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Chilliak S, Musacchio S, Montreuil T, Williams S. Interviewing Asylum-Seeking Children: A Scoping Review of Research to Inform Best Practices. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241260014. [PMID: 39049444 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241260014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Immigration interviews with asylum-seeking youth have been largely understudied. In domestic legal settings, children interviewed about abuse and maltreatment provide more detailed, relevant responses when asked open-ended questions and when interviewed in a neutral environment, among other supportive practices. In asylum settings, guidance for interviews with youth derives from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is not clear to what extent best practices are employed during asylum interviews with youth. This scoping review was performed to (a) provide an overview of empirical literature on interviews with children in immigration settings, including border screenings, interviews with representatives, and asylum hearings, (b) explore whether best practices derived from forensic psychology and children's rights are observed in asylum interviews, (c) identify unique interview needs of asylum-seeking youth, and (d) derive implications for research and practice. A scoping review of three databases conducted in October 2023 yielded titles, of which 29 articles met inclusion criteria. These comprised quantitative and qualitative studies in English from 2003 to 2023. Three articles identified were quantitative, and 26 were qualitative. While several articles touched on interview practices and youth's experiences of interviews, only a few examined how asylum-seeking youth responded to different interview factors such as question type and interview setting. Key findings highlight inconsistent application of best practice principles, and several areas where best practices to support asylum-seeking children require clarification through further research.
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Skrifvars J, Sui V, Antfolk J, van Veldhuizen T, Korkman J. Psychological assumptions underlying credibility assessments in Finnish asylum determinations. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2145986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skrifvars
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronica Sui
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja van Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Korkman
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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The Symbolic Life of Courts: How Judicial Language, Actions, and Objects Legitimize Credibility Assessments of Asylum Appeals. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-022-00989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Asylum determinations are highly complex and difficult decisions. At the heart of this decision lies a credibility assessment of the asylum claimant’s narrative, which confronts the decision-maker with a seemingly straightforward question: do I believe this person’s story? To uphold legitimacy of this assessment, semi-legal criteria have been established internationally. However, these criteria have been criticized for relying on inaccurate and simplistic assumptions about human behavior, autobiographical memory, and communication. In light of this contestation, I ask how the legal-administrative practice of assessing credibility of asylum applications gains legitimacy in the eyes of the public, policy-makers, and legal professionals despite resting on highly disputable assumptions? To answer this question, I draw on interviews, observations, and written judgements from the Swedish administrative courts to explore how symbolic messages are tacitly conveyed through the use of judicial language, activities, and objects. The analysis suggests that cohesive, albeit tacit, messages about credibility assessments being accurate (rather than arbitrary), objective (rather than subjective), professional (rather than lay), and just (rather than unjust) are produced to both near and distant audiences. The study contributes to the literature on credibility assessments by offering a theoretical perspective that can unpack the relationship between symbolic communication in courts and perceived legitimacy for disputed practices within asylum determinations and migration control.
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Skrifvars J, Antfolk J, Veldhuizen T, Sui V, Korkman J. Eliciting information in official Finnish asylum interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skrifvars
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Tanja Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Sui
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Julia Korkman
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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Khan S, Kuhn SK, Haque S. A Systematic Review of Autobiographical Memory and Mental Health Research on Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:658700. [PMID: 34149479 PMCID: PMC8211731 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research examining trauma, memory, and mental health among refugee and asylum-seeking people has increased in recent years. We systematically reviewed empirical work focusing on the link between autobiographical memory and mental health among these populations. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018095888). Six major databases were searched in August-2020 with no time limit for publication. Following PRISMA Statement guidelines, 22 articles reporting ten quantitative, nine qualitative, and three mixed-method studies were selected from 254 articles identified in the initial search. A basic convergent and qualitative meta-integration technique was employed for data extraction. Four recurrent themes were extracted: (1) memory activation method, (2) memory features, (3) memory content, and (4) refugee mental health. Theme 1 illustrates that narrative interviews, important event recall, and cue word methods were used in most studies. Theme 2 highlights that memories of refugee people were often less specific, inconsistent, and negative-focused. Retrieval failure was also common among these people. Theme 3 reveals that refugee and asylum-seeking people frequently discussed their abandoned identities, lost resources, injustices, ongoing sufferings, and pointless futures. Finally, theme 4 identifies the prevalence of various mental health conditions like Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, helplessness, and anger among these people. The results are discussed in the context of the current autobiographical memory and mental health theories, considering refugee-specific experiences in the asylum process and refugee status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Khan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Sara K. Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Vulnerability to interrogative suggestibility from negative life events. A comparison of separated asylum-seeking youth and age-matched peers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deeb H, Vrij A, Leal S, Burkhardt J. The effects of sketching while narrating on information elicitation and deception detection in multiple interviews. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 213:103236. [PMID: 33360343 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sketching while narrating is effective for eliciting information and veracity cues in single interviews. In the current research, we tested this technique in multiple interviews. Participants were interviewed three times over three weeks about a genuine (truth tellers) or a fabricated (lie tellers) memorable event. They sketched while narrating in Week 1, Week 2, Weeks 1 and 2, or not at all (verbal statement only). Statements were coded for total, core, peripheral, and common knowledge details, self-handicapping strategies, complications, plausibility, and proportions of complications and core details. In the third interview and across interviews, the Sketch instruction resulted in a higher proportion of core details. Truth tellers reported more total and core details and complications and fewer common knowledge details and exhibited a higher proportion of complications than lie tellers. Truth tellers' stories also sounded more plausible than lie tellers' stories. The interaction effects were not significant. Thus, sketching while narrating seemed to have a similar effect on truth tellers and lie tellers in the current study.
