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Alexander M, Machado L. Chronic exercise and neuropsychological function in healthy young adults: a randomised controlled trial investigating a running intervention. Cogn Process 2024; 25:241-258. [PMID: 38421460 PMCID: PMC11106121 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-known physical and mental health benefits of regular exercise, many of the world's population, including healthy young adults, grossly undershoot recommended physical activity levels. Chronic exercise has potential to improve cognitive performance and affect in most age groups. However, there is currently a poverty of relevant research in young adults, especially randomised controlled trials. To address this, the current research investigated the effects of a running intervention on neuropsychological function (cognition and affect) in young adults. We predicted that following a running intervention, neuropsychological performance would improve alongside increases in aerobic fitness. Thirty-two healthy young adult university students were randomised (using a 3:1 ratio) into an intervention or control group, with the intervention group (n = 24) asked to run for 30 min three times a week over a 6-week period and the control group (n = 8) asked to maintain their current level of exercise over a 6-week period. We assessed fitness, cognitive performance, affect and running enjoyment at baseline and follow-up, and runners recorded the environmental conditions of their runs. Repeated measures ANCOVAs failed to find any significant effects of the running intervention on fitness or the neuropsychological measures. Anecdotal evidence supported running environment and enjoyment as potentially relevant factors. The failure to find any fitness improvements, which likely underpins the lack of neuropsychological improvements, highlights the importance of monitoring exercise sessions. Coupled with other insights gained from this trial, this article may prove useful towards future endeavours to develop exercise interventions beneficial to young adults.TRN: ACTRN12621000242820, Date of registration: 08/03/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
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2
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Chu CH, Huang IL, Hillman CH, Chen NC, Yu J, Hung CS, Chen FT, Chang YK. The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and inhibitory control following acute stress: An ERP study. Psychophysiology 2024:e14592. [PMID: 38682486 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Although the relationships among acute stress, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cognitive function have been examined, whether CRF is related to behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control following acute stress remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the combined influence of acute stress and CRF on inhibitory control. Participants, aged 20-30 years, were stratified into the Higher-Fit (n = 31) and the Lower-Fit (n = 32) groups, and completed a Stroop task following the modified Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) in the stress condition and the sham-MAST in the non-stress condition, during which electroencephalography was recorded. Behavioral (i.e., response time and accuracy) and neuroelectric (N2 and P3b components of the event-related potential) outcomes of inhibitory control were obtained. While the Higher-Fit group demonstrated shorter response times and higher accuracy than the Lower-Fit group following both the MAST and the sham-MAST, they also exhibited selective benefits of acute stress on inhibitory control performance (i.e., decreased response times and diminished interference scores). CRF-dependent alterations in neuroelectric indices were also observed, with the Higher-Fit group displaying smaller N2 and greater P3b amplitudes than the Lower-Fit group following the sham-MAST, and increased N2 and attenuated P3b amplitudes following the MAST. Collectively, these findings not only confirm the positive relationship between CRF and inhibitory control but also provide novel insights into the potential influence of CRF on inhibitory control and associated neuroelectric activity following acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Huang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nai-Chi Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Yu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sin Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Tzu Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Social Emotional Education and Development Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Doucette MM, Sánchez Escudero JP, Rhodes RE, Garcia-Barrera MA. Associations of physical activity and history of sports participation with subjective and objective measures of executive functioning in university students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38227929 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2299414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how physical activity and history of sports participation affect subjective and objective executive functioning in university students. A total of 215 university students aged 18-25 (81% female) completed a virtual assessment of executive function. The correlates were age, sex, physical activity, and history of sports participation. Structural equation modeling was used to examine objective executive function using a three-factor model (shifting, updating, inhibition). The Executive Function Index (EFI) was used to measure subjective executive functioning, and linear regression was used to examine total EFI scores. Physical activity (b = 0.12, p < .01) was a significant correlate of subjective but not objective executive functioning. Male sex and history of sports participation were significantly positively related to the objective measure of inhibition (b = 0.64, p < .01; b = 0.18, p < .05). These findings suggest that subjective and objective measures of executive functioning should be differentiated when investigating their relationship with physical activity and history of sports participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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The role of inhibitory control in sport performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis in stop-signal paradigm. