1
|
Fernandes B, Macedo E, Bandeira JM. Beyond Basics: Can a Driving Simulator Reliably Reproduce Real Vehicle Dynamics? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8980. [PMID: 37960679 PMCID: PMC10650305 DOI: 10.3390/s23218980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite constant technological innovation, road transport remains a significant source of pollutant emissions, and effective driver-behaviour changes can be considered as solutions that can increase the sustainability of road traffic in a short period. Thus, understanding driver behaviour plays a key role in assessing traffic-related impacts. Since real-world experiments entail some risks and are often not flexible, simulator-based experiments can be relevant to studying vehicle dynamics and driver behaviour. However, the reliability of the simulation results' accuracy must be ensured. The primary objective of this paper is to present an exploratory analysis focused on the study of the reliability of a driving simulator to reproduce driving parameters that can then be used for emission estimation. For that purpose, tests were conducted by two drivers for urban and highway scenarios performed on a driving simulator and in real-world environments. Different road singularities composed events that were microscopically analysed. Second-by-second vehicle dynamic variables were recorded, and the pollutant emissions were estimated using the vehicle specific power (VSP) methodology. The results of this exploratory validation analysis showed that the total average emissions of all events were not significantly different (958.39 g for simulated and 998.06 g for empirical tests). Overall, the driving simulator can replicate vehicle dynamics from a microscopic perspective, especially for the urban scenario. This may be due to the more complex traffic conditions and road specificities that require more restrained driving behaviour. Nevertheless, VSP mode distributions did not follow the same pattern in 4 out of 10 events, meaning that the drivers displayed different behaviours in the simulated and empirical tests for those events. The relative errors range between 4 and 29% for carbon dioxide emissions and between 2 and 33% for nitrogen oxides emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernandes
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Eloisa Macedo
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Bandeira
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Piroelle M, Abadie M, Régner I. Toward a New Approach to Investigate the Role of Working Memory in Stereotype Threat Effects. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121647. [PMID: 36552105 PMCID: PMC9775410 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotype threat arises when the activation of negative stereotypes about a group impairs performance of stigmatized individuals on stereotype relevant tasks. There is ample evidence that stereotype threat leads to performance detriments by consuming executive resources. Several studies indeed showed that working memory (WM) mediates stereotype threat effects among young adults. More recently, researchers have sought to understand whether the same mechanisms underlie age-based stereotype threat, but findings are mixed regarding the role of WM and some authors rather favor a motivational explanation based on regulatory fit. The present review critically appraises the empirical support for distinct forms of stereotype threat effects mediated by distinct mechanisms. We propose a novel approach based on one of the most recent WM models, the time-based resource sharing model, to evaluate the impact of stereotype threat on attentional resources in WM among both young and older adults.
Collapse
|
3
|
Peterson KF, Adams-Price C. Fear of Dependency and Life-Space Mobility as Predictors of Attitudes Toward Assistive Devices in Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2021; 94:273-289. [PMID: 34191644 DOI: 10.1177/00914150211027599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assistive devices can help older adults remain independent; however, they may hesitate to use them due to fears of appearing dependent by embodying aging stereotypes. Reluctance to use assistive devices may lead to decreased life space mobility. The selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model posits that older adults employ strengths to accommodate for age-related functioning declines. The current study examines the predictive power of health perceptions, dependency fears, aging stereotypes, and life space on older adults' views of assistive devices. Results suggest that older adults with greater life space and dependency fears are more likely to view assistive devices positively.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lamont RA, Swift HJ, Drury L. Understanding Perceived Age-Based Judgement as a Precursor to Age-Based Stereotype Threat in Everyday Settings. Front Psychol 2021; 12:640567. [PMID: 34194358 PMCID: PMC8236599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Test conditions eliciting negative stereotypes of aging among older adults can prompt age-based stereotype threat (ABST), which results in worse performance on cognitive and memory tests. Much of this research explores ABST as a phenomenon that impacts the performance of older adults. Little is known about the experience of ABST beyond performance settings and how it manifests in everyday contexts across different age groups. Gaps also remain in understanding the wider impacts of ABST, such as effects on task motivation and engagement. The current research addresses this by exploring the contexts in which age-based judgement, a theorized precursor to ABST, occurs across a wide age range of participants. The two studies in this paper present mixed-methods survey data for a total of 282 respondents aged 18–84 years. Study 1 presents a thematic analysis of open-ended responses to identify the stereotypes and settings that underpin perceived age-based judgement. The settings and stereotypes identified are discussed in relation to which contexts lend themselves to adverse ABST effects. Study 2 then asked respondents to rate the extent to which they experience threat-based concern within 12 contexts identified from Study 1. Results indicate differences in threat-based concerns between young, middle-aged and older adults for physical activity, driving, using public transport, using technology, in leadership and relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. The studies provide a foundation for future research to investigate (1) the motivational and behavioural consequences of threat-based concerns for younger adults’ driving and leadership, and in the context of the pandemic; (2) cues to ‘old’ age stereotypes and threat-based concerns among late middle-aged adults within the workplace; (3) the role of broad stereotypes of ‘incompetence’ and being ‘past-it’ on middle-aged and older adults’ engagement with technology and physical activity and (4) potential ABST effects resulting from stereotypes of older people as a burden and a problem in the context of a national crisis. Overall, this research extends our understanding of ABST by identifying further contexts and age groups that could be impacted by a wider range of ABST effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Lamont
