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Sonne T, Jensen TS, Kingo OS, Berntsen D, Krøjgaard P. To ask or not to ask: strategic recall, but not spontaneous recall, decreases by the passage of time in 46-month-olds' memory of a unique event. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:1718-1728. [PMID: 36566481 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Children's ability to intentionally recall events lessens with temporal distance to the occurrence. However, little is known about the effects of retention time on memories that emerge spontaneously. We examined spontaneous and strategic retrieval in eighty-one 46-month-olds' memory of a lab event after 1 week (the 1-week Condition) versus 43 weeks (the 43-week Condition) in a between-subjects design, using well-established procedures (Krøjgaard et al., in Consciousness and Cognition 55(91): 105, 2017). While spontaneous recall showed no significant effect of retention, the children's strategic recall was negatively affected: even though the children overall still remembered the event, the children in the 43-week Condition showed reduced voluntary recall compared to the children in the 1-week Condition. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess spontaneous recall after such a long retention interval. The findings add to existing evidence of two modes of retrieval in early childhood and are of both theoretical and forensic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Sonne
- Center On Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 1350-424, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Toril S Jensen
- Center On Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 1350-424, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Socialrådgiveruddannelsen, Via University College, Ceresbyen 24, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Osman S Kingo
- Center On Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 1350-424, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center On Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 1350-424, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Krøjgaard
- Center On Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, 1350-424, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Lee S, Chung HJ. Effects of Guiding Ground Rules and Individual Differences on the Accuracy of Children's Free Recall and Suggestibility. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2023; 32:829-844. [PMID: 37753948 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2261925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This research examines how the presence or absence of ground rules and children's temperamental tendencies affect children's free recall accuracy and suggestibility. Participating children showed richer free recall with open-ended questions and displayed greater resistance to suggestive questions when provided ground rules during the interview. In addition, children's recall accuracy varied based on their prosocial orientation: the presence or absence of ground rules influenced memory accuracy more in children with a low prosocial orientation than in those with a high prosocial orientation. These results demonstrate the importance of ground rules for obtaining reliable statements from children during investigative interviews. Findings further suggest that children can provide more detailed information when temperamental characteristics (e.g. prosocial tendencies) are considered.
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Iordanou C, Allen ML, Warmelink L. Cognitive skills, individual differences, and nonverbal interview methods in children’s eyewitness recall. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2149758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lara Warmelink
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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4
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A review of the differential contributions of language abilities to children’s eyewitness memory and suggestibility. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Johnston V, Benedan L, Brubacher S, Powell M. The roles of child temperament and interviewer support on children's reports of adult wrongdoing. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Pavlova M, Orr SL, Noel M. Parent-Child Reminiscing about Past Pain as a Preparatory Technique in the Context of Children's Pain: A Narrative Review and Call for Future Research. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7090130. [PMID: 32906595 PMCID: PMC7552681 DOI: 10.3390/children7090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pain permeates childhood and remains inadequately and/or inconsistently managed. Existing research and clinical practice guidelines have largely focused on factors influencing the immediate experience of pain. The need for and benefits of preparing children for future pain (e.g., painful procedures) has been well established. Despite being a robust predictor of future pain and distress, memories of past painful experiences remain overlooked in pediatric pain management. Just as autobiographical memories prepare us for the future, children’s memories for past pain can be harnessed to prepare children for future painful experiences. Children’s pain memories are malleable and can be reframed to be less distressing, thus reducing anticipatory distress and promoting self-efficacy. Parents are powerful agents of change in the context of pediatric pain and valuable historians of children’s past painful experiences. They can alter children’s pain memories to be less distressing simply by talking, or reminiscing, about past pain. This narrative review summarizes existing research on parent–child reminiscing in the context of acute and chronic pediatric pain and argues for incorporation of parent–child reminiscing elements into preparatory interventions for painful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pavlova
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Serena L. Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Owerko Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-4969
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7
