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Yin DE, Palin AC, Lombo TB, Mahon RN, Poon B, Wu DY, Atala A, Brooks KM, Chen S, Coyne CB, D’Souza MP, Fackler OT, Furler O’Brien RL, Garcia-de-Alba C, Jean-Philippe P, Karn J, Majji S, Muotri AR, Ozulumba T, Sakatis MZ, Schlesinger LS, Singh A, Spiegel HM, Struble E, Sung K, Tagle DA, Thacker VV, Tidball AM, Varthakavi V, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Wagar LE, Yeung CK, Ndhlovu LC, Ott M. 3D human tissue models and microphysiological systems for HIV and related comorbidities. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:526-543. [PMID: 38071144 PMCID: PMC11065605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) human tissue models/microphysiological systems (e.g., organs-on-chips, organoids, and tissue explants) model HIV and related comorbidities and have potential to address critical questions, including characterization of viral reservoirs, insufficient innate and adaptive immune responses, biomarker discovery and evaluation, medical complexity with comorbidities (e.g., tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2), and protection and transmission during pregnancy and birth. Composed of multiple primary or stem cell-derived cell types organized in a dedicated 3D space, these systems hold unique promise for better reproducing human physiology, advancing therapeutic development, and bridging the human-animal model translational gap. Here, we discuss the promises and achievements with 3D human tissue models in HIV and comorbidity research, along with remaining barriers with respect to cell biology, virology, immunology, and regulatory issues.
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Moshksayan K, Harihara A, Mondal S, Hegarty E, Atherly T, Sahoo DK, Jergens AE, Mochel JP, Allenspach K, Zoldan J, Ben-Yakar A. OrganoidChip facilitates hydrogel-free immobilization for fast and blur-free imaging of organoids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11268. [PMID: 37438409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures of self-assembled cell aggregates that mimic anatomical features of in vivo organs and can serve as in vitro miniaturized organ models for drug testing. The most efficient way of studying drug toxicity and efficacy requires high-resolution imaging of a large number of organoids acquired in the least amount of time. Currently missing are suitable platforms capable of fast-paced high-content imaging of organoids. To address this knowledge gap, we present the OrganoidChip, a microfluidic imaging platform that incorporates a unique design to immobilize organoids for endpoint, fast imaging. The chip contains six parallel trapping areas, each having a staging and immobilization chamber, that receives organoids transferred from their native culture plates and anchors them, respectively. We first demonstrate that the OrganoidChip can efficiently immobilize intestinal and cardiac organoids without compromising their viability and functionality. Next, we show the capability of our device in assessing the dose-dependent responses of organoids' viability and spontaneous contraction properties to Doxorubicin treatment and obtaining results that are similar to off-chip experiments. Importantly, the chip enables organoid imaging at speeds that are an order of magnitude faster than conventional imaging platforms and prevents the acquisition of blurry images caused by organoid drifting, swimming, and fast stage movements. Taken together, the OrganoidChip is a promising microfluidic platform that can serve as a building block for a multiwell plate format that can provide high-throughput and high-resolution imaging of organoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Moshksayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anirudha Harihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sudip Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Evan Hegarty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Atherly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Janet Zoldan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Dufva M. A quantitative meta-analysis comparing cell models in perfused organ on a chip with static cell cultures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8233. [PMID: 37217582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As many consider organ on a chip for better in vitro models, it is timely to extract quantitative data from the literature to compare responses of cells under flow in chips to corresponding static incubations. Of 2828 screened articles, 464 articles described flow for cell culture and 146 contained correct controls and quantified data. Analysis of 1718 ratios between biomarkers measured in cells under flow and static cultures showed that the in all cell types, many biomarkers were unregulated by flow and only some specific biomarkers responded strongly to flow. Biomarkers in cells from the blood vessels walls, the intestine, tumours, pancreatic island, and the liver reacted most strongly to flow. Only 26 biomarkers were analysed in at least two different articles for a given cell type. Of these, the CYP3A4 activity in CaCo2 cells and PXR mRNA levels in hepatocytes were induced more than two-fold by flow. Furthermore, the reproducibility between articles was low as 52 of 95 articles did not show the same response to flow for a given biomarker. Flow showed overall very little improvements in 2D cultures but a slight improvement in 3D cultures suggesting that high density cell culture may benefit from flow. In conclusion, the gains of perfusion are relatively modest, larger gains are linked to specific biomarkers in certain cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Fu J, Qiu H, Tan CS. Microfluidic Liver-on-a-Chip for Preclinical Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041300. [PMID: 37111785 PMCID: PMC10141038 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery is an expensive, long, and complex process, usually with a high degree of uncertainty. In order to improve the efficiency of drug development, effective methods are demanded to screen lead molecules and eliminate toxic compounds in the preclinical pipeline. Drug metabolism is crucial in determining the efficacy and potential side effects, mainly in the liver. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip (LoC) platform based on microfluidic technology has attracted widespread attention. LoC systems can be applied to predict drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity or to investigate PK/PD (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics) performance when combined with other artificial organ-on-chips. This review discusses the liver physiological microenvironment simulated by LoC, especially the cell compositions and roles. We summarize the current methods of constructing LoC and the pharmacological and toxicological application of LoC in preclinical research. In conclusion, we also discussed the limitations of LoC in drug discovery and proposed a direction for improvement, which may provide an agenda for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Fu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hailong Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Cherie S Tan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Pan Y, Zhou D, Liu Y, Yin Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Song Y. Emerging trends in organ-on-a-chip systems for drug screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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6
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Gökçe F, Kaestli A, Lohasz C, de Geus M, Kaltenbach HM, Renggli K, Bornhauser B, Hierlemann A, Modena M. Microphysiological Drug-Testing Platform for Identifying Responses to Prodrug Treatment in Primary Leukemia. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202506. [PMID: 36651229 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing survival rates of pediatric leukemia patients over the past decades, the outcome of some leukemia subtypes has remained dismal. Drug sensitivity and resistance testing on patient-derived leukemia samples provide important information to tailor treatments for high-risk patients. However, currently used well-based drug screening platforms have limitations in predicting the effects of prodrugs, a class of therapeutics that require metabolic activation to become effective. To address this issue, a microphysiological drug-testing platform is developed that enables co-culturing of patient-derived leukemia cells, human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, and human liver microtissues within the same microfluidic platform. This platform also enables to control the physical interaction between the diverse cell types. Herein, it is made possible to recapitulate hepatic prodrug activation of ifosfamide in their platform, which is very difficult in traditional well-based assays. By testing the susceptibility of primary patient-derived leukemia samples to the prodrug ifosfamide, sample-specific sensitivities to ifosfamide in primary leukemia samples are identified. The microfluidic platform is found to enable the recapitulation of physiologically relevant conditions and the testing of prodrugs including short-lived and unstable metabolites. The platform holds great potential for clinical translation and precision chemotherapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Gökçe
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Kaestli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lohasz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Martina de Geus
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, ZH, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Mario Modena
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
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Apical Medium Flow Influences the Morphology and Physiology of Human Proximal Tubular Cells in a Microphysiological System. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100516. [PMID: 36290484 PMCID: PMC9598399 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of physiologically relevant in vitro human kidney models for disease modelling and detecting drug-induced effects given the limited choice of cells and difficulty implementing quasi-physiological culture conditions. We investigated the influence of fluid shear stress on primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) cultured in the micro-physiological Vitrofluid device. This system houses cells seeded on semipermeable membranes and can be connected to a regulable pump that enables controlled, unidirectional flow. After 7 days in culture, RPTECs maintained physiological characteristics such as barrier integrity, protein uptake ability, and expression of specific transporters (e.g., aquaporin-1). Exposure to constant apical side flow did not cause cytotoxicity, cell detachment, or intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. However, unidirectional flow profoundly affected cell morphology and led to primary cilia lengthening and alignment in the flow direction. The dynamic conditions also reduced cell proliferation, altered plasma membrane leakiness, increased cytokine secretion, and repressed histone deacetylase 6 and kidney injury molecule 1 expression. Cells under flow also remained susceptible to colistin-induced toxicity. Collectively, the results suggest that dynamic culture conditions in the Vitrofluid system promote a more differentiated phenotype in primary human RPTECs and represent an improved in vitro kidney model.