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105108. [PMID: 36828162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is an executive function that is closely and bidirectionally related to sports practice. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to study the effect of this relationship when response suppression is assessed within the Stop-Signal Paradigm. Twenty-four articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative analysis, of which 11 studies were further analyzed through meta-analytic techniques. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for the stop-signal reaction time, and the influence of moderator variables was assessed. Athletes showed shorter stop-signal reaction time than non-athlete controls (SMD=0.44; 95% CI=0.14, 0.73), and this effect was mediated by age (SMD=-0.56; 95% CI=-1.11, -0.01). Athletes' superior stop-signal reaction time may be a result of extensive practice in cognitively demanding competitive environments. Young athletes can benefit the most from sports practice. In addition, engaging individuals in more cognitively demanding activities may obtain better response suppression enhancements, although the evidence in the stop-signal task is limited. Finally, some stop-signal task methodological aspects should be considered in future research.
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Wang Y, Tian J, Yang Q. Tai Chi exercise improves working memory capacity and emotion regulation ability. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1047544. [PMID: 36874821 PMCID: PMC9983368 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1047544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to research the promoting effects of Tai Chi exercise on working memory capacity and emotional regulation ability among college students. Methods Fifty-five participants were recruited and randomly divided into the Tai Chi group and control group. The Tai Chi group had a 12-week Tai Chi training to implement intervention, while the control group performed non-cognitive traditional sports with the same exercise intensity as the Tai Chi group. The visual 2-back test of action pictures and the Geneva emotional picture system test were performed before and after the trial, which aimed to examine whether the action memory of Tai Chi training can improve individuals' working memory capacity and emotion regulation ability. Results After 12 weeks, a significant difference was observed in Accuracy Rate (AR) (F = 54.89, p ≤ 0.001) and Response Time (RT) (F = 99.45, p ≤ 0.001) of individuals' Visual Memory Capacity between the Tai Chi group and the control group. Significant effects in Time (F = 98.62, p ≤ 0.001), Group (F = 21.43, p ≤ 0.001), and Interaction (Groups × time; F = 50.81, p ≤ 0.001) on Accuracy Rate (AR) of the Visual Memory Capacity were observed. The same effect was observed again on the Response Time (RT) of the Visual Memory Capacity, Time (F = 67.21, p ≤ 0.001), Group (F = 45.68, p ≤ 0.001), Interaction (groups × time; F = 79.52, p ≤ 0.001). Post-hoc analysis showed that at the end of 12 weeks, the participants in the Tai Chi group had significantly higher Visual Memory Capacity than those in the control group (p < 0.05).After 12 weeks, valence difference (F = 11.49, p ≤ 0.001), arousal difference (F = 10.17, p ≤ 0.01), and dominance difference (F = 13.30, p ≤ 0.001) in the emotion response were significantly different between the control group and the Tai Chi group. The effect of valence differences in Time (F = 7.28, p < 0.01), Group (F = 4.16, p < 0.05), and Time*Group (F = 10.16, p < 0.01), respectively, was significant in the Tai Chi group after 12-week intervention. Post hoc analysis showed valence swings in the Tai Chi group were significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05); The effect of arousal difference in Time (F = 5.18, p < 0.05), Group (F = 7.26, p < 0.01), Time*Group (F = 4.23, p < 0.05), respectively, was significant in the Tai Chi group after 12-week intervention. Post hoc analysis showed arousal fluctuations in the Tai Chi group was significantly lower than that in the control group too (p < 0.01); As the same, the effect of dominance differences in Time (F = 7.92, p < 0.01), Group (F = 5.82 p < 0.05) and Time*Group (F = 10.26, p < 0.01), respectively was significant in the Tai Chi group. Dominance swings in the Tai Chi group were significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion The data support our speculation that action memory training in Tai Chi exercise may improve individuals' working memory capacity, and then improve their emotion regulation ability, which has provided insightful information for customized exercise programs for emotion regulation in adolescents. Thus, we suggest those adolescents who are experiencing volatile moods and poor emotion regulation attend regular Tai Chi classes, which could contribute to their emotional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Physical Education, Weinan Normal University, Weinan, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Foreign Languages, Weinan Normal University, Weinan, China
| | - Qingxuan Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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Moon K, Lee M, Han K. Effects of
3D