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Burns A, Coughlan H, Cannon M. Inconsistent trauma reporting is associated with emotional and behavioural problems and psychotic experiences in young people. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:38. [PMID: 32005203 PMCID: PMC6993392 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-2438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the prevalence of inconsistent trauma reporting in community samples and about its associations with psychopathology. This study aimed to assess for the first time the prevalence of inconsistent trauma reporting in a community sample of children/adolescents and to explore associations with both psychotic experiences and with psychopathology more generally. METHOD A community-based sample of 86 children/adolescents (baseline mean age 11.5) were interviewed at two time points with data collected in relation to potentially traumatic events through the K-SADS. Emotional and behavioural problems were assessed at follow-up (mean age 15.7) through the Youth Self Report questionnaire while the presence of psychotic experiences was based on expert consensus post interview. Logistic regression models were used to test associations between inconsistent reporting and psychotic experiences at baseline and follow-up, with associations with emotional and behavioral problems at follow-up also assessed. RESULTS Overall, 16.3% of adolescents failed to report previously reported potentially traumatic events at follow-up and were therefore defined as inconsistent trauma reporters. Inconsistent reporting was associated with emotional and behavioural problems as assessed by the Youth Self Report with the exception of rule breaking behaviour and with psychotic experiences as assessed on interview. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistent trauma reporting is associated with psychotic experiences and emotional and behavioural problems in young people and may represent an important marker for psychopathology in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Helen Coughlan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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8
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Autobiographical memory stability in the context of the Adult Attachment Interview. Cognition 2019; 191:103980. [PMID: 31238247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that both attachment representations and autobiographical memories are moderately stable over time. Evidence examining the stability of attachment-related memories is scarce, although these memories of early caregiving are thought to underpin attachment representations. Connecting research on stability of autobiographical memories with research on attachment representation, the present study investigated the stability of attachment-related autobiographical memories, which were provided by 151 emerging adults in repeated Adult Attachment Interviews conducted seven years apart. Results show that these childhood memories are as stable as other memories from later periods of life, and that memory stability depends on retrieval mode, memory valence, autobiographical memory specificity, and memory content (i.e., maternal vs. paternal caregiver). Investigating the relation of stability of attachment-related memory content with attachment security revealed mainly an association with secure base script knowledge, supporting the notion that attachment representations are firmly rooted in semantic and autobiographical memory systems.
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Raber J, Arzy S, Bertolus JB, Depue B, Haas HE, Hofmann SG, Kangas M, Kensinger E, Lowry CA, Marusak HA, Minnier J, Mouly AM, Mühlberger A, Norrholm SD, Peltonen K, Pinna G, Rabinak C, Shiban Y, Soreq H, van der Kooij MA, Lowe L, Weingast LT, Yamashita P, Boutros SW. Current understanding of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models and the value of a linguistic approach for analyzing fear learning and memory in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:136-177. [PMID: 30970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an emotion that serves as a driving factor in how organisms move through the world. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of the subjective experience of fear and the related biological processes involved in fear learning and memory. We first provide an overview of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models, encompassing the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and how fear learning paradigms have contributed to treatments for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments as well as novel strategies, such as targeting the perisynaptic environment and use of virtual reality, are addressed. We review research on the subjective experience of fear and the role of autobiographical memory in fear-related disorders. We also discuss the gaps in our understanding of fear learning and memory, and the degree of consensus in the field. Lastly, the development of linguistic tools for assessments and treatment of fear learning and memory disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Shahar Arzy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Brendan Depue
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haley E Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Minnier
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Seth Davin Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Youssef Shiban
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science and The Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitatsmedizin der Johannes Guttenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Leah T Weingast
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Yamashita
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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10
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Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S, Qouta S, Punamäki RL. Trauma and autobiographical memory: contents and determinants of earliest memories among war-affected Palestinian children. Memory 2017; 25:1347-1357. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1303073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Peltonen
- School of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samuli Kangaslampi
- School of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samir Qouta
- Department of Psychology, Islamic University Gaza, IUG, Gaza, Palestine
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11
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Chae Y, Kulkofsky S, Debaran F, Wang Q, Hart SL. Low-SES Preschool Children's Eyewitness Memory: The Role of Narrative Skill. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:55-73. [PMID: 27117601 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relation between narrative skill and eyewitness memory in young children from low-socioeconomic status (SES) communities. A total of 176 children aged 3-5 years were interviewed about a conflict event they witnessed. The quality of their narratives about the event and their ability to narrate a story from a picture book were examined in relation to memory of the event. Comprehensive measures of individual differences in vocabulary skill, adaptive language use, and behavioral characteristics were also administered. The results revealed that children who produced longer, more descriptive, and more cohesive narratives about the event recalled more accurate details and made fewer memory errors, independent of their language ability and behavioral characteristics. The quality of story narratives did not make any independent contributions to memory. Child's age was a robust predictor of memory for the event. Implications of the findings for understanding eyewitness memory in low-SES children are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Chae
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | - Sarah Kulkofsky
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | - Francisco Debaran
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Sybil L Hart
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409
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12