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Yan J, Li Z, Guo J, Liu S, Guo J. Organ-on-a-chip: A new tool for in vitro research. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114626. [PMID: 35969963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC, organ chip) technology can closely simulate the human microenvironment, synthesize organ-like functional units on a fluidic chip substrate, and simulate the physiology of tissues and organs. It will become an increasingly important platform for in vitro drug development and screening. Most importantly, organ-on-a-chip technology, incorporating 3D cell cultures, overcomes the traditional drawbacks of 2D (flat) cell-culture technology in vitro and in vivo animal trials, neither of which generate completely reliable results when it comes to the actual human subject. It is expected that organ chips will allow huge reductions in the incidence of failure in late-stage human trials, thus slashing the cost of drug development and speeding up the introduction of drugs that are effective. There have been three key enabling technologies that have made organ chip technology possible: 3D bioprinting, fluidic chips, and 3D cell culture, of which the last has allowed cells to be cultivated under more physiologically realistic growth conditions than 2D culture. The fusion of these advanced technologies and the addition of new research methods and algorithms has enabled the construction of chip types with different structures and different uses, providing a wide range of controllable microenvironments, both for research at the cellular level and for more reliable analysis of the action of drugs on the human body. This paper summarizes some research progress of organ-on-a-chip in recent years, outlines the key technologies used and the achievements in drug screening, and makes some suggestions concerning the current challenges and future development of organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Yan
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, 408008, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Cox B, Barton P, Class R, Coxhead H, Delatour C, Gillent E, Henshall J, Isin EM, King L, Valentin JP. Setup of human liver-chips integrating 3D models, microwells and a standardized microfluidic platform as proof-of-concept study to support drug evaluation. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 7:100054. [PMID: 36824483 PMCID: PMC9934436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human 3D liver microtissues/spheroids are powerful in vitro models to study drug-induced liver injury (DILI) but the small number of cells per spheroid limits the models' usefulness to study drug metabolism. In this work, we scale up the number of spheroids on both a plate and a standardized organ-chip platform by factor 100 using a basic method which requires only limited technical expertise. We successfully generated up to 100 spheroids using polymer-coated microwells in a 96-well plate (= liver-plate) or organ-chip (= liver-chip). Liver-chips display a comparable cellular CYP3A4 activity, viability, and biomarker expression as liver spheroids for at least one week, while liver-plate cultures display an overall reduced hepatic functionality. To prove its applicability to drug discovery and development, the liver-chip was used to test selected reference compounds. The test system could discriminate toxicity of the DILI-positive compound tolcapone from its less hepatotoxic structural analogue entacapone, using biochemical and morphological readouts. Following incubation with diclofenac, the liver-chips had an increased metabolite formation compared to standard spheroid cultures. In summary, we generated a human liver-chip model using a standardized organ-chip platform which combines up to 100 spheroids and can be used for the evaluation of both drug safety and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium,Corresponding author.
| | - Patrick Barton
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, 216 Bath Rd, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Reiner Class
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hannah Coxhead
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Claude Delatour
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jamie Henshall
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, 216 Bath Rd, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Emre M. Isin
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Lloyd King
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, 216 Bath Rd, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest 1, B1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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10
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Lohasz C, Loretan J, Sterker D, Görlach E, Renggli K, Argast P, Frey O, Wiesmann M, Wartmann M, Rausch M, Hierlemann A. A Microphysiological Cell-Culturing System for Pharmacokinetic Drug Exposure and High-Resolution Imaging of Arrays of 3D Microtissues. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:785851. [PMID: 35342386 PMCID: PMC8954798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-relationship of a drug candidate is key to determine effective, yet safe treatment regimens for patients. However, current testing strategies are inefficient in characterizing in vivo responses to fluctuating drug concentrations during multi-day treatment cycles. Methods based on animal models are resource-intensive and require time, while traditional in vitro cell-culturing methods usually do not provide temporally-resolved information on the effects of in vivo–like drug exposure scenarios. To address this issue, we developed a microfluidic system to 1) culture arrays of three-dimensional spheroids in vitro, to 2) apply specific dynamic drug exposure profiles, and to 3) in-situ analyze spheroid growth and the invoked drug effects in 3D by means of 2-photon microscopy at tissue and single-cell level. Spheroids of fluorescently-labeled T-47D breast cancer cells were monitored under perfusion-culture conditions at short time intervals over three days and exposed to either three 24 h-PK-cycles or a dose-matched constant concentration of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor BYL719. While the overall efficacy of the two treatment regimens was similar, spheroids exposed to the PK profile displayed cycle-dependent oscillations between regression and regrowth. Spheroids treated with a constant BYL719 concentration regressed at a steady, albeit slower rate. At a single-cell level, the cell density in BYL719-treated spheroids oscillated in a concentration-dependent manner. Our system represents a versatile tool for in-depth preclinical characterization of PK/PD parameters, as it enables an evaluation of drug efficacy and/or toxicity under realistic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lohasz
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Sterker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kasper Renggli
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Argast
