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Zhang Q, Liu Z, Li B, Mu L, Sheng K, Xiong Y, Cheng J, Zhou J, Xiong Z, Zhou L, Jiang L, Wu J, Cai X, Zheng Y, Du W, Li Y, Zhu Y. Platinum-Loaded Cerium Oxide Capable of Repairing Neuronal Homeostasis for Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303027. [PMID: 38323853 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Effective neuroprotective agents are required to prevent neurological damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) following an acute ischemic stroke. Herein, it is aimed to develop the neuroprotective agents of cerium oxide loaded with platinum clusters engineered modifications (Ptn-CeO2). The density functional theory calculations show that Ptn-CeO2 could effectively scavenge ROS, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (·O2 -). In addition, Ptn-CeO2 exhibits the superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like enzyme activities, which is capable of scavenging hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The in vitro studies show that Ptn-CeO2 could adjust the restoration of the mitochondrial metabolism to ROS homeostasis, rebalance cytokines, and feature high biocompatibility. The studies in mice CIRI demonstrate that Ptn-CeO2 could also restore cytokine levels, reduce cysteine aspartate-specific protease (cleaved Caspase 3) levels, and induce the polarization of microglia to M2-type macrophages, thus inhibiting the inflammatory responses. As a result, Ptn-CeO2 inhibits the reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis, relieves the infarct volume, reduces the neurological severity score, and improves cognitive function. Overall, these findings suggest that the prominent neuroprotective effect of the engineered Ptn-CeO2 has a significant neuroprotective effect and provides a potential therapeutic alternative for CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Liuhua Mu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Sheng
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yijia Xiong
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lixian Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenxian Du
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yueqi Zhu
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Wang Q, Cheng J, Liu F, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang H, Ju Y, Ma L, Hui X, Lin Y. Modulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dysregulation via a SPAK and OSR1 Targeted Framework Nucleic Acid in Hydrocephalus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306622. [PMID: 38353402 PMCID: PMC11077654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life-long incurable condition. An empirical "one-size-fits-all" approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting remains the mainstay of hydrocephalus treatment and effective pharmacotherapy options are currently lacking. Macrophage-mediated ChP inflammation and CSF hypersecretion have recently been identified as a significant discovery in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. In this study, a pioneering DNA nano-drug (TSOs) is developed by modifying S2 ssDNA and S4 ssDNA with SPAK ASO and OSR1 ASO in tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and synthesis via a one-pot annealing procedure. This construct can significantly knockdown the expression of SPAK and OSR1, along with their downstream ion channel proteins in ChP epithelial cells, thereby leading to a decrease in CSF secretion. Moreover, these findings indicate that TSOs effectively inhibit the M0 to M1 phenotypic switch of ChP macrophages via the MAPK pathways, thus mitigating the cytokine storm. In in vivo post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models, TSOs significantly reduce CSF secretion rates, alleviate ChP inflammation, and prevent the onset of hydrocephalus. These compelling results highlight the potential of TSOs as a promising therapeutic option for managing hydrocephalus, with significant applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgerySichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610000P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Core facilitiesWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Xuhui Hui
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- National Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P.R. China
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Ke J, Yu C, Li S, Hong Y, Xu Y, Wang K, Meng T, Ping Y, Fu Q, Yuan H, Hu F. Combining Multifunctional Delivery System with Blood-Brain Barrier Reversible Opening Strategy for the Enhanced Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302939. [PMID: 38117094 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness characterized by intracellular tau-phosphorylation, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques accumulation, neuroinflammation, and impaired behavioral ability. Owing to the lack of effective brain delivery approaches and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), current AD therapeutic endeavors are severely limited. Herein, a multifunctional delivery system (RVG-DDQ/PDP@siBACE1) is elaborately combined with a protein kinase B (AKT) agonist (SC79) for facilitating RVG-DDQ/PDP@siBACE1 to target and penetrate BBB, enter brain parenchyma, and further accumulate in AD brain lesion. Moreover, compared with the unitary dose of RVG-DDQ/PDP@siBACE1, this collaborative therapy strategy exhibits a distinctive synergistic function including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreasing of Aβ production, alleviating neuroinflammation by promoting the polarized microglia into the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype and significantly enhancing the cognitive functions of AD mice. More strikingly, according to these results, an innovative signaling pathway "lncRNA MALAT1/miR-181c/BCL2L11" is found that can mediate the neuronal apoptosis of AD. Taken together, combining the brain targeted delivery system with noninvasive BBB opening can provide a promising strategy and platform for targeting treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ke
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Caini Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sufen Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiling Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yichong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
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Martins ASG, Reis SD, Benson E, Domingues MM, Cortinhas J, Vidal Silva JA, Santos SD, Santos NC, Pêgo AP, Moreno PMD. Enhancing Neuronal Cell Uptake of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids with Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309140. [PMID: 38342712 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The successful translation of therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) for the treatment of neurological disorders depends on their safe and efficient delivery to neural cells, in particular neurons. DNA nanostructures can be a promising NAs delivery vehicle. Nonetheless, the potential of DNA nanostructures for neuronal cell delivery of therapeutic NAs is unexplored. Here, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDN) as siRNA delivery scaffolds to neuronal cells, exploring the influence of functionalization with two different reported neuronal targeting ligands: C4-3 RNA aptamer and Tet1 peptide are investigated. Nanostructures are characterized in vitro, as well as in silico using molecular dynamic simulations to better understand the overall TDN structural stability. Enhancement of neuronal cell uptake of TDN functionalized with the C4-3 Aptamer (TDN-Apt), not only in neuronal cell lines but also in primary neuronal cell cultures is demonstrated. Additionally, TDN and TDN-Apt nanostructures carrying siRNA are shown to promote silencing in a process aided by chloroquine-induced endosomal disruption. This work presents a thorough workflow for the structural and functional characterization of the proposed TDN as a nano-scaffold for neuronal delivery of therapeutic NAs and for targeting ligands evaluation, contributing to the future development of new neuronal drug delivery systems based on DNA nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S G Martins
