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Lv X, Tao H, Yuan X, Wang Z, Ding C, Xu J, Shan D, Guo B. Multiresponse Liquid Metal Bionic Flexible Actuator. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39034611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The flexible actuator has attracted significant interest for its ability to respond flexibly to external stimuli, especially for renewable natural energy sources. However, the flexible actuator faces issues such as inadequate sensitivity and inability to achieve synergistic responses. Therefore, we prepared a highly sensitive flexible actuator by mixing liquid metal (LM) with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), graphene oxide (GO), and coating the resulting mixtures onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate materials using the rod coating process. The flexible actuator responds quickly to near-infrared light and humidity and can be rapidly transformed from flat to curved with a maximum angular change of 540°. By demonstrating the flexible actuator in action, it can be used to create a crawling robot that mimics the movement of an inchworm on a leaf, as well as a gripper capable of lifting objects 5 times its weight, and a crawling robot that moves forward, turns left, and then right. Flexible actuators hold significant promise for applications in emerging fields such as advanced bionics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushuai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - He Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ximin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chaogang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Debin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Zhao X, Yao H, Lv Y, Chen Z, Dong L, Huang J, Mi S. Reprogrammable Magnetic Soft Actuators with Microfluidic Functional Modules via Pixel-Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310009. [PMID: 38295155 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic soft actuators and robots have attracted considerable attention in biomedical applications due to their speedy response, programmability, and biocompatibility. Despite recent advancements, the fabrication process of magnetic actuators and the reprogramming approach of their magnetization profiles continue to pose challenges. Here, a facile fabrication strategy is reported based on arrangements and distributions of reusable magnetic pixels on silicone substrates, allowing for various magnetic actuators with customizable architectures, arbitrary magnetization profiles, and integration of microfluidic technology. This approach enables intricate configurations with decent deformability and programmability, as well as biomimetic movements involving grasping, swimming, and wriggling in response to magnetic actuation. Moreover, microfluidic functional modules are integrated for various purposes, such as on/off valve control, curvature adjustment, fluid mixing, dynamic microfluidic architecture, and liquid delivery robot. The proposed method fulfills the requirements of low-cost, rapid, and simplified preparation of magnetic actuators, since it eliminates the need to sustain pre-defined deformations during the magnetization process or to employ laser heating or other stimulation for reprogramming the magnetization profile. Consequently, it is envisioned that magnetic actuators fabricated via pixel-assembly will have broad prospects in microfluidics and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Hongyi Yao
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Yaoyi Lv
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Optometry Advanced Medical Equipment R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Optometry Advanced Medical Equipment R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang X. Beyond Color Boundaries: Pioneering Developments in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Photonic Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:808. [PMID: 38930778 PMCID: PMC11205596 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Creatures in nature make extensive use of structural color adaptive camouflage to survive. Cholesteric liquid crystals, with nanostructures similar to those of natural organisms, can be combined with actuators to produce bright structural colors in response to a wide range of stimuli. Structural colors modulated by nano-helical structures can continuously and selectively reflect specific wavelengths of light, breaking the limit of colors recognizable by the human eye. In this review, the current state of research on cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators and their technological applications is presented. First, the basic concepts of cholesteric liquid crystals and their nanostructural modulation are outlined. Then, the cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators responding to different stimuli (mechanical, thermal, electrical, light, humidity, magnetic, pneumatic) are presented. This review describes the practical applications of cholesteric liquid crystal photonic actuators and summarizes the prospects for the development of these advanced structures as well as the challenges and their promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yexiaotong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinye Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.)