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marion Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rausch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Van Ness KP, Cesar F, Yeung CK, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Microphysiological systems in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination sciences. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:9-42. [PMID: 34378335 PMCID: PMC8742652 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microphysiological systems (MPS) to support absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) sciences has grown substantially in the last decade, in part driven by regulatory demands to move away from traditional animal-based safety assessment studies and industry desires to develop methodologies to efficiently screen and characterize drugs in the development pipeline. The past decade of MPS development has yielded great user-driven technological advances with the collective fine-tuning of cell culture techniques, fluid delivery systems, materials engineering, and performance enhancing modifications. The rapid advances in MPS technology have now made it feasible to evaluate critical ADME parameters within a stand-alone organ system or through interconnected organ systems. This review surveys current MPS developed for liver, kidney, and intestinal systems as stand-alone or interconnected organ systems, and evaluates each system for specific performance criteria recommended by regulatory authorities and MPS leaders that would render each system suitable for evaluating drug ADME. Whereas some systems are more suitable for ADME type research than others, not all system designs were intended to meet the recently published desired performance criteria and are reported as a summary of initial proof-of-concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk P. Van Ness
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Francine Cesar
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Catherine K. Yeung
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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12
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Hu W, Lettiere D, Tse S, Johnson TR, Biddle KE, Thibault S, Palazzi X, Chen J, Pithavala YK, Finkelstein M. Liver Toxicity Observed With Lorlatinib When Combined With Strong CYP3A Inducers: Evaluation of Cynomolgus Monkey as a Nonclinical Model for Assessing the Mechanism of Combinational Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:183-194. [PMID: 34021354 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lorlatinib is a potent small-molecule anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. In a drug-drug interaction study in healthy human participants, liver enzyme elevations were observed when a single 100 mg dose of lorlatinib was administered after multiple doses of rifampin, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inducer and a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate potential mechanisms for the observed clinical toxicity. To investigate the involvement of CYP3A and/or PXR in the observed liver toxicity, studies were conducted in cynomolgus monkeys administered lorlatinib alone or with coadministration of multiple doses of known CYP3A inducers that are predominantly PXR agonists (rifampin, St. John's wort) or predominantly constitutive androstane receptor agonists (carbamazepine, phenytoin) and a net CYP3A inhibitory PXR agonist (ritonavir). Results from the investigative studies identified cynomolgus monkeys as a pharmacologically relevant nonclinical model, which recapitulated the elevated liver function test results observed in humans. Furthermore, liver toxicity was only observed in this model when lorlatinib was coadministered with strong CYP3A inducers, and the effects were not restricted to, or exclusively dependent upon, a PXR activation mechanism. These results generated mechanistic insights on the liver enzyme elevations observed in the clinical drug-drug interaction study and provided guidance on appropriate product safety label for lorlatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Hu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Daniel Lettiere
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Theodore R Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Kathleen E Biddle
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Stephane Thibault
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Xavier Palazzi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - Martin Finkelstein
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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13
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Kulsharova G, Kurmangaliyeva A. Liver microphysiological platforms for drug metabolism applications. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13099. [PMID: 34291515 PMCID: PMC8450120 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is a costly and lengthy process with low success rates. To improve the efficiency of drug development, there has been an increasing need in developing alternative methods able to eliminate toxic compounds early in the drug development pipeline. Drug metabolism plays a key role in determining the efficacy of a drug and its potential side effects. Since drug metabolism occurs mainly in the liver, liver cell‐based alternative engineering platforms have been growing in the last decade. Microphysiological liver cell‐based systems called liver‐on‐a‐chip platforms can better recapitulate the environment for human liver cells in laboratory settings and have the potential to reduce the number of animal models used in drug development by predicting the response of the liver to a drug in vitro. In this review, we discuss the liver microphysiological platforms from the perspective of drug metabolism studies. We highlight the stand‐alone liver‐on‐a‐chip platforms and multi‐organ systems integrating liver‐on‐a‐chip devices used for drug metabolism mimicry in vitro and review the state‐of‐the‐art platforms reported in the last few years. With the development of more robust and reproducible liver cell‐based microphysiological platforms, the drug development field has the potential of reducing the costs and lengths associated with currently existing drug testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsim Kulsharova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Song K, Zu X, Du Z, Hu Z, Wang J, Li J. Diversity Models and Applications of 3D Breast Tumor-on-a-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070814. [PMID: 34357224 PMCID: PMC8306159 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast disease is one of the critical diseases that plague females, as is known, breast cancer has high mortality, despite significant pathophysiological progress during the past few years. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are needed to break the stalemate. An organ-on-chip approach is considered due to its ability to repeat the real conditions found in the body on microfluidic chips, offsetting the shortcomings of traditional 2D culture and animal tests. In recent years, the organ-on-chip approach has shown diversity, recreating the structure and functional units of the real organs/tissues. The applications were also developed rapidly from the laboratory to the industrialized market. This review focuses on breast tumor-on-a-chip approaches concerning the diversity models and applications. The models are summarized and categorized by typical biological reconstitution, considering the design and fabrication of the various breast models. The breast tumor-on-a-chip approach is a typical representative of organ chips, which are one of the precedents in the market. The applications are roughly divided into two categories: fundamental mechanism research and biological medicine. Finally, we discuss the prospect and deficiencies of the emerging technology. It has excellent prospects in all of the application fields, however there exist some deficiencies for promotion, such as the stability of the structure and function, and uniformity for quantity production.
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