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Swift
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Lisbeth Drury
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barber SJ. The Applied Implications of Age-Based Stereotype Threat for Older Adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020; 9:274-285. [PMID: 36032188 PMCID: PMC9415413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stereotype threat occurs when people feel concerned about the possibility of confirming, or being negatively judged by, a negative stereotype. This review highlights the applied implications of this phenomenon for older adults In clinical settings, older adults often feel that their physicians have negative expectations about their abilities because of their age. These feelings of age-based stereotype threat can increase older adults' subjective cognitive complaints and impair their performance on mental status examinations. Other research has shown that stereotype threat also adversely affects older adults' physical performance, motor learning, and driving performance. In workplace settings, older adults who experience stereotype threat also report lower job satisfaction, poorer work-related mental health, and greater intentions to resign or retire. Overall, this review provides evidence that the situational phenomenon of stereotype threat can affect older adults' performance in a variety of applied settings, and this can contribute to age differences in performance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mavrogenis AF, Quaile A, Scarlat MM. The good, the bad and the rude peer-review. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:413-415. [PMID: 32043195 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew Quaile
- Spineworks, Hampshire Clinic, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barber SJ. An Examination of Age-Based Stereotype Threat About Cognitive Decline. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:62-90. [PMID: 28073332 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616656345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
"Stereotype threat" is often thought of as a singular construct, with moderators and mechanisms that are stable across groups and domains. However, this is not always true. To illustrate this, the current review focuses on the stereotype threat that older adults face about their cognitive abilities. Drawing upon the multithreat framework, I first provide evidence that this is a self-concept threat and not a group-reputation threat. Because this differs from the forms of stereotype threat experienced by other groups (e.g., the threat that minority students face about their intellectual abilities), the moderators of stereotype threat observed in other groups (i.e., group identification) do not always generalize to age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline. Looking beyond the forms of stereotype threat elicited, this review also provides evidence that the mechanisms underlying stereotype-threat effects may vary across the adult life span. Because of age-related improvements in emotion-regulation abilities, stereotype threat does not seem to reduce older adults' executive-control resources. Overall, this review highlights the need to approach the concept of stereotype threat with more granularity, allowing researchers to design more effective stereotype-threat interventions. It will also shed light on why certain stereotype threat effects "fail to replicate" across domains or groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Barber
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Brelet L, Moták L, Ginet M, Huet N, Izaute M, Gabaude C. Enhancing Older Drivers' Safety: On Effects Induced by Stereotype Threat to Older Adults' Driving Performance, Working Memory and Self-Regulation. Geriatrics (Basel) 2016; 1:geriatrics1030020. [PMID: 31022813 PMCID: PMC6371154 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study concerned with driving behaviors of older drivers (mean age 70 years) in a driving simulator, our findings indicate that telling older drivers that they are more at risk of accidents because of their age and their driving performance-related decline (i.e., exposing them to a stereotype threat concerning older drivers) severely impairs their self-regulatory skills. Moreover, our results show that this is at least partly due to exhaustion of the executive resources (older drivers under stereotype threat tended to contradict the stereotype of being slow by driving faster), appearing also through working memory overload (older drivers under stereotype threat performed markedly less well in a modular arithmetic task than drivers in the control condition). We thus complete the existing evidence that older drivers’ performance may be affected by socially-grounded factors, suggesting that simply being investigated may be enough to tax many capabilities in older people. We also propose that stereotype threat might be at least a partial explanation for why older drivers sometimes have poorer self-regulation performances after attending rehabilitation programs designed to make older drivers safer ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brelet
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Ladislav Moták
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Magali Ginet
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nathalie Huet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5263-CLLE-LTC, CNRS, Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie Izaute
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Catherine Gabaude
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France.
- Laboratory Ergonomics and Cognitive Sciences applied to Transport (LESCOT), The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), F-69675 Bron, France.
| |
Collapse
|