deceptive speech while observing natural utterances from players of a popular social deduction board game, in which players are assigned roles that either induce honest or dishonest interactions. When speakers chose to lie, they were prone to longer and more frequent pauses in their speech. This finding is in line with theoretical predictions that lying is more cognitively demanding. However, lying was not reliably associated with vocal pitch. This contradicts predictions that increased physiological arousal from lying might increase muscular tension in the larynx, but is consistent with human specialisations that grant Homo sapiens sapiens an unusual degree of control over the voice relative to other primates. The present study demonstrates the utility of social deduction board games as a means of making naturalistic observations of human behaviour from semi-structured social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Zhang
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Belyk
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
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Volz S, Reinhard MA, Müller P. Does Ego Depletion Elicit Stronger Cues of Deception? OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lying is cognitively demanding and presumably requires self-regulation. According to ego depletion theory, a task that requires self-regulation should therefore impair an individual’s ability to tell a convincing lie in a later task. Consequently, it was hypothesized that a manipulation of ego depletion would enhance behavioral differences between liars and truth-tellers. To manipulate ego depletion, participants worked (vs. did not work) on a task in which they had to suppress dominant responses while copying a text. Subsequently, they talked in a simulated job interview about a job they had previously held (vs. not held). In the sample of 164 participants, there was no evidence to support the hypothesis; the expected Ego Depletion x Veracity interaction was not significant for any of the 15 behavioral cues coded in the videotaped interviews. Although the main effect of ego depletion was significant at the multivariate level for the first of two parts of the interview, none of the univariate main effects reached the significance level corrected for multiple testing. Bayesian analyses rendered moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Possible implications of the results are discussed, also those related to ego depletion theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology , University of Kassel
| | | | - Patrick Müller
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Building Physics, and Business , University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart
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Soure EJ, Kuang E, Fan M, Zhao J. CoUX: Collaborative Visual Analysis of Think-Aloud Usability Test Videos for Digital Interfaces. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022; 28:643-653. [PMID: 34587055 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2021.3114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reviewing a think-aloud video is both time-consuming and demanding as it requires UX (user experience) professionals to attend to many behavioral signals of the user in the video. Moreover, challenges arise when multiple UX professionals need to collaborate to reduce bias and errors. We propose a collaborative visual analytics tool, CoUX, to facilitate UX evaluators collectively reviewing think-aloud usability test videos of digital interfaces. CoUX seamlessly supports usability problem identification, annotation, and discussion in an integrated environment. To ease the discovery of usability problems, CoUX visualizes a set of problem-indicators based on acoustic, textual, and visual features extracted from the video and audio of a think-aloud session with machine learning. CoUX further enables collaboration amongst UX evaluators for logging, commenting, and consolidating the discovered problems with a chatbox-like user interface. We designed CoUX based on a formative study with two UX experts and insights derived from the literature. We conducted a user study with six pairs of UX practitioners on collaborative think-aloud video analysis tasks. The results indicate that CoUX is useful and effective in facilitating both problem identification and collaborative teamwork. We provide insights into how different features of CoUX were used to support both independent analysis and collaboration. Furthermore, our work highlights opportunities to improve collaborative usability test video analysis.
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18
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Huang Y, Gursoy D, Zhang M, Nunkoo R, Shi S. Interactivity in online chat: Conversational cues and visual cues in the service recovery process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Gustafsson PU, Lindholm T, Jönsson FU. Judging the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies using retrieval effort cues. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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20
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Abstract
This study addresses a poorly understood but important question concerning the cognition of deception: How much more is there to lying than to responding incorrectly, the latter capturing how researchers have occasionally operationalized deception? A recent social-cognitive account of lying - Activation-Decision-Construction-Action Theory (ADCAT) - asserts a qualitative difference between the two - for instance, that deception involves Theory of Mind inferences and more proactive interference. To test these notions within-subjects, participants answered closed-ended and open-ended questions probing general truths honestly, deceptively, or with intentional errors. Response time and noncompliance with instructions were the dependent measures. Deceptive responding generally elicited the longest response times and the lowest instruction compliance, followed by intentional erring, supporting the theory. Although not the primary focus, response inhibition due to implausible deception was demonstrated for the first time.