virtual reality motionless imagery training program with an avatar. Psych J 2022; 12:169-177. [PMID: 36336337 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of motionless imagery training with an avatar in virtual reality (VR) on emotion, cognition, and physiological response changes in healthy adults. Participants were 30 healthy adults aged between 19 and 35 years. All participants were randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 18), which executed the imagery training with an avatar in VR, or the control group (n = 12), which merely experienced the VR without an avatar. Both groups underwent the intervention, a 20-min session, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. VR experience questionnaires and physiological response changes were measured at pre- and post-test and emotional states and cognition tests were measured at pre-, post-, and follow-up test. The experimental group showed no significant changes in the Presence Questionnaire (PQ) and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) after the intervention while the control group showed a significant decrease in the PQ after the intervention. In all emotional states, there were no significant differences in the interaction between times and groups. A significant main effect of time was revealed in all cognition tests except the delayed recall and the delayed recognition in K-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (K-AVLT). In physiological response changes, the experimental group showed significant improvements in the electromyogram (EMG) at rectus femoris on the left side after the intervention. Thus, imagery training with an avatar in VR can be considered to be effective for enhancements of cognitions and physiological response changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Ji Moon
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Myung‐Chul Lee
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hun Han
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
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7
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van der Sluys ME, Marhe R, van der Laan PH, Popma A, Scherder EJA. Brief report: Free-living physical activity levels and cognitive control in multi-problem young adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:994123. [PMID: 36337855 PMCID: PMC9634251 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.994123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate a positive association between physical activity and cognitive control in sedentary but healthy adults, yet not much is known about physical activity levels in multi-problem young adults. We examined the level of self-reported free-living physical activity (i.e., MET minutes per week) in an ecologically valid sample of young adults facing multiple problems, including unemployment, lack of education, frequent substance use, and history of delinquency. We compared cognitive control with an age- and sex-matched control sample. Additionally, the association between physical activity and cognitive control (i.e., response inhibition, error processing, interference effect) in the multi-problem group was examined. Physical activity and cognitive control were measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form and three cognitive control experiments (i.e., Flanker, Go/NoGo, Stroop), respectively. With M = 4428 Metabolic Equivalents (METs), our multi-problem sample (n = 63) showed physical activity levels similar to the age- and sex-matched control sample from the general population (n = 62). The multi-problem young adults also showed impaired cognitive control indexed as decreased response inhibition and decreased Flanker correctness effect compared to their peers. We could not find an association between self-reported physical activity and cognitive control in the multi-problem sample. Due to the small sample size, results should be interpreted with caution. However, future dose-response studies could still use these results to further examine if within-individual increased physical activity may possibly lead to improved cognitive control in (already relatively active) multi-problem young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elise van der Sluys
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reshmi Marhe
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter H van der Laan
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik J A Scherder
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Zhu H, Xu J, Zheng Y, Jiang G, Huang X, Tan X, Wu X. Improved response inhibition induced by attentional capture is associated with physical activity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14083. [PMID: 36187745 PMCID: PMC9521346 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to stop a response promptly when a stop signal is presented is named response inhibition. It is generally accepted that the process of response inhibition requires a subject to pay attention to the stop instruction and then cancel the action. A wealth of converging evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can promote response inhibition, but the potential contributions of attentional capture to the relationship between PA and response inhibition are currently unknown. In this study, the standard stop-signal task (SST) and two novel versions of the SST were used to solve this gap. A total of 58 college students were divided into a higher PA group and a lower PA group, respectively. In Experiment 1, the classical SST determined that the participants in the higher PA group displayed a significantly faster stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) than those in the lower PA group. Experiment 2 separated the attentional capture in the SST and revealed that the participants in the higher PA group could detect the signal faster than those in the lower PA group. Experiment 3 further added a stop signal to Experiment 2 and demonstrated that the participants in the higher PA group could more effectively deploy attentional resources to complete the task. Overall, these findings indicate that PA is positively associated with response inhibition and that the positive relationship is associated with effective allocation of attentional resources for faster attentional capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Tongda College, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Jiangsu Vocational and Technical College of Economics and Trade, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiping Jiang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Shanghai, China,School of Physical Education, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Tan