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Sara D Reis
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Erik Benson
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - João Cortinhas
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Joana A Vidal Silva
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Santos
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Pedro M D Moreno
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
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Wang J, Wang T, Fang M, Wang Z, Xu W, Teng B, Yuan Q, Hu X. Advances of nanotechnology for intracerebral hemorrhage therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1265153. [PMID: 37771570 PMCID: PMC10523393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1265153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the most devastating subtype of stoke, is of high mortality at 5 years and even those survivors usually would suffer permanent disabilities. Fortunately, various preclinical active drugs have been approached in ICH, meanwhile, the therapeutic effects of these pharmaceutical ingredients could be fully boosted with the assistance of nanotechnology. In this review, besides the pathology of ICH, some ICH therapeutically available active drugs and their employed nanotechnologies, material functions, and therapeutic principles were comprehensively discussed hoping to provide novel and efficient strategies for ICH therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexu Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bang Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijuan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lu W, Chen T, Xiao D, Qin X, Chen Y, Shi S. Application and prospects of nucleic acid nanomaterials in tumor therapy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26288-26301. [PMID: 37670995 PMCID: PMC10476027 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a great threat to human life, and current cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, have significant side effects and limitations that hinder their application. Nucleic acid nanomaterials have specific spatial configurations and can be used as nanocarriers to deliver different therapeutic drugs, thereby enabling various biomedical applications, such as biosensors and cancer therapy. In recent decades, a variety of DNA nanostructures have been synthesized, and they have demonstrated remarkable potential in cancer therapy related applications, such as DNA origami structures, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids, and dynamic DNA nanostructures. Importantly, more attention is also being paid to RNA nanostructures, which play an important role in gene therapy. Therefore, this review introduces the developmental history of nucleic acid nanotechnology, summarizes the applications of DNA and RNA nanostructures for tumor treatment, and discusses the development opportunities for nucleic acid nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
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Li J, Yan R, Shi S, Lin Y. Recent progress and application of the tetrahedral framework nucleic acid materials on drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1511-1530. [PMID: 37898874 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2276285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of DNA framework nucleic acid materials in the biomedical field has witnessed continual expansion. Among them, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have gained significant traction as the foremost biological vectors due to their superior attributes of editability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. tFNAs have demonstrated promising results in numerous in vitro and in vivo applications. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the latest research on tFNAs in drug delivery, including a discussion of the advantages of tFNAs in regulating biological behaviors, and highlights the updated development and advantageous applications of tFNAs-based nanostructures from static design to dynamically responsive design. EXPERT OPINION tFNAs possess distinct biological regulatory attributes and can be taken up by cells without the requirement of transfection, differentiating them from other biological vectors. tFNAs can be easily physically/chemically modified and seamlessly incorporated with other functional systems. The static design of the tFNAs-based drug delivery system makes it versatile, reproducible, and predictable. Further use of the dynamic response mechanism of DNA to external stimuli makes tFNAs-based drug delivery more effective and specific, improving the uptake and utilization of the payload by the intended target. Dynamic targeting is poised to become the future primary approach for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Dermatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Tian T, Zhao C, Li S, Huang Z, Guo Y, Dai W, Bai R, Tang C, Lin Y, Gao J. Liver-Targeted Delivery of Small Interfering RNA of C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 with Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid Attenuates Liver Cirrhosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10492-10505. [PMID: 36799737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver diseases without approved clinical drugs. In this study, a new strategy that uses a C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) small interfering RNA silencing (siCcr2)-based therapy by loading multivalent siCcr2 with tetrahedron framework DNA nanostructure (tFNA) vehicle (tFNA-siCcr2) was established to attenuate liver fibrosis. tFNA-siCcr2 was successfully synthesized without changing the physiochemical properties of tFNA. Compared to the naked siCcr2 molecule, the tFNA-siCcr2 complex altered the accumulation from the kidney to the liver after the intraperitoneal injection. The tFNA-siCcr2 complex also prolonged hepatic retention and mainly colocalized within macrophages and endothelial cells. tFNA-siCcr2 efficiently silenced CCR2 and significantly ameliorated liver fibrosis in prevention and treatment interventions. Single-cell RNA sequencing followed by experimental validation suggested that tFNA-siCcr2 can restore the immune cell landscape and construct an antifibrotic niche by inhibiting profibrotic macrophage and neutrophil accumulation in the murine fibrotic liver. Molecularly, the tFNA-siCcr2 complex reduced inflammatory mediator production by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the tFNA-based liver-targeted tFNA-siCcr2 delivery complex efficiently ameliorated liver fibrosis by restoring the immune cell landscape and constructing an antifibrotic niche, which makes the tFNA-siCcr2 complex a potential therapeutic candidate for the clinical treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyin Huang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yangkun Guo