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21
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Sporer SL, Ulatowska J. Indirect and Unconscious Deception Detection: Too Soon to Give Up? Front Psychol 2021; 12:601852. [PMID: 34122212 PMCID: PMC8188332 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Ulatowska
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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22
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Meissner CA. “What works?” Systematic reviews and m
eta‐analyses
of the investigative interviewing research literature. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Abstract
While research suggests that telling lies can distort memory for the truth, the effects of receiving feedback about the believability about one's lies are not known. We hypothesised that participants who exaggerated the number of stolen items (vs. told the truth) in a mock insurance claim and then received feedback that their statement was believable (vs. not believable) would incorporate this lie into memory. In a two-phase between-subjects design, participants saw images of an office pre- and post-theft and were randomly assigned to report the number of stolen items accurately (truth-tellers) or exaggerate (liars). They were then randomly assigned to receive feedback that their statement was believable or not. Approximately two weeks later, participants' recall of the theft was measured. Liars and truth-tellers recalled a similar number of stolen items, but liars had less accurate recall for exactly which items were stolen. Liars (vs. truth-tellers) also made more omission errors. The majority of participants who fabricated additional stolen items (65.7%) incorporated one or more of these (false) items into their memory. Results suggest that source monitoring errors may lead fabricated details to be incorporated into memory. Although no effects of believability feedback were observed, recommendations for future researchers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Ten Brinke
- Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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24
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Eira Nunes C, Pascual-Leone A, de Roten Y, Favez N, Darwiche J. Resolving Coparenting Dissatisfaction In Couples: A Preliminary Task Analysis Study. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2021; 47:21-35. [PMID: 32812664 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the change that unfolded when parents resolved their coparenting dissatisfaction during an Integrative Brief Systemic Intervention (IBSI) for parent couples. We conducted a task analysis (Greenberg, 2007) to build a model of resolving coparenting dissatisfaction. We compared a postulated model of change (rational model) based on theoretical and clinical assumptions to the observations of the actual change process that couples experienced in an IBSI (empirical analysis). The empirical analysis was conducted on six IBSI therapy cases (three exhibiting positive development and three exhibiting no development). We defined positive development in IBSI as moving from coparenting dissatisfaction to coparenting satisfaction. The final rational-empirical model included six steps that facilitated the resolution of coparenting dissatisfaction. This study contributes to deepening the knowledge of how coparenting may change during marital therapy.
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25
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Spinelli M, Aureli T, Coppola G, Ponzetti S, Lionetti F, Scialpi V, Fasolo M. Verbal - prosodic association when narrating early caregiving experiences during the adult attachment interview: differences between secure and dismissing individuals. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 24:93-114. [PMID: 33346702 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1860348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported an inconsistency between verbal extracts and emotional physiological activation in dismissing individuals when narrating their early caregiving experience at the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). This study aimed to explore this discrepancy by analyzing the degree of concordance between verbal content and prosodic characteristics, index of physiological activation, when dismissing and secure individuals discuss negative childhood memories during the AAI. Results showed that secure participants presented a high coherence between verbal content and emotional activation, as expressed by prosody, revealing a reprocess of negative experiences that is the core feature of the development of secure working models. In contrast, dismissing participants' prosodic characteristics were discrepant with the verbal content. These individuals downplayed the nature and impact of negative experiences and emotions, but used a prosody that revealed a high emotional arousal. The difference between the two groups was more evident for participants who had experienced more rejecting parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tiziana Aureli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabrielle Coppola
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Ponzetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Lionetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Scialpi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirco Fasolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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26
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Schindler S, Wagner LK, Reinhard M, Ruhara N, Pfattheicher S, Nitschke J. Are criminals better lie detectors? Investigating offenders' abilities in the context of deception detection. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schindler
- Department of Psychology University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | - Laura K. Wagner
- Department of Psychology University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Pfattheicher
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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Abstract
Two laboratories have reported that children with ASD are less likely than their typical peers to fill pauses with um but their use of uh is unaffected (Irvine et al., J Autism Dev Disord 46(3):1061-1070, 2016; Gorman et al., Autism Res 9(8):854-865, 2016). In this brief report, we replicated this finding by comparing the discourse of 7-to-15-year-olds with ASD (N = 31) to that of their typically developing same-age peers (N = 32). The robustness of this easily documented difference in discourse suggests a potentially useful clinical marker of ASD.
