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Hershewe J, Kightlinger W, Jewett MC. Cell-free systems for accelerating glycoprotein expression and biomanufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:977-991. [PMID: 33090335 PMCID: PMC7578589 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the enzymatic modification of amino acid sidechains with sugar moieties, plays critical roles in cellular function, human health, and biotechnology. However, studying and producing defined glycoproteins remains challenging. Cell-free glycoprotein synthesis systems, in which protein synthesis and glycosylation are performed in crude cell extracts, offer new approaches to address these challenges. Here, we review versatile, state-of-the-art systems for biomanufacturing glycoproteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free systems with natural and synthetic N-linked glycosylation pathways. We discuss existing challenges and future opportunities in the use of cell-free systems for the design, manufacture, and study of glycoprotein biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL, 60611-3068, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL, 60611-2875, USA.
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Kightlinger W, Warfel KF, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Synthetic Glycobiology: Parts, Systems, and Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1534-1562. [PMID: 32526139 PMCID: PMC7372563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of sugars to amino acid side chains, can endow proteins with a wide variety of properties of great interest to the engineering biology community. However, natural glycosylation systems are limited in the diversity of glycoproteins they can synthesize, the scale at which they can be harnessed for biotechnology, and the homogeneity of glycoprotein structures they can produce. Here we provide an overview of the emerging field of synthetic glycobiology, the application of synthetic biology tools and design principles to better understand and engineer glycosylation. Specifically, we focus on how the biosynthetic and analytical tools of synthetic biology have been used to redesign glycosylation systems to obtain defined glycosylation structures on proteins for diverse applications in medicine, materials, and diagnostics. We review the key biological parts available to synthetic biologists interested in engineering glycoproteins to solve compelling problems in glycoscience, describe recent efforts to construct synthetic glycoprotein synthesis systems, and outline exemplary applications as well as new opportunities in this emerging space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert
Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Wysotzki P, Sancho A, Gimsa J, Groll J. A comparative analysis of detachment forces and energies in initial and mature cell-material interaction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A cell-free biosynthesis platform for modular construction of protein glycosylation pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5404. [PMID: 31776339 PMCID: PMC6881289 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation plays important roles in cellular function and endows protein therapeutics with beneficial properties. However, constructing biosynthetic pathways to study and engineer precise glycan structures on proteins remains a bottleneck. Here, we report a modular, versatile cell-free platform for glycosylation pathway assembly by rapid in vitro mixing and expression (GlycoPRIME). In GlycoPRIME, glycosylation pathways are assembled by mixing-and-matching cell-free synthesized glycosyltransferases that can elaborate a glucose primer installed onto protein targets by an N-glycosyltransferase. We demonstrate GlycoPRIME by constructing 37 putative protein glycosylation pathways, creating 23 unique glycan motifs, 18 of which have not yet been synthesized on proteins. We use selected pathways to synthesize a protein vaccine candidate with an α-galactose adjuvant motif in a one-pot cell-free system and human antibody constant regions with minimal sialic acid motifs in glycoengineered Escherichia coli. We anticipate that these methods and pathways will facilitate glycoscience and make possible new glycoengineering applications. Constructing biosynthetic pathways to study and engineer glycoprotein structures is difficult. Here, the authors use GlycoPRIME, a cell-free workflow for mixing-and-matching glycosylation enzymes, to evaluate 37 putative glycosylation pathways and discover routes to 18 new glycoprotein structures
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5
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O'Neil CL, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Immobilization of glycans on solid surfaces for application in glycomics. J Carbohydr Chem 2018; 37:225-249. [PMID: 30505067 PMCID: PMC6261488 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1462372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules which are involved in a multitude of cellular functions. In the field of glycomics, the structure and function of various carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, glycans and their conjugates are constantly under investigation. In the continuing quest to understand the roles of carbohydrates in their interactions with proteins, immunogens, and other cell-surface carbohydrates, scientists have developed methods for observing the effects of specific saccharide sequences on various cellular components. Carbohydrate immobilization has