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruqiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Sun Y, Chen X, Shi S, Tian T, Liu Z, Luo E, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids: A Novel Strategy for Antibiotic Treating Drug-Resistant Infections. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1052-1060. [PMID: 36723425 PMCID: PMC10069167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic multiresistance (AMR) has emerged as a major threat to human health as millions of people die from AMR-related problems every year. As has been witnessed during the global COVID-19 pandemic, the significantly increased demand for antibiotics has aggravated the issue of AMR. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find ways to alleviate it. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are novel nanomaterials that are often used as drug delivery platforms because of their structural diversity. This study formed a tFNAs-antibiotic compound (TAC) which has a strong growth inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro owing to the increased absorption of antibiotics by bacteria and improved drug movement across cell membranes. We established a mouse model of systemic peritonitis and local wound infections. The TAC exhibited good biosafety and improved the survival rate of severely infected mice, promoting the healing of local infections. In addition to the better transport of antibiotics to the target, the TAC may also enhance immunity by regulating the differentiation of M1 and M2 macrophages, providing a new option for the treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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10
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Sun Q, Ma H, Zhang J, You B, Gong X, Zhou X, Chen J, Zhang G, Huang J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Ai K, Bai Y. A Self-Sustaining Antioxidant Strategy for Effective Treatment of Myocardial Infarction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204999. [PMID: 36567266 PMCID: PMC9929116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide and can lead to the loss of cardiac function and heart failure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathological progression of MI. The levels and effects of ROS are significantly different in three unique pathological stages of MI, and most antioxidants cannot make corresponding adjustments to eliminate ROS, which leads to a great compromise to treat MI with antioxidants. Herein, an innovative self-sustaining antioxidant strategy is developed to treat MI with self-sustaining selenium-embedded nanoparticles (SSSe NPs). SSSe NPs possess unique self-sustaining antioxidant effects at different pathological stages of MI. This strategy of on-demand ROS elimination during different pathological stages demonstrated excellent MI treatment efficacy and effectively reversed heart failure to normal heart function. The therapeutic mechanism of SSSe NPs is intensively investigated through a series of experiments and mainly involved five critical aspects of myocardial repair: protecting mitochondria, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and promoting angiogenesis. This strategy not only provides a promising treatment option for MI but also offers inspiration for other ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Hongqin Ma
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Jiaxiong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Baiyang You
- Cardiac Rehabilitation CenterDepartment of RehabilitationXiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Department of CardiologyThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Department of CardiologyThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular ResearchXiangya School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Qiong Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Department of PharmacyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Yurong Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Department of PharmacyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Kelong Ai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular ResearchXiangya School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Geriatric MedicineCoronary Circulation CenterXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP.R. China
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11
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Tian T, Zhang T, Shi S, Gao Y, Cai X, Lin Y. A dynamic DNA tetrahedron framework for active targeting. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1028-1055. [PMID: 36670289 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An active targeting strategy-enabled DNA tetrahedron delivery vehicle could facilitate stable drug encapsulation and stimuli-responsive on-demand release, building a universal platform for different drug delivery requirements. Owing to the excellent biocompatible nature, programmability and remarkable cell and tissue permeability, the tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) has proven its value in the delivery of various bioactive molecules. We previously described this as a static multifunctional complex in our earlier protocol. However, static structures and passive targeting behavior might introduce off-target effects under complicated biological conditions. Therefore, in this Protocol Extension, we present a major update of the TDN delivery vehicle enabling an active targeting strategy to be used for stimuli-sensitive conformation changes and on-site cargo release, which could avoid drawbacks, including complex and time-consuming fabrication processes and undetermined cell penetration ability of other DNA-based delivery vehicles. Upon exquisite design of TDN size based on cargo type, one-pot annealing is applied to fabricate the Tiamat-designed TDN exoskeleton. Then the design of the dynamic DNA apparatus can be based on the target and environmental stimuli, including DNA strand hybridization-based and pH-sensitive DNA apparatus, and careful titration of strand lengths and mismatches is achieved using polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoresis, or fluorophore modifications. Finally, cargo loading strategies are designed, including site and stand titration and cargo encapsulation verification. The dynamic structures show promising targetability and effectiveness in antitumor and anti-inflammatory treatment in vitro and in vivo. Assembly and characterization in the lab takes ~5 d, and the timing for the verification of biostability and biological applications depends on the uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
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12
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Wang X, Shen X, Li J, Ge X, Ouyang J, Na N. Biomineralization of DNA Nanoframeworks for Intracellular Delivery, On-Demand Diagnosis, and Synergistic Cancer Treatments. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16803-16812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xiyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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13
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Lin Y, Li Q, Wang L, Guo Q, Liu S, Zhu S, Sun Y, Fan Y, Sun Y, Li H, Tian X, Luo D, Shi S. Advances in regenerative medicine applications of tetrahedral framework nucleic acid-based nanomaterials: an expert consensus recommendation. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:51. [PMID: 36316311 PMCID: PMC9622686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of DNA nanotechnology in the 1980s, self-assembled DNA nanostructures have attracted considerable attention worldwide due to their inherent biocompatibility, unsurpassed programmability, and versatile functions. Especially promising nanostructures are tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), first proposed by Turberfield with the use of a one-step annealing approach. Benefiting from their various merits, such as simple synthesis, high reproducibility, structural stability, cellular internalization, tissue permeability, and editable functionality, tFNAs have been widely applied in the biomedical field as three-dimensional DNA nanomaterials. Surprisingly, tFNAs exhibit positive effects on cellular biological behaviors and tissue regeneration, which may be used to treat inflammatory and degenerative diseases. According to their intended application and carrying capacity, tFNAs could carry functional nucleic acids or therapeutic molecules through extended sequences, sticky-end hybridization, intercalation, and encapsulation based on the Watson and Crick principle. Additionally, dynamic tFNAs also have potential applications in controlled and targeted therapies. This review summarized the latest progress in pure/modified/dynamic tFNAs and demonstrated their regenerative medicine applications. These applications include promoting the regeneration of the bone, cartilage, nerve, skin, vasculature, or muscle and treating diseases such as bone defects, neurological disorders, joint-related inflammatory diseases, periodontitis, and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Lin
