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Cano-Velázquez MS, Bon J, Llamazares M, Camacho-López S, Aguilar G, Hernández-Cordero J, Trujillo M. Experimental and computational model approach to assess the photothermal effects in transparent nanocrystalline yttria stabilized zirconia cranial implant. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106896. [PMID: 35617809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the last few years, we have been exploring the use of transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (nc-YSZ) ceramics as a biomedical transparent cranial implant, referred as the "Window to the Brain" (WttB). The WttB aims at providing chronical optical access to the brain for diagnostics and therapeutic procedures and it has shown to provide an effective means to obtain enhanced results from optical imaging techniques. The objective of this work is to explore the photothermal effects of the Wttb produced when it is irradiated by a laser source. METHODS We make experimental and computer models. The thermal effects of laser irradiation on the nc-YSZ samples were evaluated upon registering the induced temperature changes by means of thermal imaging. The computer models try to mimic the experimental models using a similar geometry, reproducing the physical situation by a couple thermal-optical problem and adjusting the main parameters from the experimental results. RESULTS Experimental and computational coincides in results: Temperatures at the bottom surface of the implant does not exceed those which produce thermal damage. The quantitative comparison between experimental and computational models show that differences in results are under a reasonable value of 5% and qualitatively we observe a similar behavior. The results provide optimum values for the thermal-optical nc-YSZ parameters considering a linear and exponential relationship with temperature for the absorption coefficient: The thermal conductivity is k = 2.13 W/m·K and the absorption coefficient α varies from 426 to 526 m-1 with the linear relationship, and k = 2.04 W/m·K and α ∈ [433,502] m-1 with the exponential. The reflection coefficient is R = 19% in both cases. CONCLUSIONS The temperatures achieved in the nc-YSZ during the laser irradiation are suitable for biomedical applications. The combination of experimental and computational models contributes to build a clinically oriented model with the thermal-optical parameters values stablished and to determine their influence in results. Specifically, the absorption coefficient of the nc-YSZ samples is the most influent parameter in the obtained temperatures. Moreover, this combination provides a method to evaluate the relevant thermal-optical parameters of nc-YSZ samples obtained with different manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred S Cano-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jose Bon
- Food Technology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Llamazares
- Department of Applied Mathematics, BioMIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Camacho-López
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Juan Hernández-Cordero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Macarena Trujillo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, BioMIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Arsiwala TA, Sprowls SA, Blethen KE, Adkins CE, Saralkar PA, Fladeland RA, Pentz W, Gabriele A, Kielkowski B, Mehta RI, Wang P, Carpenter JS, Ranjan M, Najib U, Rezai AR, Lockman PR. Ultrasound-mediated disruption of the blood tumor barrier for improved therapeutic delivery. Neoplasia 2021; 23:676-691. [PMID: 34139452 PMCID: PMC8208897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major anatomical and physiological barrier limiting the passage of drugs into brain. Central nervous system tumors can impair the BBB by changing the tumor microenvironment leading to the formation of a leaky barrier, known as the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Despite the change in integrity, the BTB remains effective in preventing delivery of chemotherapy into brain tumors. Focused ultrasound is a unique noninvasive technique that can transiently disrupt the BBB and increase accumulation of drugs within targeted areas of the brain. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of different types of targeted ultrasound mediated BBB/BTB disruption techniques. We also discuss influence of the tumor microenvironment on BBB opening, as well as the role of immunological response following disruption. Lastly, we highlight the gaps between evaluation of the parameters governing opening of the BBB/BTB. A deeper understanding of physical opening of the BBB/BTB and the biological effects following disruption can potentially enhance treatment strategies for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - S A Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - K E Blethen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - C E Adkins
- School of Pharmacy, South University, Savannah, GA
| | - P A Saralkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - R A Fladeland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - W Pentz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - A Gabriele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - B Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - R I Mehta
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - P Wang
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - J S Carpenter
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - M Ranjan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - U Najib
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - A R Rezai
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - P R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV.