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueping Wu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Tuck NJ, Farrow CV, Thomas JM. Frequency of fruit consumption and savoury snacking predict psychological health; selective mediation via cognitive failures. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-26. [PMID: 35616008 PMCID: PMC9899573 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While there is growing interest in the link between diet and psychological health, there is a surprising lack of studies investigating the precise associations between nutrient-rich foods (such as fruit and vegetables) versus nutrient-poor foods (such as energy-dense savoury and sweet snacks), and psychological health. Similarly, the psychological processes underpinning the relationship between dietary intake and psychological health remain unclear. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between dietary consumption and psychological health, with cognitive processes as a theoretical mediator. This cross-sectional online study included 428 healthy adults (53% female; mean age= 39.7, SD= 13.0), with participants completing a range of validated questionnaires measuring dietary habits and psychological health. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that more frequent consumption of fruit was associated with reduced symptoms of depression (β = -.109, p = 0.025) and greater positive psychological wellbeing (β = .187, p < 0.001). Conversely, more frequent savoury snacking was associated with increased anxiety (β = .127, p = 0.005). Further, mediation analyses revealed that more frequent consumption of savoury snacks was associated with increased symptoms of depression, stress, anxiety, and reduced psychological wellbeing, via an increase in cognitive failures (ps < 0.001). These results provide new insights on the independent associations between certain types of food and psychological health, and the psychological mechanisms that may mediate these. Further work is now required to establish causality and determine whether these may represent modifiable dietary targets that can directly (and indirectly) influence our psychological health.
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Yu CC, Muggleton NG, Chen CY, Ko CH, Liu S. The comparisons of inhibitory control and post-error behaviors between different types of athletes and physically inactive adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256272. [PMID: 34398917 PMCID: PMC8366960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To properly behave and correct mistakes, individuals must inhibit inappropriate actions and detect errors for future behavioral adjustment. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that athletes are superior in cognitive functions and this benefit varied dependent on the types of sport that individuals involved in, but less is known on whether athletes have a different error-related behavioral pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral performance of inhibition and error monitoring between individuals who participated in an open-skill sport (n = 12), a closed-skill sport (n = 12), and a sedentary lifestyle (n = 16). A combined flanker/stop signal task was presented and the derived stop signal reaction time (SSRT), post-correct accuracy and reaction time (RT), as well as post-error accuracy and RT were compared across groups. Our findings indicated there was no difference in SSRT between groups. Surprisingly, significant post-error slowing (PES) was observed only in controls but not in sport groups, the controls also exhibited significantly longer post-error RT compared with the open-skill group. However, there was no difference in the post-error accuracy between groups, indicating a higher efficiency in the post-error processing among open- and closed-skill groups by requiring comparatively less time for behavioral adjustments. The present study is the first to disclose the discrepancies in PES between different types of athletes and controls. The findings suggest that sport training along with higher amounts of physical activity is associated with a more efficient behavioral pattern for error processing especially when the sport requires open skills in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chuan Yu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Neil G. Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Ko
- Integrated Drug Addiction Treatment Center of the Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Suyen Liu
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Chi L, Hung CL, Lin CY, Song TF, Chu CH, Chang YK, Zhou C. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073429. [PMID: 33806257 PMCID: PMC8037415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chi
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China;
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Physical Education Office, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
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12