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Jing S, Huang J, Wang H, Wang Y, Xie H, Zhou S. A Solvent-Templated Porous Liquid Crystal Elastomer with Tactile Sensation beyond Reversible Actuation toward Versatile Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38692284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), as a classical two-way shape-memory material, are good candidates for developing artificial muscles that mimic the contraction, expansion, or rotational behavior of natural muscles. However, biomimicry is currently focused more on the actuation functions of natural muscles dominated by muscle fibers, whereas the tactile sensing functions that are dominated by neuronal receptors and synapses have not been well captured. Very few studies have reported the sensing concept for LCEs, but the signals were still donated by macroscopic actuation, that is, variations in angle or length. Herein, we develop a conductive porous LCE (CPLCE) using a solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO))-templated photo-cross-linking strategy, followed by carbon nanotube (CNT) incorporation. The CPLCE has excellent reversible contraction/elongation behavior in a manner similar to the actuation functions of skeletal muscles. Moreover, the CPLCE shows excellent pressure-sensing performance by providing real-time electrical signals and is capable of microtouch sensing, which is very similar to natural tactile sensing. Furthermore, macroscopic actuation and tactile sensation can be integrated into a single system. Proof-of-concept studies reveal that the CPLCE-based artificial muscle is sensitive to external touch while maintaining its excellent actuation performance. The CPLCE with tactile sensation beyond reversible actuation is expected to benefit the development of versatile artificial muscles and intelligent robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Jing
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Adane AM, Park SY. Photonic Interpenetrating Polymer Network Fibers Comprising Intertwined Solid-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and Polyelectrolyte Networks for Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16830-16843. [PMID: 38509801 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Uniform-sized photonic interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) fibers comprising intertwined solid-state cholesteric liquid crystal (CLCsolid) and anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or cationic poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) networks (photonic IPNPAA or IPNPDMAEMA fibers) were developed for sensor applications. IPNPAA or IPNPDMAEMA fibers with a perfect photonic structure were fabricated inside Teflon tube templates without any treatments for realizing a planar orientation in those fibers. The dominant wavelength of the photonic color from a photograph taken with a cellular phone was used to measure the photonic color change. Photonic IPNPAA fibers treated with KOH (IPNKOH fibers) were used for sensing humidity and divalent metal ions. The linear ranges for relative humidity and Ca2+ detection were 21-92% and 0.5-3.5 mM, and their limits of detection (LODs) were 7.86% and 0.07 mM, respectively. The photonic IPNPAA (or IPNPDMAEMA) fiber immobilized with urease (IPNPAA-urease) (or glucose oxidase (IPNPDMAEMA-GOx)) was used for urea (or glucose) biosensor application. The photonic IPNPAA-urease (or IPNPDMAEMA-GOx) fiber was red-shifted in response to urea (or glucose) in the linear range of 10-60 mM (or 2-16 mM) with an LOD of 2.54 mM (or 0.76 mM). These photonic IPN fibers are promising because of their easy fabrication and miniaturization, battery-free device, cost-effectiveness, and visual detection without using sophisticated analytical instruments. The developed photonic IPN fibers provide new possibilities for the widespread use of photonic sensors in cutting-edge wearable technology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amhagiyorgis Mesfin Adane
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ren M, Dong L, Zhou T, Yang G, Yang H, Zhao Y, Cui B, Li Y, Li W, Yuan X, Qiao G, Wu Y, Wang X, Xu P, Di J. Knittable Electrochemical Yarn Muscle for Morphing Textiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9500-9510. [PMID: 38477715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Morphing textiles, crafted using electrochemical artificial muscle yarns, boast features such as adaptive structural flexibility, programmable control, low operating voltage, and minimal thermal effect. However, the progression of these textiles is still impeded by the challenges in the continuous production of these yarn muscles and the necessity for proper structure designs that bypass operation in extensive electrolyte environments. Herein, a meters-long sheath-core structured carbon nanotube (CNT)/nylon composite yarn muscle is continuously prepared. The nylon core not only reduces the consumption of CNTs but also amplifies the surface area for interaction between the CNT yarn and the electrolyte, leading to an enhanced effective actuation volume. When driven electrochemically, the CNT@nylon yarn muscle demonstrates a maximum contractile stroke of 26.4%, a maximum contractile rate of 15.8% s-1, and a maximum power density of 0.37 W g-1, surpassing pure CNT yarn muscles by 1.59, 1.82, and 5.5 times, respectively. By knitting the electrochemical CNT@nylon artificial muscle yarns into a soft fabric that serves as both a soft scaffold and an electrolyte container, we achieved a morphing textile is achieved. This textile can perform programmable multiple motion modes in air such as contraction and sectional bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lizhong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanlong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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Feng W, He Q, Zhang L. Embedded Physical Intelligence in Liquid Crystalline Polymer Actuators and Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312313. [PMID: 38375751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Responsive materials possess the inherent capacity to autonomously sense and respond to various external stimuli, demonstrating physical intelligence. Among the diverse array of responsive materials, liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) stand out for their remarkable reversible stimuli-responsive shape-morphing properties and their potential for creating soft robots. While numerous reviews have extensively detailed the progress in developing LCP-based actuators and robots, there exists a need for comprehensive summaries that elucidate the underlying principles governing actuation and how physical intelligence is embedded within these systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in developing actuators and robots endowed with physical intelligence using LCPs. This review is structured around the stimulus conditions and categorizes the studies involving responsive LCPs based on the fundamental control and stimulation logic and approach. Specifically, three main categories are examined: systems that respond to changing stimuli, those operating under constant stimuli, and those equip with learning and logic control capabilities. Furthermore, the persisting challenges that need to be addressed are outlined and discuss the future avenues of research in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Cai B, Li X, Wang H, Sun H, Xiao R, Wang H, Wang G. Multimode opto-magnetic dual-responsive actuating fibers and fabrics programmed via direct ink writing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14419-14422. [PMID: 37975310 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Current methods lack one-step actuation programming for weave structures that can achieve multimodal motions in fiber and fabric actuators. Fiber and fabric actuators with dual-response to magnetic fields and near-infrared (NIR) light were fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW) in this work, and have 105.3 J kg-1 energy density, enabling multimodal motions including rolling, grasping, and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyue Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Ru Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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