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Abstract
The lifetime of neural implants is strongly dependent on packaging due to the aqueous and biochemically aggressive nature of the body. Over the last decade, there has been a drive towards neuromodulatory implants which are wireless and approaching millimeter-scales with increasing electrode count. A so-far unrealized goal for these new types of devices is an in-vivo lifetime comparable to a sizable fraction of a healthy patient's lifetime (>10-20 years). Existing, approved medical implants commonly encapsulate components in metal enclosures (e.g. titanium) with brazed ceramic inserts for electrode feedthrough. It is unclear how amenable the traditional approach is to the simultaneous goals of miniaturization, increased channel count, and wireless communication. Ceramic materials have also played a significant role in traditional medical implants due to their dielectric properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high strength, but are not as commonly used for housing materials due to their brittleness and the difficulty they present in creating complex housing geometries. However, thin-film technology has opened new opportunities for ceramics processing. Thin films derived largely from the semiconductor industry can be deposited and patterned in new ways, have conductivities which can be altered during manufacturing to provide conductors as well as insulators, and can be used to fabricate flexible substrates. In this review, we give an overview of packaging for neural implants, with an emphasis on how ceramic materials have been utilized in medical device packaging, as well as how ceramic thin-film micromachining and processing may be further developed to create truly reliable, miniaturized, neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konlin Shen
- University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Effect on MIO-M1 Cell Viability: Setup Validation and Standing Waves Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proposed for novel therapies still under study, where similar parameters and protocols have been used for producing opposite effects that range from increasing cell viability to provoking cell death. Those divergent outcomes make the generalization of expected effects difficult for cell models not yet studied. This paper presents the effect of LIPUS on the viability of the MIO-M1 cell line for two well-established setups and different protocols; the acoustic intensities, duty factors, and treatment duration were varied. Measurements and models for acoustic and thermal analysis are included for proposing a solution to improve the reproducibility of this kind of experiments. Results indicate that MIO-M1 viability is less affected for the cells treated through a dish that is partially immersed in water; in these conditions, the cells neither show detrimental nor proliferative effects at intensities lower than 0.4 W/cm2 at 20% duty factor. However, cell viability was reduced when LIPUS was followed by cell subculturing. Treating the cells through a gel, with the culture dish placed on the transducer, increases cell mortality by the production of standing waves and mixed vibration-acoustical effects. Using the water-based setup with a 1° dish inclination reduces the effects of standing waves.
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Halaney DL, Jonak CR, Liu J, Davoodzadeh N, Cano-Velázquez MS, Ehtiyatkar P, Park H, Binder DK, Aguilar G. Chronic Brain Imaging Across a Transparent Nanocrystalline Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia Cranial Implant. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:659. [PMID: 32695757 PMCID: PMC7339873 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated non-diffuse optical imaging of the brain is difficult. This is due to the fact that the cranial bone is highly scattering and thus a strong optical barrier. Repeated craniotomies increase the risk of complications and may disrupt the biological systems being imaged. We previously introduced a potential solution in the form of a transparent ceramic cranial implant called the Window to the Brain (WttB) implant. This implant is made of nanocrystalline Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (nc-YSZ), which possesses the requisite mechanical strength to serve as a permanent optical access window in human patients. In this present study, we demonstrate repeated brain imaging of n = 5 mice using both OCT and LSI across the WttB implant over 4 weeks. The main objectives are to determine if the WttB implant allows for chronic OCT imaging, and to shed further light on the question of whether optical access provided by the WttB implant remains stable over this duration in the body. The Window to the Brain implant allowed for stable repeated imaging of the mouse brain with Optical Coherence Tomography over 28 days, without loss of signal intensity. Repeated Laser Speckle Imaging was also possible over this timeframe, but signal to noise ratio and the sharpness of vessels in the images decreased with time. This can be partially explained by elevated blood flow during the first imaging session in response to trauma from the surgery, which was also detected by OCT flow imaging. These results are promising for long-term optical access through the WttB implant, making feasible chronic in vivo studies in multiple neurological models of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Halaney
- Laboratory of Guillermo Aguilar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Laboratory of Devin Binder, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Junze Liu