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Levin O, Netz Y, Ziv G. Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects of Inhibition-The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E282. [PMID: 33466667 PMCID: PMC7828827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of inhibitory control affected by a single bout of cardiovascular exercise. The review also examines the effect of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise on these processes in young adults with a focus on the functioning of prefrontal pathways (including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and elements of the prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways). Finally, the review offers an overview on the potential effects of cardiovascular exercise on GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult brain and propose mechanisms or processes that may mediate these effects. The main findings show that a single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance inhibitory control. In addition, acute exercise appears to facilitate activation of prefrontal brain regions that regulate excitatory and inhibitory pathways (specifically but not exclusively the prefrontal-basal-ganglia pathways) which appear to be impaired in older age. Based on the reviewed studies, we suggest that future work examine the beneficial effects of exercise on the inhibitory networks in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Yael Netz
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
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13
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Padilla C, Andres P, Bajo T. Improving Memory Inhibition: A Study of Retrieval Induced Forgetting, Executive Control, and Chronic Aerobic Exercise. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:318. [PMID: 30618668 PMCID: PMC6305702 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic aerobic exercise is being established as a way to enhance executive functions and prevent cognitive decline. In the current study, we are aiming to investigate whether chronic aerobic exercise would also modulate long-term memory retrieval under the context of the Retrieval Practice Paradigm. According to Anderson et al. (1994), the retrieval of relevant information may decrease the access to other related information inducing the failure to remember or forgetting Interestingly, it has been shown (Román et al., 2009) that this process is mediated by the level of attentional resources. In order to test if chronic aerobic exercise benefits attentional resources, we have applied the Dual Retrieval Practice Task. The purpose of this task is to evaluate the Retrieval Induced Forgetting (RIF) effect, which is supposed to index adaptive forgetting. More specifically, the Dual Retrieval Practice Task assesses the effects of memory retrieval on forgetting information directly related to the information that has been previously retrieved, but also studies the involvement of attentional resources on this type of forgetting (retrieval induced forgetting). This task alternates memory retrieval practice with an updating task in order to load attentional resources. Two groups of physically active and sedentary young participants were evaluated. The results showed that while active participants were able to show RIF despite the overload of the attentional resources, sedentary participants were not. These results are discussed in terms of the modulatory role of chronic aerobic exercise on executive control and retrieval induced forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Padilla
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Andres
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Teresa Bajo
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ho S, Gooderham GK, Handy TC. Self-reported free-living physical activity and executive control in young adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209616. [PMID: 30586447 PMCID: PMC6306224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent do our free-living physical activity (PA) levels impact our cognition? For example, if we engage in more intense PA from one week to the next, does this have a corresponding influence on cognitive performance? Across three studies, young adults completed a validated self-report questionnaire (the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, or IPAQ) assessing their involvement in PA at low, moderate, and vigorous intensities over the past week, as well as computer-based measures of executive control and attentional function. In Experiment 1 we found no significant effect of PA intensity on any of our measures of executive control. In a pair of follow-up control studies we examined whether these null findings could be attributed to testing fatigue and task complexity (Experiment 2), or low cognitive demands of the task (Experiment 3). Despite simplifying the task, reducing testing time, and increasing the cognitive load of the task, we still found no significant impact of weekly PA intensity on our measures of executive control. Taken together, our results show that self-reported PA over the past week, at any intensity level, does not appear to have a substantive impact on executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - G. Kyle Gooderham
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd C. Handy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Yousri E, Bahri F, Nesrine C, Nizar S, Mohamed F. The effect of matinal active walking on cognitive, fine motor coordination task performances and perceived difficulty in 12-13 young school boys. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Souissi Nizar
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Frikha Mohamed