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Abbas P, von Werthern M, Katona C, Brady F, Woo Y. The texture of narrative dilemmas: qualitative study in front-line professionals working with asylum seekers in the UK. BJPsych Bull 2021; 45:8-14. [PMID: 32317046 PMCID: PMC8058859 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2020.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD Asylum seekers are required to narrate past experiences to the UK Home Office, doctors, lawyers and psychologists as part of their claims for international protection. The Home Office often cites perceived inconsistencies in asylum interviews as grounds for refusal of their claims. A number of processes affect asylum seekers' abilities to narrate past experiences fully to the professionals interviewing them. The dilemmas around disclosure that asylum seekers face have received little attention to date. This work aims to explore the perspectives of UK-based medico-legal report-writing doctors, lawyers and psychologists whose work involves eliciting narratives from asylum seekers on the processes that affect asylum seekers' abilities to disclose sensitive personal information in interview settings. Eighteen professionals participated in semi-structured interviews in individual or focus group settings to discuss, from their perspectives of extensive collective professional experience, the narrative dilemmas experienced by asylum seekers with whom they have worked. RESULTS Professionals identified a number of processes that made disclosure of personal information difficult for asylum seekers. These included asylum seekers' lack of trust towards the professionals conducting the interview, unclear ideas around pertinence of information for interviewers, feelings of fear, shame and guilt related to suspicions around collusions between UK and their country-of-origin's authorities, sexual trauma and, occasionally, their own involvement or collusion in crimes against others. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Recommendations are made on how to improve the interview environment to encourage disclosure. These have important implications for future research and policy initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paaras Abbas
- Helen Bamber Foundation, UK.,Goldsmiths University of London, UK
| | | | | | - Francesca Brady
- Helen Bamber Foundation, UK.,Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Bodström E. ‘Because Migri Says So’: Legitimation in Negative Asylum Decisions in Finland. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MIGRATION RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.33134/njmr.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Contamination or Natural Variation? A Comparison of Contradictions from Suggested Contagion and Intrinsic Variation in Repeated Autobiographical Accounts. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Bruïne G, Vredeveldt A, van Koppen PJ. Cross-cultural differences in object recognition: Comparing asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa and a matched Western European control group. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 32:463-473. [PMID: 30046220 PMCID: PMC6055677 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more people report about their memories in cross-cultural contexts. In international criminal settings and asylum procedures, object recognition tests can provide valuable information, for example, about weapons used during a crime or landmarks from the claimed region of origin. This study was the first to compare object recognition performance by asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa to a matched Western European control group. African participants performed worse than European participants on perceptual tests involving transformations from two- to three-dimensional representations, but both groups performed equally well on an object recognition test that involved transformation from three- to two-dimensional representations. However, African participants were significantly more likely to respond "yes" on the recognition test (i.e., an acquiescence response style) than European participants. Our findings elucidate cultural differences in responding on an object recognition test. Judges, juries, and immigration officials would be wise to take these differences into account when evaluating recognition performance in cross-cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi de Bruïne
- Department of Criminal Law and CriminologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annelies Vredeveldt
- Department of Criminal Law and CriminologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van Koppen
- Department of Criminal Law and CriminologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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van Veldhuizen TS, Maas RPAE, Horselenberg R, van Koppen PJ. Establishing Origin: Analysing the Questions Asked in Asylum Interviews. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2017; 25:283-302. [PMID: 31984021 PMCID: PMC6818277 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2017.1376607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of evidence, asylum seekers are interviewed to assess the credibility of their stories. Few studies have examined whether or not the questions asked in such interviews stimulate the applicant to give lengthy, detailed, and accurate answers. The style, type, and content of the questions asked in order to assess a claim about origin were analysed in 40 case files from the Dutch Immigration Service. A large proportion of the questions were closed and fact-checking questions. Less than one fifth of questions were open or cued recall questions. The results show that to assess credibility of origin, knowledge questions were posed about the immediate living environment, flight to Europe, identity documents, country of origin, and personal background of applicants. Possibilities for increasing the quantity and quality of information obtained in asylum interviews are discussed. Future research should validate the assumption that truthful claimants have substantial knowledge about their country and town of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S. van Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rachel P. A. E. Maas
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Horselenberg
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van Koppen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Theunissen TP, Meyer T, Memon A, Weinsheimer CC. Adult Eyewitness Memory for Single Versus Repeated Traumatic Events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjeu P.M. Theunissen