- Laboratory of Hyle Park, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nami Davoodzadeh
- Laboratory of Guillermo Aguilar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Mildred S Cano-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Juan Hernandez-Cordero, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pasha Ehtiyatkar
- Laboratory of Guillermo Aguilar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Hyle Park
- Laboratory of Hyle Park, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Laboratory of Devin Binder, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Laboratory of Guillermo Aguilar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Prada F, Franzini A, Moosa S, Padilla F, Moore D, Solbiati L, DiMeco F, Legon W. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a cranial window prosthesis for diagnostic and therapeutic cerebral ultrasound. J Neurosurg 2020; 134:646-658. [PMID: 31899872 DOI: 10.3171/2019.10.jns191674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated the acoustic properties of an implantable, biocompatible, polyolefin-based cranial prosthesis as a medium to transmit ultrasound energy into the intracranial space with minimal distortion for imaging and therapeutic purposes. METHODS The authors performed in vitro and in vivo studies of ultrasound transmission through a cranial prosthesis. In the in vitro phase, they analyzed the transmission of ultrasound energy through the prosthesis in a water tank using various transducers with resonance frequencies corresponding to those of devices used for neurosurgical imaging and therapeutic purposes. Four distinct, single-element, focused transducers were tested at fundamental frequencies of 500 kHz, 1 MHz, 2.5 MHz, and 5 MHz. In addition, the authors tested ultrasound transmission through the prosthesis using a linear diagnostic probe (center frequency 5.3 MHz) with a calibrated needle hydrophone in free water. Each transducer was assessed across a range of input voltages that encompassed their full minimum to maximum range without waveform distortion. They also tested the effect of the prosthesis on beam pressure and geometry. In the in vivo phase, the authors performed ultrasound imaging through the prosthesis implanted in a swine model. RESULTS Acoustic power attenuation through the prosthesis was considerably lower than that reported to occur through the native cranial bone. Increasing the frequency of the transducer augmented the degree of acoustic power loss. The degradation/distortion of the ultrasound beams passing through the prosthesis was minimal in all 3 spatial planes (XY, XZ, and YZ) that were examined. The images acquired in vivo demonstrated no spatial distortion from the prosthesis, with spatial relationships that were superimposable to those acquired through the dura. CONCLUSIONS The results of the tests performed on the polyolefin-based cranial prosthesis indicated that this is a valid medium for delivering both focused and unfocused ultrasound and obtaining ultrasound images of the intracranial space. The prosthesis may serve for several diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound-based applications, including bedside imaging of the brain and ultrasound-guided focused ultrasound cerebral procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prada
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System
- 3Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrea Franzini
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System
| | - Shayan Moosa
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System
| | | | - David Moore
- 3Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Luigi Solbiati
- 4Department of Radiology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesco DiMeco
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Wynn Legon
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System
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Zhu Y, Liu K, Deng J, Ye J, Ai F, Ouyang H, Wu T, Jia J, Cheng X, Wang X. 3D printed zirconia ceramic hip joint with precise structure and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5977-5987. [PMID: 31534332 PMCID: PMC6681572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, zirconia ceramic implants are widely used as a kind of hip prosthesis material because of their excellent biocompatibility and long-term wear resistance. However, the hip joint is one of the major joints with complex 3D morphological structure and greatly individual differences, which usually causes great material waste during the process of surgical selection of prosthesis. Methods: In this paper, by combining ceramic 3D printing technology with antibacterial nano-modification, zirconia ceramic implant material was obtained with precise 3D structure and effective antibacterial properties. Among which, two technical problems (fragile and sintering induced irregular shrinkage) of 3D printed ceramics were effectively minimized by optimizing the reaction conditions and selective area inversing compensation. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was confirmed that the as prepared hip prosthesis could precisely matched the corresponding parts, which also exhibited good biocompatibility and impressive antibacterial activities. Results: 1) Two inherent technical problems (fragile and sintering induced irregular shrinkage) of 3D printed ceramics were effectively minimized by optimizing the reaction conditions and selective area inversing compensation. 