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Würfel H, Pfeifer A, Heinze T. Efficient heterogeneous synthesis of nucleophilic carboxymethyl hydrazides of polysaccharides. Biopolymers 2024; 115:e23574. [PMID: 38469937 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleophilic moieties in polysaccharides (PS) with distinct higher reactivity compared with the hydroxy group are interesting for sustainable applications in chemistry, medicine, and pharmacy. An efficient heterogeneous method for the formation of such nucleophilic PS is described. Employing alcohols as slurry medium, protonated carboxymethyl (CM) PS and hydrazine hydrate are allowed to react at elevated temperatures. The CM derivatives of starch and pullulan can be transformed almost quantitatively to the corresponding hydrazides. The reaction is less efficient for CM dextrans and CM xylans. As slurry media, 2-propanol and ethanol were probed, and the results are compared with a homogeneous procedure performed in water. Overall, the heterogeneous procedure is superior compared with the homogeneous route. 2-Propanol is the best slurry medium investigated yielding PS hydrazides with the highest nitrogen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendryk Würfel
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Pfeifer
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Silva OA, Pellá MG, Sabino RM, Popat KC, Kipper MJ, Rubira AF, Follmann HDM, Silva R, Martins AF. Carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels crosslinked with keratin nanoparticles for efficient prednisolone delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124497. [PMID: 37080405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and keratin nanoparticle (KNP) hydrogels were obtained, characterized, and applied as drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the first time. Lyophilized CMC/KNP mixtures containing 10, 25, and 50 wt% of KNPs were kept at 170 °C for 90 min to crosslink CMC chains through a solid-state reaction with the KNPs. The hydrogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction, mechanical measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The infrared spectra indicated the formation of ester and amide linkages between crosslinked CMC and KNPs. The elastic modulus of the hydrogel containing 10 wt% KNPs was 2-fold higher than that of the hydrogel containing 50 wt% KNPs. The mechanical properties influenced the hydrogel stability and water uptake. The anti-inflammatory prednisolone (PRED) drug was incorporated into the hydrogels, and the release mechanism was investigated. The hydrogels supported PRED release by drug desorption for approximately 360 h. A sustained release mechanism was achieved. The CMC/KNP and CMC/KNP/PRED hydrogels were cytocompatible toward mammalian cells. The CMC/KNP/PRED set imparted the highest cell viability after 7 days of incubation. This study showed a straightforward procedure to create DDSs (chemically crosslinked) based on polysaccharides and proteins for efficient PRED delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio A Silva
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Michelly G Pellá
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta M Sabino
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ketul C Popat
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matt J Kipper
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adley F Rubira
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Heveline D M Follmann
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Martins
- Group of Polymers and Composite Materials, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana, PR, Brazil; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Facchine EG, Bai L, Rojas OJ, Khan SA. Associative structures formed from cellulose nanofibrils and nanochitins are pH-responsive and exhibit tunable rheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:232-241. [PMID: 33401050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanocellulose and nanochitin are both biobased materials with complementary structures and properties. Both exhibit pH-dependent surface charges which are opposite in sign. Hence, it should be possible to manipulate them to form complexed structures via ionic bond formation at prescribed pH conditions. EXPERIMENT Nanocellulose and nanochitin were mixed after exposure to acidic or neutral conditions to influence their ionization state. The heat of interaction during the introduction of nanochitin to nanocellulose was monitored via isothermal titration calorimetry. The strength and gel properties of the resulting structures were characterized via rheological measurement. FINDINGS The resultant gel properties in the designed hybrid systems were found to depend directly on the charge state of the starting materials, which was dictated by pH adjustment. Different interparticle interactions including ionic attraction, hydrophobic associations, and physical entanglement were identified in the systems and the influence of each was elucidated for different conditions of pH, concentration, and ratio of nanochitin to nanocellulose. Hydrophobic associations between neutralized nanochitin particles were found to contribute strongly to increased elastic modulus values. Ionic complex formation was found to provide enhanced stability under broader pH conditions, while physical entanglement of cellulose nanofibers was a substantial thickening mechanism in all systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Long Bai
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Preparation and characterization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril films with free carboxyl groups. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Heinze T, Koschella A. Solvents applied in the field of cellulose chemistry: a mini review. POLIMEROS 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282005000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhu L, Kumar V, Banker GS. Examination of aqueous oxidized cellulose dispersions as a potential drug carrier. I. Preparation and characterization of oxidized cellulose-phenylpropanolamine complexes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004; 5:e69. [PMID: 15760066 PMCID: PMC2750494 DOI: 10.1208/pt050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Partially neutralized aqueous dispersions of oxidized cellulose (OC) (COOH content 24.2%; degree of neutralization [DN] 0.22-0.44; solid content 14.4% wt/wt), a biocompatible biodegradable polymer, were prepared and their use to entrap an amine drug was demonstrated. Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA.HCl) was used as a model drug. OCA-PPA complexes were prepared by adding the drug solution to the OC dispersion. Light microscopy, powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize hydrated and dried OC and the OC-PPA complexes. Drug loading and drug-loading efficiency were calculated from high-performance liquid chromatography. Light microscopy revealed the partially neutralized OC to exist as swollen fibers in the dispersion. The degree of swelling increased with increasing DN of the OC. All dispersions, irrespective of DN, showed a pseudo-plastic flow. The drug loading (12.6%-26.7%) and drug-loading efficiency (30%-48%) increased linearly with increasing DN and drug concentration. The PXRD of the OC-PPA complexes showed no diffraction peaks due to PPA, suggesting that the drug exists in the amorphous state. The FT-IR spectra of the complexes revealed the presence of an ionic linkage between OC and PPA. In conclusion, the results show that the aqueous OC dispersions can be used to molecularly entrap amine drugs to produce an OC-drug complex linked via an ionic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhu
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Hospira Inc., 275 North Field Drive AP4/D438, 60045 Lake Forest, IL
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
| | - Gilbert S. Banker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA
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Liebert TF, Heinze TJ. Exploitation of reactivity and selectivity in cellulose functionalization using unconventional media for the design of products showing new superstructures. Biomacromolecules 2003; 2:1124-32. [PMID: 11777383 DOI: 10.1021/bm010068m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of new cellulose solvents was investigated toward their potential as media for the functionalization of the polyglucane. Thus, mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (TBAF), N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMNO)/DMSO, melts of LiClO(4).3H(2)O, and aqueous solutions of Ni(tren)(OH)(2) [tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine] were applied as reaction media. In case of the new solvent, DMSO/TBAF its usefulness for derivatization reactions including the etherification with sodium monochloroacetate and the acylation with vinyl esters of carbonic acids was studied. The structural features of the products were analyzed by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy (after depolymerization or peresterification), (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC after complete hydrolytic chain degradation. The results were compared with those obtained from derivatives prepared using the solvent N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/LiCl and conventional, heterogeneous synthesis. It can be shown that in case of carboxymethylation reactions the reaction medium applied has a drastic influence both on the course of reaction and on the structural features of the products. A highly efficient tool was found to be atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing remarkable differences in the superstructures of the differentially synthesized derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Liebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Nehls I, Wagenknecht W, Philipp B, Stscherbina D. Characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives in solution by high resolution 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Prog Polym Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6700(94)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schnabelrauch M, Heinze T, Klemm D, Nehis I, K�tz J. Investigations on synthesis and characterization of carboxy-groups containing cellulose sulfates. Polym Bull (Berl) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00296024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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