allowed researchers to study the impact of specific sequences, leading to a deeper understanding of many cellular processes. The goal of this review is to highlight the chemical reactions and interactions that have been used for glycan immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Farhadi SA, Hudalla GA. Engineering galectin-glycan interactions for immunotherapy and immunomodulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 241:1074-83. [PMID: 27229902 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216650055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a 15-member family of soluble carbohydrate-binding proteins, are receiving increasing interest as therapeutic targets for immunotherapy and immunomodulation due to their role as extracellular signals that regulate innate and adaptive immune cell phenotype and function. However, different galectins can have redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic signaling activity in normal immunological responses, such as resolution of inflammation and induction of antigen-specific tolerance. In addition, certain galectins can be hijacked to promote progression of immunopathologies, such as tumor immune privilege, metastasis, and viral infection, while others can inhibit these processes. Thus, eliciting a desired immunological outcome will likely necessitate therapeutics that can precisely enhance or inhibit particular galectin-glycan interactions. Multivalency is an important determinant of the affinity and specificity of natural galectin-glycan interactions, and is emerging as a key design element for therapeutics that can effectively manipulate galectin bioactivity. This minireview surveys current molecular and biomaterial engineering approaches to create therapeutics that can stabilize galectin multivalency or recapitulate natural glycan multivalency (i.e. "the glycocluster effect"). In particular, we highlight examples of using natural and engineered multivalent galectins for immunosuppression and immune tolerance, with a particular emphasis on treating autoimmune diseases or avoiding transplant rejection. In addition, we present examples of multivalent inhibitors of galectin-glycan interactions to maintain or restore T-cell function, with a particular emphasis on promoting antitumor immunity. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities to further engineer galectin-glycan interactions for immunotherapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen A Farhadi
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Simultaneous formation and mineralization of star-P(EO- stat -PO) hydrogels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:471-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jans A, Rosencrantz RR, Mandić AD, Anwar N, Boesveld S, Trautwein C, Moeller M, Sellge G, Elling L, Kuehne AJC. Glycan-Functionalized Microgels for Scavenging and Specific Binding of Lectins. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1460-1465. [PMID: 28257575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins with a well-defined carbohydrate recognition domain. Many microbial proteins such as bacterial toxins possess lectin or lectin-like binding domains to interact with cell membranes that are decorated with glycan recognition motifs. We report a straightforward way to prepare monodisperse and biocompatible polyethylene glycol microgels, which carry glycan motifs for specific binding to lectins. The sugar-functionalized colloids exhibit a wide mesh size and a highly accessible volume. The microgels are prepared via drop-based microfluidics combined with radical polymerization. GSII and ECL are used as model lectins that bind specifically to the corresponding carbohydrates, namely, GlcNAc and LacNAc. LacNAc microgels bind ECL with a high capacity and high affinity (Kd ≈ 0.5 to 1 μM), suggesting multivalent binding of the lectin to the LacNAc-decorated flexible microgel network. Glycan-functionalized microgels present a useful tool for lectin scavenging in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jans
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruben R Rosencrantz
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana D Mandić
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Naveed Anwar
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Boesveld
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Sellge
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
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Lange B, Šimonová A, Fischöder T, Pelantová H, Křen V, Elling L. Towards Keratan Sulfate - Chemoenzymatic Cascade Synthesis of SulfatedN-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) Glycan Oligomers. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Henze M, Schmidtke S, Hoffmann N, Steffens H, Pietruszka J, Elling L. Combination of Glycosyltransferases and a Glycosynthase in Sequential and One-Pot Reactions for the Synthesis of Type 1 and Type 2N-Acetyllactosamine Oligomers. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manja Henze
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Simon Schmidtke
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Hanna Steffens
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
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12