2) It could be seen that the surface of the ZrO2 material was covered with a layer of ZnO nano-particles. A universal testing machine was used to measure the tensile, bending and compression experiments of ceramic samples. It could be found that the proposed ZnO modification had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of ZrO2 ceramics. 3) According to the plate counting results, ceramics modified with ZnO exhibited significantly higher antibacterial efficiency than pure ZrO2 ceramics, the ZrO2-ZnO ceramics had a significant killing effect 8 hours. 4) The removed implants and the tissue surrounding the implant were subjected to HE staining. For ZrO2-ZnO ceramics, inflammation was slight, while for pure ZrO2 ceramics, the inflammatory response could be seen that the antibacterial rate of the ZrO2-ZnO ceramics was significantly better than that of the pure ZrO2 ceramics group. 5) It could be seen that the cytotoxicity did not increase proportionally with the increase of concentration, all of viability were still above 80%. This suggested that our materials were safe and could be applied as a type of potential biomaterial in the future. 6) Further animal studies demonstrated that the implant was in good position without dislocation. This resulted implied that the proposed method can achieve accurate 3D printing preparation of ceramic joints. In addition, the femurs and surrounding muscles around the implant were then sectioned and HE stained. Results of muscle tissue sections further showed no significant tissue abnormalities, and the growth of new bone tissue was observed in the sections of bone tissue. Conclusion: 1) The ceramic 3D printing technology combined with antibacterial nano-modification can quickly customize the ideal implant material with precise structure, wear-resistant and effective antibacterial properties. 2) Two inherent technical problems (fragile and sintering induced irregular shrinkage) of 3D printed ceramics were effectively minimized by optimizing the reaction conditions and selective area inversing compensation. 3) ZnO nano-materials were modified on the ceramic surface, which could effectively killing pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang330088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanrong Ai
- School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang330088, People’s Republic of China
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Cano-Velázquez MS, Davoodzadeh N, Halaney D, Jonak CR, Binder DK, Hernández-Cordero J, Aguilar G. Enhanced near infrared optical access to the brain with a transparent cranial implant and scalp optical clearing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3369-3379. [PMID: 31467783 PMCID: PMC6706046 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the enhanced optical transmittance in the NIR wavelength range (900 to 2400 nm) offered by a transparent Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) implant coupled with optical clearing agents (OCAs). The enhancement in optical access to the brain is evaluated upon comparing ex-vivo transmittance measurements of mice native skull and the YSZ cranial implant with scalp and OCAs. An increase in transmittance of up to 50% and attenuation lengths of up to 2.4 mm (i.e., a five-fold increase in light penetration) are obtained with the YSZ implant and the OCAs. The use of this ceramic implant and the biocompatible optical clearing agents offer attractive features for NIR optical techniques for brain theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nami Davoodzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
| | - David Halaney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
| | - Carrie R. Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
| | - Devin K. Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
| | - Juan Hernández-Cordero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
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Belzberg M, Shalom NB, Yuhanna E, Manbachi A, Tekes A, Huang J, Brem H, Gordon CR. Sonolucent Cranial Implants: Cadaveric Study and Clinical Findings Supporting Diagnostic and Therapeutic Transcranioplasty Ultrasound. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:1456-1461. [PMID: 31299743 PMCID: PMC7329202 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, sonographic evaluation of the intracranial contents was limited to intraoperative use following bone flap removal, with placement of the probe directly on the cortical surface or through a transsulcal tubular retractor. Cranioplasty with sonolucent implants may represent a postoperative window into the brain by allowing ultrasound to serve as a novel bedside imaging modality. The potential sonolucency of various commonly used cranial implant types was examined in this study. METHODS A 3-phase study was comprised of cadaveric evaluation of transcranioplasty ultrasound (TCU) with cranioplasty implants of varying materials, intraoperative TCU during right-sided cranioplasty with clear implant made of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), and bedside TCU on postoperative day 5 after cranioplasty. RESULTS The TCU through clear PMMA, polyether-ether-ketone, and opaque PMMA cranial implants revealed implant sonoluceny, in contrast to autologous bone and porous-polyethylene. Intraoperative ultrasound via the clear PMMA implant in a single patient revealed recognizable ventricular anatomy. Furthermore, postoperative bedside ultrasound in the same patient revealed comparable ventricular anatomy and a small epidural fluid collection corresponding to that visualized on an axial computed tomography scan. CONCLUSION Sonolucent cranial implants, such as those made of clear PMMA, hold great promise for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications previously limited by cranial bone. Furthermore, as functional cranial implants are manufactured with implantable devices housed within clear PMMA, the possibility of utilizing ultrasound for real-time surveillance of intracranial pathology becomes much more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Belzberg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Netanel Ben Shalom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward Yuhanna