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- grid.458506.a0000 0004 0497 0637The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Zhu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Sun
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haihang Li
- Jiangsu Trautec Medical Technology Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Jiangsu Trautec Medical Technology Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Delun Luo
- Chengdu Jingrunze Gene Technology Company Limited, Chengdu, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Zhang L, Chu M, Ji C, Tan J, Yuan Q. Preparation, applications, and challenges of functional DNA nanomaterials. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:3895-3912. [PMID: 36065175 PMCID: PMC9430014 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a carrier of genetic information, DNA is a versatile module for fabricating nanostructures and nanodevices. Functional molecules could be integrated into DNA by precise base complementary pairing, greatly expanding the functions of DNA nanomaterials. These functions endow DNA nanomaterials with great potential in the application of biomedical field. In recent years, functional DNA nanomaterials have been rapidly investigated and perfected. There have been reviews that classified DNA nanomaterials from the perspective of functions, while this review primarily focuses on the preparation methods of functional DNA nanomaterials. This review comprehensively introduces the preparation methods of DNA nanomaterials with functions such as molecular recognition, nanozyme catalysis, drug delivery, and biomedical material templates. Then, the latest application progress of functional DNA nanomaterials is systematically reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future prospects for functional DNA nanomaterials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Mengge Chu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Cailing Ji
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Jie Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
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15
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Li S, Liu Y, Zhang T, Lin S, Shi S, He J, Xie Y, Cai X, Tian T, Lin Y. A Tetrahedral Framework DNA-Based Bioswitchable miRNA Inhibitor Delivery System: Application to Skin Anti-Aging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204287. [PMID: 35901292 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-based therapy shows strong potential; however, structural limitations pose a challenge in fully exploiting its biomedical functionality. Tetrahedral framework DNA (tFNA) has proven to be an ideal vehicle for miR therapy. Inspired by the ancient Chinese myth "Sun and Immortal Birds," a novel bioswitchable miR inhibitor delivery system (BiRDS) is designed with three miR inhibitors (the three immortal birds) and a nucleic acid core (the central sun). The BiRDS fuses miR inhibitors within the framework, maximizing their loading capacity, while allowing the system to retain the characteristics of small-sized tFNA and avoiding uncertainty associated with RNA exposure in traditional loading protocols. The RNase H-responsive sequence at the tail of each "immortal bird" enables the BiRDS to transform from a 3D to a 2D structure upon entering cells, promoting the delivery of miR inhibitors. To confirm the application potential, the BiRDS is used to deliver the miR-31 inhibitor, with antiaging effects on hair follicle stem cells, into a skin aging model. Superior skin penetration ability and RNA delivery are observed with significant anti-aging effects. These findings demonstrate the capability and editability of the BiRDS to improve the stability and delivery efficacy of miRs for future innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiajun He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Zhou XM, Zhuo Y, Tu TT, Yuan R, Chai YQ. Construction of Fast-Walking Tetrahedral DNA Walker with Four Arms for Sensitive Detection and Intracellular Imaging of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8732-8739. [PMID: 35678832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel tetrahedral DNA walker with four arms was engineered to travel efficiently on the 3D-tracks via catalyzed hairpin assembly autonomously, realizing the sensitive detection and activity assessment as well as intracellular imaging of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1). In contrast to traditional DNA walkers, the tetrahedral DNA walker with the rigid 3D framework structure and nonplanar multi-sites walking arms endowed with high collision efficiency, showing a fast walking rate and high nuclease resistance. Impressively, the initial rate of the tetrahedral DNA walker with four arms was 4.54 times faster than that of the free bipedal DNA walker and produced a significant fluorescence recovery in about 40 min, achieving a sensitive detection of APE1 with a low detection limit of 5.54× 10-6 U/μL as well as ultrasensitive intracellular APE1 fluorescence activation imaging. This strategy provides a novel DNA walker for accurate identification of low-abundance cancer biomarker and potential medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Tu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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17
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Wang M, Li X, He F, Li J, Wang HH, Nie Z. The Advances in Designer DNA Nanorobots Enabling Programmable Functions. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200119. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fang He
- Hunan University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Juan Li
- Hunan University College of Biology CHINA
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- Hunan University College of Biology 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Zhou Nie
- Hunan University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yuelushan, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P.R.China 410082 Changsha CHINA
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18
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Li J, Yao Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao D, Liu M, Shi S, Lin Y. Modulation of the Crosstalk between Schwann Cells and Macrophages for Nerve Regeneration: A Therapeutic Strategy Based on a Multifunctional Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202513. [PMID: 35483031 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is currently recognized as one of the most significant public health issues and affects the general well-being of millions of individuals worldwide. Despite advances in nerve tissue engineering, nerve repair still cannot guarantee complete functional recovery. In the present study, an innovative approach is adopted to establish a multifunctional tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) system, denoted as MiDs, which can integrate the powerful programmability, permeability, and structural stability of tFNAs, with the nerve regeneration potential of microRNA-22 to enhance the communication between Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages for more effective functional rehabilitation of peripheral nerves. Relevant results demonstrate that MiDs can amplify the ability of SCs to recruit macrophages and facilitate their polarization into the pro-healing M2 phenotype to reconstruct the post-injury microenvironment. Furthermore, MiDs can initiate the adaptive intracellular reprogramming of SCs within a short period to further promote axon regeneration and remyelination. MiDs represent a new possibility for enhancing nerve repair and may have critical clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yangxue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Jiangshan Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Mengting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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19