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI); Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Amina Memon
- Royal Holloway University of London; Surrey UK
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Early life adversities and adolescent antisocial behavior: The role of cardiac autonomic nervous system reactivity in the TRAILS study. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:24-33. [PMID: 26164813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the role of pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in the association between prior adversities and antisocial behavior in adolescence. PEP and RSA task reactivity and recovery to a public speaking task were assessed in adolescents from a longitudinal population-based study (N=624, Mage=16.14 years, 49.2% boys). Perinatal adversities were unrelated to antisocial behavior, but experiencing more stressful adversities between age 0 and 15 was associated with antisocial behavior at age 16 in boys with blunted PEP reactivity and smaller PEP differences from rest to recovery. Number of adversities between age 0 and 15 was associated with antisocial behavior in boys with blunted and girls with heightened RSA reactivity and larger PEP differences from rest to recovery. The association between prior adversities and antisocial behavior were small in effect size and depended upon sex and PEP and RSA reactivity and recovery.
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Turner S. Refugee blues: a UK and European perspective. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:29328. [PMID: 26514159 PMCID: PMC4626650 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.29328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the numbers of refugees travelling to the European Union are set in a global context. It is argued that the increasing restrictions placed on asylum seekers from the 1980s onwards in the UK and the associated culture of deterrence and prohibition have had the perverse effect of supporting the economic market for people smuggling. It appears that these restrictions were initially designed to deter people, most of whom would have been granted humanitarian assistance had they managed to arrive in the UK, so as to prevent them from accessing the decision-making process on asylum. Policy changes concerning travel, benefits, and other pressures on asylum seekers are also considered in the context of deterrence. The problems facing asylum seekers do not end with their arrival in a safe country. The current methods of determining refugee status are alarmingly weak. Indeed there is evidence suggesting that those who are most traumatised before arrival face systematic disadvantage. The focus of this paper is on the United Kingdom but its conclusions apply to most Western European countries. The paper concludes with some tentative suggestions for change.
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Herlihy J, Turner S. Untested assumptions: psychological research and credibility assessment in legal decision-making. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:27380. [PMID: 25994022 PMCID: PMC4439408 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma survivors often have to negotiate legal systems such as refugee status determination or the criminal justice system. METHODS & RESULTS We outline and discuss the contribution which research on trauma and related psychological processes can make to two particular areas of law where complex and difficult legal decisions must be made: in claims for refugee and humanitarian protection, and in reporting and prosecuting sexual assault in the criminal justice system. CONCLUSION There is a breadth of psychological knowledge that, if correctly applied, would limit the inappropriate reliance on assumptions and myth in legal decision-making in these settings. Specific recommendations are made for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Herlihy
- Centre for the Study of Emotion and Law, London, UK;
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Sijtsema JJ, Baan L, Bogaerts S. Associations Between Dysfunctional Personality Traits and Intimate Partner Violence in Perpetrators and Victims. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2014; 29:2418-2438. [PMID: 24488122 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513520228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the role of borderline and antisocial personality traits and psychological and physical forms of intimate partner violence were examined. Using self- and partner-reports, 30 perpetrators (28 males) and 30 victims (29 females) of partner violence, including 23 (former) couples, were interviewed. Results showed that perpetrators (i.e., males) were higher on antisocial personality traits than victims (i.e., females), but the two groups did not differ on borderline traits and self-reported violence. Moreover, borderline traits were associated with partner violence in general, whereas antisocial personality traits were associated with physical, but not psychological, partner violence. Analyses on (former) couples suggest that there is little congruence between perpetrators' and victims' reports of partner violence. In conclusion, the findings of the current study not only emphasized the complex nature of intimate partner violence but also showed that dysfunctional personality traits and gender play a significant role in both the display and reporting of partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte Baan
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Brewin CR, Mersaditabari N. Experimentally-induced dissociation impairs visual memory. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Turner S. Psychotraumatology in Europe: a personal history. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4:21305. [PMID: 23755329 PMCID: PMC3676534 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines a personal account of the growth of the field of traumatic stress in Europe, especially with the history of major disasters in the 1980s, the first European Conference in Lincoln in 1988, the formation of European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and its subsequent development, for example, with a federal structure and its own journal, and most important of all the way that the field as a whole has matured.
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