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amir Manbachi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aylin Tekes
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chad R. Gordon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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10
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Davoodzadeh N, Cano-Velázquez MS, Halaney DL, Jonak CR, Binder DK, Aguilar G. Optical Access to Arteriovenous Cerebral Microcirculation Through a Transparent Cranial Implant. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:920-932. [PMID: 31236997 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Microcirculation plays a critical role in physiologic processes and several disease states. Laser speckle imaging (LSI) is a full-field, real-time imaging technique capable of mapping microvessel networks and providing relative flow velocity within the vessels. In this study, we demonstrate that LSI combine with multispectral reflectance imaging (MSRI), which allows for distinction between veins and arteries in the vascular flow maps produced by LSI. We apply this combined technique to mouse cerebral vascular network in vivo, comparing imaging through the skull, to the dura mater and brain directly through a craniectomy, and through a transparent cranial "Window to the Brain" (WttB) implant. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The WttB implant used in this study is made of a nanocrystalline Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia ceramic. MSRI was conducted using white-light illumination and filtering the reflected light for 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, and 610 nm. LSI was conducted using an 810 nm continuous wave near-infrared laser with incident power of 100 mW, and the reflected speckle pattern was captured by a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. RESULTS Seven vessel branches were analyzed and comparison was made between imaging through the skull, craniectomy, and WttB implant. Through the skull, MSRI did not detect any vessels, and LSI could not image microvessels. Imaging through the WttB implant, MSRI was able to identify veins versus arteries, and LSI was able to image microvessels with only slightly higher signal-to-noise ratio and lower sharpness than imaging the brain through a craniectomy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the ability to perform MSRI-LSI across a transparent cranial implant, to allow for cerebral vascular networks to be mapped, including microvessels. These images contain additional information such as vein-artery separation and relative blood flow velocities, information which is of value scientifically and medically. The WttB implant provides substantial improvements over imaging through the murine cranial bone, where microvessels are not visible and MSRI cannot be performed. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Davoodzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Bourns Hall A342 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Mildred S Cano-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - David L Halaney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Bourns Hall A342 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, 1126 Webber Hall 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, 1126 Webber Hall 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Bourns Hall A342 900 University Ave., Riverside, California, 92521
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11
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Transcranioplasty Ultrasound Through a Sonolucent Cranial Implant Made of Polymethyl Methacrylate: Phantom Study Comparing Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:e626-e629. [PMID: 31188246 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods of transcranial diagnostic ultrasound imaging are limited by the skull's acoustic properties. Craniotomy, craniectomy, and cranioplasty procedures present opportunities to circumvent these limitations by substituting autologous bone with synthetic cranial implants composed of sonolucent biomaterials. OBJECTIVE This study examined the potential to image the brain using transcranioplasty ultrasound (TCU) through a sonolucent cranial implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS A validated adult brain phantom was imaged using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound without an implant. Next, for experimental comparison, TCU was performed through a sonolucent implant composed of clear polymethyl methacrylate. RESULTS All imaging modalities successfully revealed elements of the brain phantom, including the bilateral ventricular system, the falx cerebri, and a deep hyperdense mass representing a brain tumor or hematoma. In addition, ultrasound images were captured which closely resembled axial images obtained with both CT and MRI. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this first-ever, preclinical, phantom study suggest TCU is now a viable immediate and long-term diagnostic imaging modality deserving of further clinical investigation.