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Jiang Y, Li S, Zhang T, Zhang M, Chen Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Inhibit Skin Fibrosis via the Pyroptosis Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15069-15079. [PMID: 35319864 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the first line of defense for the human body and is vulnerable to injury. Various topical or systemic diseases facilitate skin inflammation, and when the intensity or duration of skin injury exceeds the ability of tissue repair, fibrosis, an outcome of a dysregulated tissue-repair response, begins to dominate the repair process. However, existing methods for reducing skin fibrosis are insufficient and cause side effects, highlighting the need for drugs that effectively inhibit skin fibrosis and reduce immunogenicity, inflammation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are DNA nanomaterials that have a unique spatial structure, demonstrate excellent biosecurity, and promote anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antifibrotic, angiogenic, and skin-wound-healing activities with almost no toxicity. Here, we explored the potential of tFNAs in skin fibrosis therapy in vitro and in vivo. After incubating cells or injecting mice with profibrogenic molecules and tFNAs, we found that the tFNAs inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduced inflammatory factor levels, decreased skin collagen content, and inhibited the pyroptosis pathway. These findings suggest the potential of tFNAs in treating pyroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - YiLing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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20
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Chen Y, Shi S, Li B, Lan T, Yuan K, Yuan J, Zhou Y, Song J, Lv T, Shi Y, Xiang B, Tian T, Zhang T, Yang J, Lin Y. Therapeutic Effects of Self-Assembled Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids on Liver Regeneration in Acute Liver Failure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13136-13146. [PMID: 35285610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver failure is a serious disease that is characterized by global hepatocyte necrosis. Hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration are critically important for the success of treatments for liver disease. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (TFNAs), which are widely used antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nanomaterials, activate multiple proliferation and prosurvival pathways. Therefore, the effects of a TFNA on hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in mouse livers injured by 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx), acetaminophen overdose, and carbon tetrachloride were explored in this study. The TFNA, which was successfully self-assembled from four specifically designed ssDNAs, entered the body quickly and was taken up effectively by hepatocytes in the liver and could eventually be cleared by the kidneys. The TFNA promoted hepatocyte proliferation in vitro by activating the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways. In the three in vivo mouse models of liver injury, the TFNA attenuated the injuries and enhanced liver regeneration by regulating the cell cycle and the P53 signaling pathway. Therefore, by promoting hepatocyte proliferation and enhancing liver regeneration, the TFNA shows potential as an effective therapeutic agent for treating acute liver injury induced by 70% PHx and other factors, thereby preventing the progression to acute liver failure and reducing the associated mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingsheng Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering, and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiulin Song
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering, and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery& Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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21
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Dou Y, Cui W, Yang X, Lin Y, Ma X, Cai X. Applications of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures in wound repair and tissue regeneration. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac006. [PMID: 35280457 PMCID: PMC8912983 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) are molecules with a pyramidal structure formed by folding four single strands of DNA based on the principle of base pairing. Although DNA has polyanionic properties, the special spatial structure of TDNs allows them to penetrate the cell membrane without the aid of transfection agents in a caveolin-dependent manner and enables them to participate in the regulation of cellular processes without obvious toxic side effects. Because of their stable spatial structure, TDNs resist the limitations imposed by nuclease activity and innate immune responses to DNA. In addition, TDNs have good editability and biocompatibility, giving them great advantages for biomedical applications. Previous studies have found that TDNs have a variety of biological properties, including promoting cell migration, proliferation and differentiation, as well as having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-infective and immune regulation capabilities. Moreover, we confirmed that TDNs can promote the regeneration and repair of skin, blood vessels, muscles and bone tissues. Based on these findings, we believe that TDNs have broad prospects for application in wound repair and regeneration. This article reviews recent progress in TDN research and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Dou
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Weitong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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Aye SL, Sato Y. Therapeutic Applications of Programmable DNA Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020315. [PMID: 35208439 PMCID: PMC8876680 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology, a frontier in biomedical engineering, is an emerging field that has enabled the engineering of molecular-scale DNA materials with applications in biomedicine such as bioimaging, biodetection, and drug delivery over the past decades. The programmability of DNA nanostructures allows the precise engineering of DNA nanocarriers with controllable shapes, sizes, surface chemistries, and functions to deliver therapeutic and functional payloads to target cells with higher efficiency and enhanced specificity. Programmability and control over design also allow the creation of dynamic devices, such as DNA nanorobots, that can react to external stimuli and execute programmed tasks. This review focuses on the current findings and progress in the field, mainly on the employment of DNA nanostructures such as DNA origami nanorobots, DNA nanotubes, DNA tetrahedra, DNA boxes, and DNA nanoflowers in the biomedical field for therapeutic purposes. We will also discuss the fate of DNA nanostructures in living cells, the major obstacles to overcome, that is, the stability of DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications, and the opportunities for DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery in the future.