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Baker-Ward L, Quinonez R, Milano M, Lee S, Langley H, Brumley B, Ornstein PA. Predicting Children's Recall of a Dental Procedure: Contributions of Stress, Preparation, and Dental History. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Baker-Ward
- Department of Psychology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - Rocio Quinonez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
| | - Michael Milano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
| | - Hillary Langley
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
| | - Benjamin Brumley
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
| | - Peter A. Ornstein
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill USA
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13
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Brown DA, Lewis CN, Lamb ME. Preserving the Past: An Early Interview Improves Delayed Event Memory in Children With Intellectual Disabilities. Child Dev 2015; 86:1031-1047. [PMID: 25876042 PMCID: PMC4654254 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The influence of an early interview on children's (N = 194) later recall of an experienced event was examined in children with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities (CWID; 7–12 years) and typically developing (TD) children matched for chronological (7–12 years) or mental (4–9 years) age. Children previously interviewed were more informative, more accurate, and less suggestible. CWID (mild) recalled as much information as TD mental age matches, and were as accurate as TD chronological age matches. CWID (moderate) recalled less than TD mental age matches but were as accurate. Interviewers should elicit CWID's recall as early as possible and consider developmental level and severity of impairments when evaluating eyewitness testimony.
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14
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Handmade Memories: The Robustness of the Gestural Misinformation Effect in Children’s Eyewitness Interviews. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-015-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Chae Y, Kulkofsky S, Debaran F, Wang Q, Hart SL. Low-SES children's eyewitness memory: the effects of verbal labels and vocabulary skills. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2014; 32:732-745. [PMID: 25393768 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the verbal labels procedure and vocabulary skills on low-socioeconomic status (SES) preschool children's eyewitness memory. Children (N = 176) aged 3-5 years witnessed a conflict event and were then questioned about it in either a standard or a verbal labels interview. Findings revealed that children with higher rather than lower vocabulary skills produced more complete and accurate memories. Children who were given the verbal labels interview recalled more information, which included both correct and incorrect details. Overall, the verbal labels procedure did not improve children's performance on direct questions, but children with low vocabulary skills answered direct questions more accurately if they were given the verbal labels interview than when they were not. Implications of the findings for memory performance of low-SES children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Chae
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409
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16
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Klemfuss JZ. Differential Contributions of Language Skills to Children's Episodic Recall. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2014.952415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Baugerud GA, Magnussen S, Melinder A. High accuracy but low consistency in children's long-term recall of a real-life stressful event. J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 126:357-68. [PMID: 24997291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy and consistency of children's memories of their removals from their biological families by the Child Protective Services (CPS) was investigated. A researcher was present during the removals and documented what happened. A total of 37 maltreated children, aged 3 to 12 years, were interviewed 1 week and 3 months after the removals. The accuracy of the memory reports was high at both time points, but their consistency was fairly low; in all age groups (3-6, 7-10, and 11-12 years), a high percentage of new accurate information was reported during the second interview and a high percentage of the accurate information reported in the first interview was omitted in the second interview. Older children were significantly more consistent in their memory reports than younger children. The results show that low consistency in memory does not imply memory inaccuracy and has implications for the interpretation of successive interviews of children in forensic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svein Magnussen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Melinder
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Grysman A, Hudson JA. Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Quas JA, Rush EB, Yim IS, Nikolayev M. Effects of stress on memory in children and adolescents: Testing causal connections. Memory 2013; 22:616-32. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2013.809766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Peterson C, Warren KL, Hayes AH. Revisiting Narrative Elaboration Training with an Ecologically Relevant Event. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.638688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Peterson C, Noel M. 'I was just screeching!': comparing child and parent derived measures of distress. Stress Health 2012; 28:279-88. [PMID: 22282015 DOI: 10.1002/smi.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two studies explored relationships between children's (2-13 years old) descriptions of how much they had cried and two other ways of assessing children's distress during injuries and subsequent hospital treatment, one parent-generated and the other child-generated. In the first study, 201 2- to 13-year-old children's descriptions of crying were compared with parental ratings of child distress, and in the second, these two measures plus a Faces Pain Scale were compared for 71 2- to 6-year-olds. Children's self-descriptions of crying were highly similar to parental ratings at all ages, but the Faces Pain Scale had less similarity to other measures, especially for younger preschoolers. Findings suggest that children's self-descriptions of emotional reactions may be a useful tool for assessing children's distress for real-world events with no adult witnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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22
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Klemfuss JZ, Ceci SJ. Legal and psychological perspectives on children’s competence to testify in court. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Children’s autobiographical memories across the years: Forensic implications of childhood amnesia and eyewitness memory for stressful events. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Fitzgerald RJ, Price HL, Connolly DA. Anxious and Nonanxious Children's Face Identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L. Price