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Sánchez N, Masip J, Gómez-Ariza CJ. Both High Cognitive Load and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Inferior Frontal Cortex Make Truth and Lie Responses More Similar. Front Psychol 2020; 11:776. [PMID: 32508700 PMCID: PMC7248556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception scholars have argued that increasing the liar’s cognitive system artificially can produce deception cues. However, if too much load is imposed, the truth tellers’ performance can also be impaired. To address this issue, we designed a veracity task that incorporated a secondary task to increase cognitive load gradually. Also, because deception has been associated with activity in the inferior frontal cortex (IFC), we examined the influence of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the IFC on performance. During stimulation, participants truthfully or deceptively indicated whether each of a number of statements shown on screen was true or not. Higher load decreased recall but not general compliance or response times (RTs). Truthful trials yielded higher compliance rates and faster RTs than deceptive trials except for the highest load level. Anodal right stimulation decreased compliance in truthful trials when participants were not overloaded. Truth telling was more vulnerable to cognitive load and tDCS than lying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jaume Masip
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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29
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Denault V, Plusquellec P, Jupe LM, St-Yves M, Dunbar NE, Hartwig M, Sporer SL, Rioux-Turcotte J, Jarry J, Walsh D, Otgaar H, Viziteu A, Talwar V, Keatley DA, Blandón-Gitlin I, Townson C, Deslauriers-Varin N, Lilienfeld SO, Patterson ML, Areh I, Allan A, Cameron HE, Boivin R, Brinke LT, Masip J, Bull R, Cyr M, Hope L, Strömwall LA, Bennett SJ, Menaiya FA, Leo RA, Vredeveldt A, Laforest M, Honts CR, Manzanero AL, Mann S, Granhag PA, Ask K, Gabbert F, Guay JP, Coutant A, Hancock J, Manusov V, Burgoon JK, Kleinman SM, Wright G, Landström S, Freckelton I, Vernham Z, Koppen PJV. The Analysis of Nonverbal Communication: The Dangers of Pseudoscience in Security and Justice Contexts. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2019a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Vrij A, Fisher RP. Nonverbal cues to deception in Title IX investigations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Volz S, Reinhard M, Müller P. Why don't you believe me? Detecting deception in messages written by nonnative and native speakers. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Volz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | | | - Patrick Müller
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Building Physics, and BusinessUniversity of Applied Sciences Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
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32
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Amplifying deceivers' flawed metacognition: Encouraging disclosures after delays with a model statement. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 200:102935. [PMID: 31715443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Truth tellers provide less detail in delayed than in immediate interviews (likely due to forgetting), whereas liars provide similar amounts of detail in immediate and delayed interviews (displaying a metacognitive stability bias effect). We examined whether liar's flawed metacognition after delays could be exploited by encouraging interviewees to provide more detail via a Model Statement. Truthful and deceptive participants were interviewed immediately (n = 78) or after a three-week delay (n = 78). Half the participants in each condition listened to a Model Statement before questioning. In the Immediate condition, truth tellers provided more details than liars. This pattern was unaffected by the Model Statement. In the Delayed condition, truth tellers and liars provided a similar amount of detail in the Model Statement-absent condition, whereas in the Model Statement-present condition, liars provided more details than truth tellers.