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Restuccia A, Tian YF, Collier JH, Hudalla GA. Self-assembled glycopeptide nanofibers as modulators of galectin-1 bioactivity. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:471-487. [PMID: 26495044 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that act as extracellular signaling molecules in various normal and pathological processes. Galectin bioactivity is mediated by specific non-covalent interactions with cell-surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins, which can enhance or inhibit signaling events that influence various cellular behaviors, including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here, we developed a materials approach to modulate galectin bioactivity by mimicking natural galectin-glycoprotein interactions. Specifically, we created a variant of a peptide that self-assembles into β-sheet nanofibers under aqueous conditions, QQKFQFQFEQQ (Q11), which has an asparagine residue modified with the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at its N-terminus (GlcNAc-Q11). GlcNAc-Q11 self-assembled into β-sheet nanofibers under similar conditions as Q11. Nanofibrillar GlcNAc moieties were efficiently converted to the galectin-binding disaccharide N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) via the enzyme β-1,4-galactosyltransferase and the sugar donor UDP-galactose, while retaining β-sheet structure and nanofiber morphology. LacNAc-Q11 nanofibers bound galectin-1 and -3 in a LacNAc concentration-dependent manner, although nanofibers bound galectin-1 with higher affinity than galectin-3. In contrast, galectin-1 bound weakly to GlcNAc-Q11 nanofibers, while no galectin-3 binding to these nanofibers was observed. Galectin-1 binding to LacNAc-Q11 nanofibers was specific because it could be inhibited by excess soluble β-lactose, a galectin-binding carbohydrate. LacNAc-Q11 nanofibers inhibited galectin-1-mediated apoptosis of Jurkat T cells in a LacNAc concentration-dependent manner, but were unable to inhibit galectin-3 activity, consistent with galectin-binding affinity of the nanofibers. We envision that glycopeptide nanofibers capable of modulating galectin-1 bioactivity will be broadly useful as biomaterials for various medical applications, including cancer therapeutics, immunotherapy, tissue regeneration, and viral prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye F Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago. ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology
| | | | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering. ; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago
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Greiner AM, Hoffmann P, Bruellhoff K, Jungbauer S, Spatz JP, Moeller M, Kemkemer R, Groll J. Stable Biochemically Micro-patterned Hydrogel Layers Control Specific Cell Adhesion and Allow Long Term Cyclic Tensile Strain Experiments. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1547-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Greiner
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT; ), Institute of Zoology; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- DWI Leibniz institute for Interactive Materials Research; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Bruellhoff
- DWI Leibniz institute for Interactive Materials Research; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Simon Jungbauer
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT; ), Institute of Zoology; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems; Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI Leibniz institute for Interactive Materials Research; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems; Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Reutlingen University; Applied Chemistry; Alteburgstr. 150 72762 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department and Chair for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry; University of Würzburg; Pleicherwall 2 97070 Würzburg Germany
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Rational design of a glycosynthase by the crystal structure of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BgaC) and its use for the synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine type 1 glycan structures. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:78-85. [PMID: 25034434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BgaC) was determined at 1.8Å resolution. The overall structure of BgaC consists of three distinct domains, which are the catalytic domain with a TIM-barrel structure and two all-β domains (ABDs). The main-chain fold and steric configurations of the acidic and aromatic residues at the active site were very similar to those of Streptococcus pneumoniae β(1,3)-galactosidase BgaC in complex with galactose. The structure of BgaC was used for the rational design of a glycosynthase. BgaC belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 35. The essential nucleophilic amino acid residue has been identified as glutamic acid at position 233 by site-directed mutagenesis. Construction of the active site mutant BgaC-Glu233Gly gave rise to a galactosynthase transferring the sugar moiety from α-d-galactopyranosyl fluoride (αGalF) to different β-linked N-acetylglucosamine acceptor substrates in good yield (40-90%) with a remarkably stable product formation. Enzymatic syntheses with BgaC-Glu233Gly afforded the stereo- and regioselective synthesis of β1-3-linked key galactosides like galacto-N-biose or lacto-N-biose.
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Rodda AE, Meagher L, Nisbet DR, Forsythe JS. Specific control of cell–material interactions: Targeting cell receptors using ligand-functionalized polymer substrates. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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