- Department of Psychology; University of Regina; Regina; SK; Canada
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25
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Anderson K, Balandin S. The storybook method: research feedback with young participants. Augment Altern Commun 2012; 27:279-91. [PMID: 22136366 DOI: 10.3109/07434618.2011.630019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are valuable informants for social research; however, their participation presents additional ethical and practical challenges. Of these challenges, feedback to verify the researchers' interpretations drawn from children's data, and the dissemination of project findings to young participants, have proven difficult to overcome. In this paper, we outline the Storybook method, an approach to feedback in research with young children. In the example study, illustrations, interactive pop-ups, and third-person disclosure were used to aid children aged 7-9 years to overcome the power imbalance in interviews with adults. The Storybook method facilitated active participation in the validation process. Potential modifications of the method for use with older populations, including adults with intellectual disabilities, complex communication needs, and those requiring alternate access to written texts, are also explored.
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Zhu B, Chen C, Loftus EF, He Q, Chen C, Lei X, Lin C, Dong Q. Brief Exposure to Misinformation Can Lead to Long-Term False Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior; University of California; Irvine USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior; University of California; Irvine USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Loftus
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior; University of California; Irvine USA
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
| | - Chongde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; China
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27
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Peterson C. Children’s memory reports over time: Getting both better and worse. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 109:275-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Chae Y, Goodman GS, Edelstein RS. Autobiographical memory development from an attachment perspective: the special role of negative events. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 40:1-49. [PMID: 21887958 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The authors propose a novel model of autobiographical memory development that features the fundamental role of attachment orientations and negative life events. In the model, it is proposed that early autobiographical memory derives in part from the need to express and remember negative experiences, a need that has adaptive value, and that attachment orientations create individual differences in children's recollections of negative experiences. Specifically, the role of attachment in the processing of negative information is discussed in regard to the mnemonic stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval. This model sheds light on several areas of contradictory data in the memory development literature, such as concerning earliest memories and children's and adults' memory/suggestibility for stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Chae
- DEpartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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29
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The effects of verbal labels and vocabulary skill on memory and suggestibility. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Gobbo C, Raccanello D. Personal narratives about states of suffering and wellbeing: Children's conceptualization in terms of physical and psychological domain. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Peterson C. ‘And I was very very crying’: Children's self-descriptions of distress as predictors of recall. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Thoresen C, Lønnum K, Melinder A, Magnussen S. Forensic interviews with children in CSA cases: A large-sample study of Norwegian police interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Zajac R, Jury E, O'Neill S. The role of psychosocial factors in young children's responses to cross-examination style questioning. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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London K, Bruck M, Melnyk L. Post-event information affects children's autobiographical memory after one year. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2009; 33:344-355. [PMID: 18679779 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-008-9147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined whether post-event information (PEI) about true and false events persisted in children's reports after approximately 1 year. In Experiment 1, 4- to 6-year-olds were given PEI and then were given memory tests 2 weeks and 15 months later. Although PEI appeared in free recall at the initial testing, it decreased substantially by the long-term test. In contrast, on recognition tasks the children showed facilitation and misinformation effects at initial and follow-up tests. Experiment 2 replicated lasting misinformation and facilitation effects in recognition memory among 4- to 9-year-olds who were tested after 1-week and 10-month delays. We conclude that true and false reminders about an experienced event continue to affect children's memory approximately 1 year later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala London
- Department of Psychology/MS948, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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35
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Principe GF, Smith E. Seeing Things Unseen: Fantasy Beliefs and False Reports. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15248370701836618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Dion J, Cyr M. The use of the NICHD protocol to enhance the quantity of details obtained from children with low verbal abilities in investigative interviews: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2008; 17:144-162. [PMID: 19042243 DOI: 10.1080/10538710801916564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the impact of the NICHD protocol to enhance the quantity and content of details reported by children with low verbal abilities. Thirty-four children aged from 6 to 14 were interviewed following their experience of sexual abuse. Half the interviews were conducted using the NICHD protocol. Results indicate that NICHD interviews contained more open-ended prompts and more details overall. Open-ended invitations yielded significantly more detailed responses than did closed-ended questions for both children with low and average verbal abilities. Although children with low verbal abilities provided fewer details than children with average verbal abilities, the NICHD protocol helped them provide detailed responses containing the core elements of the sexual abuse.