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33
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Vrij A, Jupe LM, Leal S, Vernham Z, Nahari G. Analysing openly recorded preinterview deliberations to detect deceit in collective interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of PsychologyUniveresity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | | | - Sharon Leal
- Department of PsychologyUniveresity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of PsychologyUniveresity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of CriminologyBar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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34
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Schuetzler RM, Grimes GM, Giboney JS. The effect of conversational agent skill on user behavior during deception. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The relationship between nonverbal communication and deception continues to attract much interest, but there are many misconceptions about it. In this review, we present a scientific view on this relationship. We describe theories explaining why liars would behave differently from truth tellers, followed by research on how liars actually behave and individuals' ability to detect lies. We show that the nonverbal cues to deceit discovered to date are faint and unreliable and that people are mediocre lie catchers when they pay attention to behavior. We also discuss why individuals hold misbeliefs about the relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception-beliefs that appear very hard to debunk. We further discuss the ways in which researchers could improve the state of affairs by examining nonverbal behaviors in different ways and in different settings than they currently do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom;
| | - Maria Hartwig
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York 10019, USA;
| | - Pär Anders Granhag
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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36
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Sauerland M, Krix AC, Sagana A. Deceiving suspects about their alibi is equally harmful to the innocent and guilty. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Alana C. Krix
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sagana
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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37
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Talwar V, Lavoie J, Crossman AM. Carving Pinocchio: Longitudinal examination of children’s lying for different goals. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 181:34-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Gustafsson PU, Lindholm T, Jönsson FU. Predicting Accuracy in Eyewitness Testimonies With Memory Retrieval Effort and Confidence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 30984087 PMCID: PMC6450142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating eyewitness testimonies has proven a difficult task. Recent research, however, suggests that incorrect memories are more effortful to retrieve than correct memories, and confidence in a memory is based on retrieval effort. We aimed to replicate and extend these findings, adding retrieval latency as a predictor of memory accuracy. Participants watched a film sequence with a staged crime and were interviewed about its content. We then analyzed retrieval effort cues in witness responses. Results showed that incorrect memories included more "effort cues" than correct memories. While correct responses were produced faster than incorrect responses, delays in responses proved a better predictor of accuracy than response latency. Furthermore, participants were more confident in correct than incorrect responses, and the effort cues partially mediated this confidence-accuracy relation. In sum, the results support previous findings of a relationship between memory accuracy and objectively verifiable cues to retrieval effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Walczyk JJ, Sewell N, DiBenedetto MB. A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:700. [PMID: 30622488 PMCID: PMC6308182 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Malingering, the feigning of psychological or physical ailment for gain, imposes high costs on society, especially on the criminal-justice system. In this article, we review some of the costs of malingering in forensic contexts. Then the most common methods of malingering detection are reviewed, including those for feigned psychiatric and cognitive impairments. The shortcomings of each are considered. The article continues with a discussion of commonly used means for detecting deception. Although not traditionally used to uncover malingering, new, innovative methods are emphasized that attempt to induce greater cognitive load on liars than truth tellers, some informed by theoretical accounts of deception. As a type of deception, we argue that such cognitive approaches and theoretical understanding can be adapted to the detection of malingering to supplement existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Walczyk
- Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
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40
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Vrij A, Leal S, Fisher RP. Verbal Deception and the Model Statement as a Lie Detection Tool. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:492. [PMID: 30356902 PMCID: PMC6190908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been reliably informed by practitioners that police officers and intelligence officers across the world have started to use the Model Statement lie detection technique. In this article we introduce this technique. We describe why it works, report the empirical evidence that it works, and outline how to use it. Research examining the Model Statement only started recently and more research is required. We give suggestions for future research with the technique. The Model Statement technique is one of many recently developed verbal lie detection methods. We start this article with a short overview of the-in our view- most promising recent developments in verbal lie detection before turning our attention to the Model Statement technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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41
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Şen HH, Küntay AC. Nonverbal Markers of Lying During Children’s Collective Interviewing with Friends. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-018-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Stewart SLK, Wright C, Atherton C. Deception Detection and Truth Detection Are Dependent on Different Cognitive and Emotional Traits: An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence, Theory of Mind, and Attention. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:794-807. [PMID: 30264653 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218796795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that variation exists between individuals in high-stakes truth and deception detection accuracy rates, little work has investigated what differences in individuals' cognitive and emotional abilities contribute to this variation. Our study addressed this question by examining the role played by cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), emotional intelligence (EI), and various aspects of attention (alerting, orienting, executive control) in explaining variation in accuracy rates among 115 individuals (87 women; mean age = 27.04 years [ SD = 11.32]) who responded to video clips of truth-tellers and liars in real-world, high-stakes contexts. Faster attentional alerting supported truth detection, and better cognitive ToM and perception of emotion (an aspect of EI) supported deception detection. This evidence indicates that truth and deception detection are distinct constructs supported by different abilities. Future research may address whether interventions targeting these cognitive and emotional traits can also contribute to improving detection skill.