- King Faisal University, KSA; University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Tan J, Iyer KK, Tang AD, Jamil A, Martins RN, Sohrabi HR, Nitsche MA, Hinder MR, Fujiyama H. Modulating functional connectivity with non-invasive brain stimulation for the investigation and alleviation of age-associated declines in response inhibition: A narrative review. Neuroimage 2018; 185:490-512. [PMID: 30342977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition, the ability to withhold a dominant and prepotent response following a change in circumstance or sensory stimuli, declines with advancing age. While non-invasive brain stimulation (NiBS) has shown promise in alleviating some cognitive and motor functions in healthy older individuals, NiBS research focusing on response inhibition has mostly been conducted on younger adults. These extant studies have primarily focused on modulating the activity of distinct neural regions known to be critical for response inhibition, including the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). However, given that changes in structural and functional connectivity have been associated with healthy aging, this review proposes that NiBS protocols aimed at modulating the functional connectivity between the rIFG and pre-SMA may be the most efficacious approach to investigate-and perhaps even alleviate-age-related deficits in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Tan
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kartik K Iyer
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asif Jamil
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; The School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; The School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Laboratory, School of Medicine (Division of Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Habitual exercise is associated with cognitive control and cognitive reappraisal success. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3785-3797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Padilla C, Mayas J, Ballesteros S, Andrés P. The role of chronic physical exercise and selective attention at encoding on implicit and explicit memory. Memory 2016; 25:1026-1035. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1247870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Padilla
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and University Institute for Research in Healthcare Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Mayas
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Departmento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Ballesteros
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Departmento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and University Institute for Research in Healthcare Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Self-report and behavioural approaches to the measurement of self-control: Are we assessing the same construct? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H. Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:616-28. [PMID: 26552574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is increasing evidence that physical activity (PA) positively affects cognitive function (CF). Existing research has focussed on this association in children and the elderly, with less research available in young to middle-aged adults who constitute a substantial proportion of the population. DESIGN A systematic review investigating the relationship between habitual PA (≥12 months) and CF in young to middle-aged adults (18-50 years). METHODS A search was conducted using AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, AUSPORT MED and SPORTDiscus databases. Eligible studies had to report descriptive statistics for CF and PA levels in healthy participants 18-50 years. Effect sizes (ES) (Hedges g) were calculated where possible. RESULTS The initial search netted 26,988 potentially relevant manuscripts, with four more identified through hand searching. Fourteen were included for review. A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies). Habitual PA was assessed via questionnaire/self-report methods (n=13, 8 validated) or accelerometers (n=1). In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA. CONCLUSIONS A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Peng Cox
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas O'Dwyer
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie Vetter
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hoi Lun Cheng
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 38:181-191. [PMID: 25561359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often show major deficits in motor and cognitive abilities. Pharmacological treatment is commonly used to reduce ADHD symptoms. However, non-pharmacologic treatment methods would be preferred by parents, children and psychiatrists. Physical activity (PA) has been demonstrated to improve cognitive functioning in healthy populations. It can be hypothesized that there are similar beneficial effects in children with ADHD, however, very little is known about this issue. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether PA improves cognitive performance in children with ADHD. A total of 43 children with ADHD (32 boys and 11 girls) aged between seven and 12 years took part in the study. To investigate whether potential effects on executive functioning depend on the kind of PA, two different 12-week training programs were implemented. The study-design consisted of two experimental groups (EG1, n=13; EG2, n=14) and a wait-list control group (CG, n=16). Participants in EG1 took part in a training which focused on the abilities ball handling, balance and manual dexterity. Participants in EG2 group were trained in sports without a specific focus. The children in the CG group received no intervention. Participants completed assessments of working memory (WM) and motor performance before, immediately after the first training week and one week after the last session. After the 12-week intervention period, several measures of the EG1 and EG2s significantly improved over time. Furthermore, between group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements in both EG1 and EG2 compared to the CG in variables assessing WM performance and motor performance. These findings support the hypothesis that long-term PA has a positive effect on executive functions of children with ADHD, regardless of the specificity of the PA. The outcomes indicated that regular PA can be used as a complementary or alternative non-pharmacologic treatment for ADHD.