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37
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Lopez U, Habre W, Laurençon M, Haller G, Van der Linden M, Iselin-Chaves IA. Intra-operative awareness in children: the value of an interview adapted to their cognitive abilities. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:778-89. [PMID: 17635425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intra-operative awareness in paediatric patients has been little studied for many years because of the difficulties in relying on children's testimony. Earlier questionnaires used to detect this complication were not adapted to children's language and memory capacities. By using a qualitative method, a semi-structured in-depth interview adapted to their cognitive abilities, we have now conducted a prospective evaluation of the incidence and risk factors for intra-operative awareness in children undergoing general anaesthesia. Data were obtained from interviews with 410 children (aged 6-16 years) which were conducted within 36 h of general anaesthesia for elective or emergency surgery. One month after surgery, 293 of these patients were interviewed again. Three independent adjudicators classified each potential case of awareness. We considered awareness to include both the 'confirmed awareness' and the 'possible awareness' cases. The accuracy of the children's recall was calculated. The relationship between their awareness and the anaesthesia management was examined. There were five cases of confirmed awareness, and six cases of possible awareness. The incidence of confirmed awareness was 1.2%, but when the possible cases were also considered, the overall incidence of this complication was as high as 2.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.4-5.0%). The only predictive factor identified was the multiple manoeuvres with which the airways were secured (odds ratio, 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-29.07%). The present study confirms the existence of intra-operative awareness in the paediatric population. The application of a semi-structured in-depth interview adapted to the cognitive capacities of the children appears to enhance the detection of awareness in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lopez
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, rue Micheli-du-Crest 23, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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38
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Henry LA, Gudjonsson GH. Individual and developmental differences in eyewitness recall and suggestibility in children with intellectual disabilities. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Kulkofsky S, Wang Q, Ceci SJ. Do better stories make better memories? Narrative quality and memory accuracy in preschool children. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Peterson C, Sales JM, Rees M, Fivush R. Parent–child talk and children's memory for stressful events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Ceci SJ, Bruck M. Children's suggestibility: characteristics and mechanisms. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 34:247-81. [PMID: 17120807 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2407(06)80009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Ceci
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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42
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Quas JA, Carrick N, Alkon A, Goldstein L, Boyce WT. Children's memory for a mild stressor: the role of sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal. Dev Psychobiol 2006; 48:686-702. [PMID: 17111409 PMCID: PMC2913697 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have examined the relations between stress and memory in children, few studies have investigated physiological responses as predictors of children's memory for stressful events. In this study, 4- to 8-year-olds completed laboratory challenges and experienced a fire-alarm incident while their sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions were monitored. Shortly afterward, children's memory of the alarm incident was tested. As children's age and family income increased, memory performance improved. High sympathetic activation during the laboratory challenges was associated with enhanced memory. Also, a trend indicated that, among older children, greater general parasympathetic withdrawal was associated with poorer memory, but among younger children, parasympathetic withdrawal was unrelated to memory. Findings highlight the need to measure both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses when evaluating children's memory for mild stressors and to include a wide age range so that developmental changes in the relations between stress and memory in childhood can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Quas
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, 3340 Social Ecology II, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA.