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43
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Abstract
Are the cues that speakers produce when lying the same cues that listeners attend to when attempting to detect deceit? We used a two-person interactive game to explore the production and perception of speech and nonverbal cues to lying. In each game turn, participants viewed pairs of images, with the location of some treasure indicated to the speaker but not to the listener. The speaker described the location of the treasure, with the objective of misleading the listener about its true location; the listener attempted to locate the treasure, based on their judgement of the speaker’s veracity. In line with previous comprehension research, listeners’ responses suggest that they attend primarily to behaviours associated with increased mental difficulty, perhaps because lying, under a cognitive hypothesis, is thought to cause an increased cognitive load. Moreover, a mouse-tracking analysis suggests that these judgements are made quickly, while the speakers’ utterances are still unfolding. However, there is a surprising mismatch between listeners and speakers: When producing false statements, speakers are less likely to produce the cues that listeners associate with lying. This production pattern is in keeping with an attempted control hypothesis, whereby liars may take into account listeners’ expectations and correspondingly manipulate their behaviour to avoid detection.
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44
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Vrij A. Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
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45
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Hall JA, Rosenthal R. Choosing between random effects models in meta-analysis: Units of analysis and the generalizability of obtained results. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Jupe LM, Vrij A, Leal S, Nahari G. Are you for real? Exploring language use and unexpected process questions within the detection of identity deception. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan Israel
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Dunbar NE, Miller CH, Lee YH, Jensen ML, Anderson C, Adams AS, Elizondo J, Thompson W, Massey Z, Nicholls SB, Ralston R, Donovan J, Mathews E, Roper B, Wilson SN. Reliable deception cues training in an interactive video game. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Spokespersons’ Nonverbal Behavior in Times of Crisis: The Relative Importance of Visual and Vocal Cues. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-018-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Diana B, Zurloni V, Elia M, Cavalera C, Realdon O, Jonsson GK, Anguera MT. T-Pattern Analysis and Cognitive Load Manipulation to Detect Low-Stake Lies: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29551986 PMCID: PMC5841120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception has evolved to become a fundamental aspect of human interaction. Despite the prolonged efforts in many disciplines, there has been no definite finding of a univocally "deceptive" signal. This work proposes an approach to deception detection combining cognitive load manipulation and T-pattern methodology with the objective of: (a) testing the efficacy of dual task-procedure in enhancing differences between truth tellers and liars in a low-stakes situation; (b) exploring the efficacy of T-pattern methodology in discriminating truthful reports from deceitful ones in a low-stakes situation; (c) setting the experimental design and procedure for following research. We manipulated cognitive load to enhance differences between truth tellers and liars, because of the low-stakes lies involved in our experiment. We conducted an experimental study with a convenience sample of 40 students. We carried out a first analysis on the behaviors' frequencies coded through the observation software, using SPSS (22). The aim was to describe shape and characteristics of behavior's distributions and explore differences between groups. Datasets were then analyzed with Theme 6.0 software which detects repeated patterns (T-patterns) of coded events (non-verbal behaviors) that regularly or irregularly occur within a period of observation. A descriptive analysis on T-pattern frequencies was carried out to explore differences between groups. An in-depth analysis on more complex patterns was performed to get qualitative information on the behavior structure expressed by the participants. Results show that the dual-task procedure enhances differences observed between liars and truth tellers with T-pattern methodology; moreover, T-pattern detection reveals a higher variety and complexity of behavior in truth tellers than in liars. These findings support the combination of cognitive load manipulation and T-pattern methodology for deception detection in low-stakes situations, suggesting the testing of directional hypothesis on a larger probabilistic sample of population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Diana
- Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Zurloni
- Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Elia
- Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Cavalera
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivia Realdon
- Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - M. Teresa Anguera
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Fisher RP, Dalton G, Jo E, Shaboltas A, Khaleeva M, Granskaya J, Houston K. Using unexpected questions to elicit information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology; Florida International University; Miami USA
| | - Gary Dalton
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Eunkyung Jo
- Department of Psychology; Hallym University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Alla Shaboltas
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Maria Khaleeva
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Juliana Granskaya
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Kate Houston
- Department of Public Affairs and Social Research; Texas A&M International University; Laredo USA
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