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23
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Fan Q, He Z, Xiong J, Chao J. Smart Drug Delivery Systems Based on DNA Nanotechnology. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100548. [PMID: 35233992 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of DNA nanotechnology has attracted tremendous attention in biotechnological and biomedical fields involving biosensing, bioimaging and disease therapy. In particular, precise control over size and shape, easy modification, excellent programmability and inherent homology make the sophisticated DNA nanostructures vital for constructing intelligent drug carriers. Recent advances in the design of multifunctional DNA-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have demonstrated the effectiveness and advantages of DNA nanostructures, showing the unique benefits and great potential in enhancing the delivery of pharmaceutical compounds and reducing systemic toxicity. This Review aims to overview the latest researches on DNA nanotechnology-enabled nanomedicine and give a perspective on their future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Zhimei He
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, P. R. China
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, P. R. China
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24
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Zhou M, Zhang T, Gao Y, Li S, Lin Y, Cai X. Tetrahedral-Framework Nucleic Acids Carry Small Interfering RNA to Downregulate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene Expression for the Treatment of Sepsis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6442-6452. [PMID: 35080860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, which can lead to excessive expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cells and uncontrollable amplification of the inflammatory response. TLR2, as an essential part of the TLR family, has a significant feature in the identification of innate immune responses. Therefore, blocking the expression and activation of TLR2 can inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors and avoid the occurrence of excessive inflammatory reactions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can selectively target the silencing or downregulation of pathogenic genes and has the advantages of high specificity, a strong effect, and fewer adverse reactions. However, the application of siRNA is limited by its high molecular weight, poor biostability, and difficulty in passive uptake into cells. Tetrahedral-framework nucleic acid (tFNA) is a new kind of three-dimensional nucleic acid nanomaterial, which has the advantages of good biocompatibility, stable structure, and editability. In this study, we used tFNA as carriers to deliver siRNA-targeting downregulation of TLR2 expression for anti-inflammatory therapy. We show that siRNA can specifically reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR2 elevation and reduce release of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced experimental sepsis, which provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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25
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Wang Y, Li Y, Gao S, Yu X, Chen Y, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Can Alleviate Taurocholate-Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis and Its Subsequent Multiorgan Injury in Mice. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1759-1768. [PMID: 35138113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas accompanied by tissue injury and necrosis. It not only affects the pancreas but also triggers a systemic inflammatory response that leads to multiorgan failure or even death. Moreover, there is no effective treatment currently that can reverse the disease progression. In this study, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) were utilized to treat SAP in mice for the first time and proved to be effective in suppressing inflammation and preventing pathological cell death. Serum levels of pancreatitis-related biomarkers witnessed significant changes after tFNAs treatment. Reduction in the expression of certain cytokines involved in local and systemic inflammatory response were observed, together with alteration in proteins related to cell death and apoptosis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that tFNAs could both alleviate SAP and its subsequent multiorgan injury in mice, thus offering a novel and effective option to deal with SAP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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26
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Zhang B, Tian T, Xiao D, Gao S, Cai X, Lin Y. Facilitating In Situ Tumor Imaging with a Tetrahedral DNA Framework‐Enhanced Hybridization Chain Reaction Probe. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
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27
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Zhou W, Yang F, Li S, Yuan R, Xiang Y. Stimulus-responsive hexahedron DNA framework facilitates targeted and direct delivery of native anticancer protein into cancer cells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11132-11139. [PMID: 36320481 PMCID: PMC9516948 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted and direct intracellular delivery of proteins plays critical roles in biological research and disease treatments, yet remains highly challenging. Current solutions to such a challenge are limited by the modification of proteins that may potentially alter protein functions inside cells or the lack of targeting capability. Herein, we develop a stimulus-responsive and bivalent aptamer hexahedron DNA framework (HDF) for the targeted and direct delivery of native therapeutic proteins into cancer cells. The unmodified proteins are caged inside the HDF nanostructures assembled from six programmable single stranded DNAs to protect the proteins from degradation by cathepsins and enhance their targeting capability and delivery efficiency with the nanostructure-integrated aptamers. In addition, the protein drugs can be selectively released from the HDF nanostructures by the intracellular ATP molecules to induce tumor cell apoptosis, highlighting their promising application potential for cell biology and precise protein medicines. A bivalent aptamer hexahedron DNA framework can facilitate the targeted intracellular delivery of native RNase A to result in effective cancer cell apoptosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Shunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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28
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Lin Y. A DNA Nanostructure-Based Neuroprotectant against Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2021; 16:1456-1470. [PMID: 34967217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a main cause of cognitive neurological deficits and disability worldwide due to a plethora of neuronal apoptosis. Unfortunately, numerous neuroprotectants for neurons have failed because of biological toxicity, severe side effects, and poor efficacy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) possess excellent biocompatibility and various biological functions. Here, we tested the efficacy of a tFNA for providing neuroprotection against neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. The tFNA prevented apoptosis of neurons (SHSY-5Y cells) caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation through interfering with ischemia cascades (excitotoxicity and oxidative stress) in vitro. It effectively ameliorated the microenvironment of the ischemic hemisphere by upregulating expression of erythropoietin and inhibiting inflammation, which reversed neuronal loss, alleviated cell apoptosis, significantly shrank the infarction volume from 33.9% to 2.7%, and attenuated neurological deficits in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models in vivo. In addition, blocking the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential mechanism of the neuroprotection by tFNA in ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that tFNA is a safe pleiotropic nanoneuroprotectant and a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Chen X, Xie Y, Liu Z, Lin Y. Application of Programmable Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in Neurological Disorders: Progress and Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:782237. [PMID: 34900971 PMCID: PMC8662522 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.782237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), a special DNA nanodevice, is widely applied in diverse biomedical fields. Due to its high programmability, biocompatibility, tissue permeability as well as its capacity for cell proliferation and differentiation, tFNA presents a powerful tool that could overcome potential barriers in the treatment of neurological disorders. This review evaluates recent studies on the use and progress of tFNA-based nanomaterials in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Qin X, Xiao L, Li N, Hou C, Li W, Li J, Yan N, Lin Y. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids-based delivery of microRNA-155 inhibits choroidal neovascularization by regulating the polarization of macrophages. Bioact Mater 2021; 14:134-144. [PMID: 35310341 PMCID: PMC8892086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common pathological feature of various eye diseases and an important cause of visual impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients. In previous studies, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) showed good carrier performance. In this experiment, we developed microRNA-155-equipped tFNAs (T-155) and explored its biological effects on CNV. Based on the results of in-vitro experiments, T-155 could regulate macrophages into the antiangiogenic M1 type. Then, we injected T-155 into the vitreous of laser-induced CNV model mice and found that T-155 significantly reduced the size and area of CNV, inhibited blood vessel leakage. In summary, we prove that T-155 could regulate the inflammatory process of CNV by polarizing macrophages, thereby improving the symptoms of CNV. Thus, T-155 might become a new DNA-based drug with great potential for treating CNV. T-155 could regulate the inflammatory process of CNV by polarizing macrophages, thereby improving the symptoms of CNV. Thus, T-155 might become a new DNA-based drug with great potential for treating CNV.