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43
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Ornstein PA, Baker-Ward L, Gordon BN, Pelphrey KA, Tyler CS, Gramzow E. The influence of prior knowledge and repeated questioning on children's long-term retention of the details of a pediatric examination. Dev Psychol 2006; 42:332-44. [PMID: 16569171 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children's recall of the details of pediatric examinations was examined over the course of a 6-month interval. Although the 83 4- to 7-year-old participants reported a substantial amount of information at each assessment, performance declined over time, dropping sharply over the course of 3 months but then remaining constant out to the final interview at 6 months. As expected, older children provided more total information than younger children did and reported a greater proportion of the event components in response to general rather than specific questions. However, comparable patterns of remembering and forgetting over time were observed at each age level. In addition, no effects of repeated questioning--in the form of an interview at 3 months for half of the children--were observed on performance at the 6-month assessment. Moreover, children's prior knowledge about routine doctor visits was assessed before the checkup for half of the participants at each age and was associated with initial but not delayed recall. Although knowledge increased with age as expected, it nonetheless affected recall over and above the influence of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ornstein
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA.
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44
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Dion J, Cyr M, Richard N, McDuff P. [The influence of cognitive abilities, age and characteristics of their sexual abuse experience on the statement of the presumed victims]. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2006; 30:945-60. [PMID: 16930700 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of children's age, cognitive abilities and the characteristics of their sexual abuse experience on the quantity of details revealed about the sexual abuse in an investigative interview as a function of the type of questions asked. METHOD VERSION: Transcripts of 37 investigative interviews conducted with children between 6 and 12 years of age were analyzed according to the type of interviewer questions used and the quantity of details given by the child. The children's cognitive abilities were measured using the vocabulary, information and block design subtests of the WISC-III. RESULTS Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that children's age and verbal abilities as well as their relationship with the perpetrator explain 50% of the variance of the mean number of details obtained from the child following open-ended interviewer questions. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the quantity of details obtained during an investigative interview is influenced not only by children's age but also by their verbal skills and the child-perpetrator relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Dion
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the effect of interviewing techniques has been predominantly within the paradigm of eyewitness testimony. This review focuses on the issues of questioning and examines whether children's responses are affected by questioning techniques, and whether these effects are generic to all interviewing contexts. METHODS Systematic literature searches were used to identify areas of concern and current findings in research on interviewing young children (aged 4-12). RESULTS The style and wording of questioning can affect children's responses and accuracy positively and negatively. These effects were especially apparent in interviews with the youngest children. CONCLUSIONS The implications of these findings are relevant in all contexts where an adult questions a child. It has been demonstrated that interviewing techniques can affect responses from children and that it is therefore imperative that interviewers are aware of, understand and control their influence in order to elicit complete, accurate and reliable information from the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krähenbühl
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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46
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Quas JA, Wallin AR, Papini S, Lench H, Scullin MH. Suggestibility, social support, and memory for a novel experience in young children. J Exp Child Psychol 2005; 91:315-41. [PMID: 15904929 PMCID: PMC2913677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined 5- and 6-year-olds' suggestibility and interviewer demeanor as joint predictors of their memory for a novel experience. Session 1 consisted of children taking part in a novel laboratory event. Session 2 took place after approximately a 1-week delay and consisted of children completing both a memory test concerning what happened during the prior event and the Video Suggestibility Scale for Children (VSSC). During the second session, the interviewer behaved either supportively or nonsupportively. Greater acquiescence on the VSSC was associated with fewer correct responses to misleading questions about the laboratory event in the supportive and nonsupportive conditions and with more errors in response to specific questions in the nonsupportive condition. Results indicate that individual differences in children's suggestibility are related to the accuracy of their memory for separate events, although some of these relations may vary depending on the context in which children are interviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Quas
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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47
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Baker-Ward LE, Eaton KL, Banks JB. Young Soccer Players' Reports of a Tournament Win or Loss: Different Emotions, Different Narratives. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327647jcd0604_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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48
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Roberts KP, Powell MB. The relation between inhibitory control and children's eyewitness memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Shapiro LR, Blackford C, Chen CF. Eyewitness memory for a simulated misdemeanor crime: the role of age and temperament in suggestibility. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Chae Y, Ceci SJ. Individual differences in children's recall and suggestibility: the effect of intelligence, temperament, and self-perceptions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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