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Cameron TA, Lucas SJE, Machado L. Near-infrared spectroscopy reveals link between chronic physical activity and anterior frontal oxygenated hemoglobin in healthy young women. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:609-17. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Cameron
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Pindus DM, Davis RDM, Hillman CH, Bandelow S, Hogervorst E, Biddle SJH, Sherar LB. The relationship of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to cognitive processing in adolescents: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:715-28. [PMID: 25351943 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relations of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to cognitive functions in 15-year-old adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children while controlling for aerobic fitness. A sub-sample of 667 adolescents (M(age) = 15.4 ± 0.16 years; 55% females) who provided valid data on variables of interest, were used in the analyses. MVPA was objectively assessed using an Actigraph GT1M accelerometer and aerobic fitness was expressed as physical work capacity at the heart rate of 170 beats per minute from a cycle ergometer test. A computerized stop-signal task was used to measure mean reaction time (RT) and standard deviation of RT, as indicators of cognitive processing speed and variability during an attention and inhibitory control task. MVPA was not significantly related to cognitive processing speed or variability of cognitive performance in hierarchical linear regression models. In simple regression models, aerobic fitness was negatively related to mean RT on the simple go condition. Our results suggest that aerobic fitness, but not MVPA, was associated with cognitive processing speed under less cognitively demanding task conditions. The results thus indicate a potential global effect of aerobic fitness on cognitive functions in adolescents but this may differ depending on the specific task characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika M Pindus
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,, LE 11 3TU, UK,
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Pérez L, Padilla C, Parmentier FBR, Andrés P. The effects of chronic exercise on attentional networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101478. [PMID: 25010057 PMCID: PMC4092018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic physical exercise improves attentional control in young healthy participants. To do this, we compared the performance of physically active and passive participants in the Attentional Network Task, which allows for the assessment of the executive, orienting and alerting networks. The results showed a selective positive effect of exercise on the executive network. These results extend the evidence gathered in children, older adults and certain clinical populations suggesting that exercise can also improve attentional control in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences and Department of Psychology of the University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma, Spain
| | - Concepción Padilla
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences and Department of Psychology of the University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma, Spain
| | - Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences and Department of Psychology of the University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences and Department of Psychology of the University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Padilla C, Pérez L, Andrés P. Chronic exercise keeps working memory and inhibitory capacities fit. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:49. [PMID: 24653684 PMCID: PMC3949195 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Padilla et al. (2013) recently showed that chronic aerobic exercise in young adults is associated with better inhibitory control as measured by the strategic Stop Signal Task (SST). The aim of the current study was to explore whether better inhibitory abilities, associated with high levels of physical fitness, were also associated with higher working memory capacity (WMC) in young healthy adults. Participants aged between 18 and 30 years and showing different levels of fitness confirmed by the Rockport 1-mile walking fitness test took part in this study. Active and passive participants were administered the SST to measure inhibitory control, and the Automatic Operation Span (AOSPAN) to measure verbal WMC. We first replicated Padilla et al.'s results showing that exercise specifically modulates strategic inhibitory processes. Our results also showed that active participants presented with better WMC than sedentary ones, showing a better capacity to manage simultaneously two verbal tasks and to inhibit interference. The results point to an association between chronic exercise, inhibitory abilities, and WMC. The theoretical relationship between these variables will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Padilla
- Neuropsychology and Cognition group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez
- Neuropsychology and Cognition group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Neuropsychology and Cognition group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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