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12
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Davoodzadeh N, Cano-Velázquez MS, Halaney DL, Sabzeghabae A, Uahengo G, Garay JE, Aguilar G. Characterization of ageing resistant transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:709-716. [PMID: 31172661 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The "Window to the Brain" is a transparent cranial implant under development, based on nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (nc-YSZ) transparent ceramic material. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of this material to facilitate brain imaging over time, but the long-term stability of the material over decades in the body is unknown. In this study, the low-temperature degradation (LTD) of nc-YSZ of 3, 6, and 8 mol % yttria is compared before and after accelerated ageing treatments following ISO standards for assessing the ageing resistance of zirconia ceramics. After 100 hr of accelerated ageing (equivalent to many decades of ageing in the body), the samples do not show any signs of phase transformation to monoclinic by X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the mechanical hardness of the samples did not decrease, and changes in optical transmittance from 500 to 1000 nm due to ageing treatments was minimal (below 3% for all samples), and unlikely to be due to phase transformation of surface crystals to monoclinic. These results indicate the nc-YSZ has excellent ageing resistance and can withstand long-term implantation conditions without exhibiting LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Davoodzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Mildred S Cano-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - David L Halaney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Ariana Sabzeghabae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Gottlieb Uahengo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Javier E Garay
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California
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13
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Prada F, Kalani MYS, Yagmurlu K, Norat P, Del Bene M, DiMeco F, Kassell NF. Applications of Focused Ultrasound in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Brain Tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:67-87. [PMID: 30406382 PMCID: PMC6361053 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncology and cerebrovascular disease constitute two of the most common diseases afflicting the central nervous system. Standard of treatment of these pathologies is based on multidisciplinary approaches encompassing combination of interventional procedures such as open and endovascular surgeries, drugs (chemotherapies, anti-coagulants, anti-platelet therapies, thrombolytics), and radiation therapies. In this context, therapeutic ultrasound could represent a novel diagnostic/therapeutic in the armamentarium of the surgeon to treat these diseases. Ultrasound relies on mechanical energy to induce numerous physical and biological effects. The application of this technology in neurology has been limited due to the challenges with penetrating the skull, thus limiting a prompt translation as has been seen in treating pathologies in other organs, such as breast and abdomen. Thanks to pivotal adjuncts such as multiconvergent transducers, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance, MRI thermometry, implantable transducers, and acoustic windows, focused ultrasound (FUS) is ready for prime-time applications in oncology and cerebrovascular neurology. In this review, we analyze the evolution of FUS from the beginning in 1950s to current state-of-the-art. We provide an overall picture of actual and future applications of FUS in oncology and cerebrovascular neurology reporting for each application the principal existing evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaan Yagmurlu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pedro Norat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Massimiliano Del Bene
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco DiMeco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal F Kassell
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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14
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Davoodzadeh N, Cano-Velázquez MS, Halaney DL, Jonak CR, Binder DK, Aguilar G. Evaluation of a transparent cranial implant as a permanent window for cerebral blood flow imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4879-4892. [PMID: 30319909 PMCID: PMC6179387 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser speckle imaging (LSI) of mouse cerebral blood flow was compared through a transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (nc-YSZ) cranial implant over time (at days 0, 14, and 28, n = 3 mice), and vs. LSI through native skull (at day 60, n = 1 mouse). The average sharpness of imaged vessels was found to remain stable, with relative change in sharpness under 7.69% ± 1.2% over 28 days. Through-implant images of vessels at day 60 appeared sharper and smaller on average, with microvessels clearly visible, compared to through-skull images where vessels appeared blurred and distorted. These results suggest that long-term imaging through this implant is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Davoodzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - David L Halaney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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