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Zhang T, Tian T, Lin Y. Functionalizing Framework Nucleic-Acid-Based Nanostructures for Biomedical Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 34:e2107820. [PMID: 34787933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for functionalizing diverse tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have been extensively explored since the first successful fabrication of tFNA by Turberfield. One-pot annealing of at least four DNA single strands is the most common method to prepare tFNA, as it optimizes the cost, yield, and speed of assembly. Herein, the focus is on four key merits of tFNAs and their potential for biomedical applications. The natural ability of tFNA to scavenge reactive oxygen species, along with remarkable enhancement in cellular endocytosis and tissue permeability based on its appropriate size and geometry, promotes cell-material interactions to direct or probe cell behavior, especially to treat inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Moreover, the structural programmability of tFNA enables the development of static tFNA-based nanomaterials via engineering of functional oligonucleotides or therapeutic molecules, and dynamic tFNAs via attachment of stimuli-responsive DNA apparatuses, leading to potential applications in targeted therapies, tissue regeneration, antitumor strategies, and antibacterial treatment. Although there are impressive performance and significant progress, the challenges and prospects of functionalizing tFNA-based nanostructures are still indicated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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Li S, Liu Y, Tian T, Zhang T, Lin S, Zhou M, Zhang X, Lin Y, Cai X. Bioswitchable Delivery of microRNA by Framework Nucleic Acids: Application to Bone Regeneration. SMALL 2021; 17:e2104359. [PMID: 34716653 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) play an important role in regulating gene expression. Limited by their instabilities, miR therapeutics require delivery vehicles. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are potentially applicable to drug delivery because they prominently penetrate tissue and are taken up by cells. However, tFNA-based miR delivery strategies have failed to separate the miRs after they enter cells, affecting miR efficiency. In this study, an RNase H-responsive sequence is applied to connect a sticky-end tFNA (stFNA) and miR-2861, which is a model miR, to target the expression of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The resultant bioswitchable nanocomposite (stFNA-miR) enables efficient miR-2861 unloading and deployment after intracellular delivery, thereby inhibiting the expression of HDAC5 and promoting osteogenic differentiation. stFNA-miR also facilitated ideal bone repair via topical injection. In conclusion, a versatile miR delivery strategy is offered for various biomedical applications that necessitate modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Yao Y, Wen Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Tian T, Zhang Q, Xiao D, Gao Y, Lin Y, Wei W, Cai X. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids facilitate neurorestoration of facial nerves by activating the NGF/PI3K/AKT pathway. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15598-15610. [PMID: 34529749 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The facial nerve is a crucial nerve in the maxillofacial region and is vulnerable to damage. As a consequence of the complications during nerve restoration, existing remedies have certain limitations, thus the treatment of facial nerve injury is always a perplexing task for people. Regulation of Schwann cells is always the breakpoint of neurorestoration since Schwann cells count a great deal in injured nerve repair. In this study, we presented proof that tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), a kind of nucleic acid nanomaterial, were capable of regulating the neurorestorative pathway NGF/PI3 K/AKT, resulting in the activation of a series of cell behaviors related to injured nerve restoration such as proliferation and migration. In vivo experiments also proved that tFNAs enhanced the expressions of axon and myelin marker proteins, impelled histological recovery, promoted the efficient restoration of nerve conduction and muscle movement. Additionally, tFNAs possessed excellent biocompatibility and superior endocytosis ability. Thus, there is good potential for tFNAs to be applied in the therapy of facial nerve injury or even peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
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Gao S, Wang Y, Li Y, Xiao D, Lin Y, Chen Y, Cai X. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Reestablish Immune Tolerance and Restore Saliva Secretion in a Sjögren's Syndrome Mouse Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42543-42553. [PMID: 34477358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases, Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by overactive lymphocytic infiltration in the exocrine glands, with ensuing dry mouth and dry eyes. Unfortunately, so far, there are no appropriate therapies without causing overall immunosuppression. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) were regarded as promising nanoscale materials whose immunomodulatory capabilities have already been verified. Herein, we reveal, for the first time, that tFNAs were utilized to treat SS in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, the animal model used for SS. We proved a 250 nM tFNA treatment was successful in suppressing inflammation and stimulating saliva secretion in NOD mice. Specialised proteins for the secretory function and structure of acinar cells in submandibular glands (SMGs) were restored. It has been the permanent goal for SS treatment to establish immune tolerance and stop disease development. Surprisingly, tFNA treatment guided T cells toward regulatory T cells (Tregs), while suppressing T helper (Th) cell responses. Th cells include Th1, Th17, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tregs are highly significant in immune tolerance. Inducing Tregs is a promising approach to reestablish immune tolerance. Comparable results were also observed in B cell responses. Reductions in the percentage of germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cells were detected, and a marked increase in the percentage of regulatory B cells (Bregs) was also noticed. The mechanisms of inducing Tregs may associated with cytokine changes. Changes of T cell subsets, especially changes of Tfh, may influence the differentiation of B cells accordingly. Collectively, our results demonstrated the immunomodulatory capacities of tFNAs once again, which may provide a novel, safe, and effective option for the treatment of SS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Li Y, Tang Y, Shi S, Gao S, Wang Y, Xiao D, Chen T, He Q, Zhang J, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Ameliorate Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via the PI3K/Akt Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40354-40364. [PMID: 34410099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the essential conditions in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IR occurs in hepatic cells when the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway is downregulated; thus, activating this pathway can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and ameliorate T2DM. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), a DNA nanomaterial, are synthesized from four single-stranded DNA molecules. tFNAs possess excellent biocompatibility and good water solubility and stability. tFNAs can promote cell proliferation, cell autophagy, wound healing, and nerve regeneration by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Herein, we explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of tFNAs on IR. The results displayed that tFNAs could increase glucose uptake and ameliorate IR by activating the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway in glucosamine (GlcN)-stimulated HepG2 cells. By employing a PI3K inhibitor, we confirmed that tFNAs reduce IR through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, tFNAs can promote hepatic cell proliferation and inhibit GlcN-induced cell apoptosis. In a T2DM mouse model, tFNAs reduce blood glucose levels and ameliorate hepatic IR via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, tFNAs can improve hepatic IR and alleviate T2DM through the PI3K/Akt pathway, making contribution to the potential application of tFNAs in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlin Tang
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Junjiang Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Zhang W, Zhou R, Yang Y, Peng S, Xiao D, Kong T, Cai X, Zhu B. Aptamer-mediated synthesis of multifunctional nano-hydroxyapatite for active tumour bioimaging and treatment. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13105. [PMID: 34382270 PMCID: PMC8450118 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) is widely used to develop imaging probes and drug carriers due to its excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, traditional methods usually need cumbersome and stringent conditions such as high temperature and post-modification to prepare the functionalized nHAp, which do not benefit the particles to enter cells due to the increased particle size. Herein, a biomimetic synthesis strategy was explored to achieve the AS1411-targeted tumour dual-model bioimaging using DNA aptamer AS1411 as a template. Then, the imaging properties and the biocompatibility of the synthesized AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb were further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb was prepared under mild conditions through a one-pot procedure with AS1411 as a template. Besides, the anticancer drug DOX was loaded to AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb so as to achieve the establishment of a multifunctional nano-probe that integrated the tumour diagnosis and treatment. The AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy disperse X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis analyses, zeta potential and particle sizes. The in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging were performed on an MRI system and a confocal laser scanning microscope, respectively. The potential of the prepared multifunctional nHAp for a targeted tumour therapy was investigated by a CCK-8 kit. And the animal experiments were conducted on the basis of the guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University, China. RESULTS In the presence of AS1411, the as-prepared AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb presented a needle-like morphology with good monodispersity and improved imaging performance. Furthermore, due to the specific binding between AS1411 and nucleolin up-expressed in cancer cells, the AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb possessed excellent AS1411-targeted fluorescence and MRI imaging properties. Moreover, after loading chemotherapy drug DOX, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that DOX@AS-nFAp:Gd/Tb could effectively deliver DOX to tumour tissues and exert a highly effective tumour inhibition without systemic toxicity compared with pure DOX. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the prepared multifunctional nHAp synthesized by a novel biomimetic strategy had outstanding capabilities of recognition and treatment for the tumour and had good biocompatibility; hence, it might have a potential clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ronghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuanglin Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Forensic Genetics, Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li J, Xiao L, Yan N, Li Y, Wang Y, Qin X, Zhao D, Liu M, Li N, Lin Y. The Neuroprotective Effect of MicroRNA‐22‐3p Modified Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids on Damaged Retinal Neurons Via TrkB/BDNF Signaling Pathway. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Mengting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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38
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Zhao D, Liu M, Li J, Xiao D, Peng S, He Q, Sun Y, Li Q, Lin Y. Angiogenic Aptamer-Modified Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid Promotes Angiogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29439-29449. [PMID: 34137587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In a search for a solution to large-area soft and hard tissue defects, whether or not tissue regeneration or tissue-substitutes transplantation is used, the problems with angiogenesis need to be solved urgently. Thus, a new and efficient proangiogenic approach is needed. Nanoengineering systems have been considered one of the most promising approaches. In this study, we modify the tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) for the first time with two different angiogenic DNA aptamers to form aptamer-tFNA nanostructures, tFNA-Apt02 and tFNA-AptVEGF, and the effects of them on angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo are investigated. We develop new nanomaterials for enhancing angiogenesis to solve the problem of tissue engineering vascularization and ischemic diseases. The results of our study confirm that tFNA-Apt02 and tFNA-AptVEGF has a stronger ability to accelerate endothelial cell proliferation and migration, tubule formation, spheroid sprouting, and angiogenesis in vivo. We first demonstrate that the engineered novel tFNA-Apt02 and tFNA-AptVEGF have promoting effects on angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and provide a theoretical basis and opportunity for their application in tissues engineering vascularization and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglin Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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