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Chung FY, Lin YZ, Huang CR, Huang KW, Chen YF. Crosslinking kiwifruit-derived DNA with natural aromatic aldehydes generates membranolytic antibacterial nanogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:127947. [PMID: 37951422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Improper use of antibiotics has led to the global rise of drug-resistant biofilm bacteria. Thus, researchers have been increasingly interested in green materials that are highly biocompatible and have low toxicity. Here, nanogels (NGs) with imine bonds were synthesized by crosslinking kiwifruit-derived DNA's primary amine and aromatic aldehydes (cuminaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, or vanillin) under water-in-hexane emulsion processes. Transmission electron microscope showed that the NGs had spherical geometry with an average particle size ranging from 40 to 140 nm and that the zeta potential indicated a negative charge. Additionally, the DNA-aromatic aldehyde NGs showed low cytotoxicity toward normal cell organoids and human RBCs in cell viability tests. These NGs were also tested against four pathogenic bacteria for various assays. DNA-vanillin (DNA-VA) NGs exhibited significant antibacterial effects against bacteria with very low inhibitory concentrations as seen in a minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that the bacteria were deformed, and immunoblotting detected intracellular groEL protein expression. In agreement with these results, DNA-aromatic aldehyde NGs successfully protected C. elegans from P. aeruginosa-induced lethality. These DNA NGs provided a multivalent 3D space for antibacterial aromatic aldehydes to tether, enhancing their interaction with the bacterial wall. These results offer a new direction for the development of novel antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Chung
- Master Program in Biomedicine, National Taitung University, No. 684, Section 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Lin
- Master Program in Biomedicine, National Taitung University, No. 684, Section 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Rung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wen Huang
- Master Program in Biomedicine, National Taitung University, No. 684, Section 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fon Chen
- Master Program in Biomedicine, National Taitung University, No. 684, Section 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Hu Y, Luo Z, Ge Z, Li Q, Yang P, Zhang H, Zhang H. Morphology Dictated Immune Activation with Framework Nucleic Acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303454. [PMID: 37559164 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) of various morphologies, designed using the precise and programmable Watson-Crick base pairing, serve as carriers for biomolecule delivery in biology and biomedicine. However, the impact of their shape, size, concentration, and the spatial presentation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) on immune activation remains incompletely understood. In this study, representative FNAs with varying morphologies are synthesized to explore their immunological responses. Low concentrations (50 nM) of all FNAs elicited no immunostimulation, while high concentrations of elongated DNA nanostrings and tetrahedrons triggered strong activation due to their larger size and increased cellular uptake, indicating that the innate immune responses of FNAs depend on both dose and morphology. Notably, CpG ODNs' immune response can be programmed by FNAs through regulating the spatial distance, with optimal spacing of 7-8 nm eliciting the highest immunostimulation. These findings demonstrate FNAs' potential as a designable tool to study nucleic acid morphology's impact on biological responses and provide a strategy for future CpG-mediated immune activation carrier design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhongxu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhilei Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Peihui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Honglu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Wu Y, Feng L. Biomaterials-assisted construction of neoantigen vaccines for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:323-333. [PMID: 36634017 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer vaccine represents a promising strategy toward personalized immunotherapy, and its therapeutic potency highly relies on the specificity of tumor antigens. Among these extensively studied tumor antigens, neoantigens, a type of short synthetic peptides derived from random somatic mutations, have been shown to be able to elicit tumor-specific antitumor immune response for tumor suppression. However, challenges remain in the efficient and safe delivery of neoantigens to antigen-presenting cells inside lymph nodes for eliciting potent and sustained antitumor immune responses. The rapid advance of biomaterials including various nanomaterials, injectable hydrogels, and macroscopic scaffolds has been found to hold great promises to facilitate the construction of efficient cancer vaccines attributing to their high loading and controllable release capacities. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent advances in the utilization of different types of biomaterials to construct neoantigen-based cancer vaccines, followed by a simple perspective on the future development of such biomaterial-assisted cancer neoantigen vaccination and personalized immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION These latest progresses in biomaterial-assisted cancer vaccinations have shown great promises in boosting substantially potentiated tumor-specific antitumor immunity to suppress tumor growth, thus preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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Wang Y, Chen-Mayfield TJ, Li Z, Younis MH, Cai W, Hu Q. Harnessing DNA for immunotherapy: Cancer, infectious diseases, and beyond. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2112273. [PMID: 36304724 PMCID: PMC9595111 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of immunotherapy, low response rates, poor therapeutic outcomes and severe side effects still limit their implementation, making the augmentation of immunotherapy an important goal for current research. DNA, which has principally been recognized for its functions of encoding genetic information, has recently attracted research interest due to its emerging role in immune modulation. Inspired by the intrinsic DNA-sensing signaling that triggers the host defense in response to foreign DNA, DNA or nucleic acid-based immune stimulators have been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Besides that, DNA vaccines allow the synthesis of target proteins in host cells, subsequently inducing recognition of these antigens to provoke immune responses. On this basis, researchers have designed numerous vehicles for DNA and nucleic acid delivery to regulate immune systems. Additionally, DNA nanostructures have also been implemented as vaccine delivery systems to elicit strong immune responses against pathogens and diseased cells. This review will introduce the mechanism of harnessing DNA-mediated immunity for the prevention and treatment of diseases, summarize recent progress, and envisage their future applications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Ting-Jing Chen-Mayfield
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Muhsin H. Younis
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Weibo Cai
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Guo Y, Bera H, Shi C, Zhang L, Cun D, Yang M. Pharmaceutical strategies to extend pulmonary exposure of inhaled medicines. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2565-2584. [PMID: 34522598 PMCID: PMC8424368 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary administration route has been extensively exploited for the treatment of local lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections, and systemic diseases such as diabetes. Most inhaled medicines could be cleared rapidly from the lungs and their therapeutic effects are transit. The inhaled medicines with extended pulmonary exposure may not only improve the patient compliance by reducing the frequency of drug administration, but also enhance the clinical benefits to the patients with improved therapeutic outcomes. This article systematically reviews the physical and chemical strategies to extend the pulmonary exposure of the inhaled medicines. It starts with an introduction of various physiological and pathophysiological barriers for designing inhaled medicines with extended lung exposure, which is followed by recent advances in various strategies to overcome these barriers. Finally, the applications of the inhaled medicines with extended lung exposure for the treatment of various diseases and the safety concerns associated to various strategies to extend the pulmonary exposure of the inhaled medicines are summarized.
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Key Words
- ALIS, amikacin liposomal inhalation suspension
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
- CS, chitosan
- DPIs, dry powder inhalers
- DPPC, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Da, aerodynamic diameters
- ELF, epithelial lining fluid
- FDA, US food and drug administration
- FDKP, fumaryl diketopiperazine
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- IL-5, interleukin-5
- Inhaled sustained release formulations
- LABA, long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist
- LPPs, large porous particles
- Local lung diseases
- MCE, mucociliary escalator
- MDIs, metered dose inhalers
- MP, mucoadhesive particles
- MPP, mucus-penetrating particles
- MW, molecular weight
- Mn, number-average molecular weight
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- PCL, poly-ε-caprolactone
- PDD, pulmonary drug delivery
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- Pharmaceutical strategies
- Pulmonary clearance pathways
- Pulmonary drug delivery
- Pulmonary exposure
- Pulmonary safety
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- Systemic diseases
- Tmax, time of maximum concentration
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hriday Bera
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Changzhi Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 24 23986165.
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Mechanical Properties of DNA Hydrogels: Towards Highly Programmable Biomaterials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA hydrogels are self-assembled biomaterials that rely on Watson–Crick base pairing to form large-scale programmable three-dimensional networks of nanostructured DNA components. The unique mechanical and biochemical properties of DNA, along with its biocompatibility, make it a suitable material for the assembly of hydrogels with controllable mechanical properties and composition that could be used in several biomedical applications, including the design of novel multifunctional biomaterials. Numerous studies that have recently emerged, demonstrate the assembly of functional DNA hydrogels that are responsive to stimuli such as pH, light, temperature, biomolecules, and programmable strand-displacement reaction cascades. Recent studies have investigated the role of different factors such as linker flexibility, functionality, and chemical crosslinking on the macroscale mechanical properties of DNA hydrogels. In this review, we present the existing data and methods regarding the mechanical design of pure DNA hydrogels and hybrid DNA hydrogels, and their use as hydrogels for cell culture. The aim of this review is to facilitate further study and development of DNA hydrogels towards utilizing their full potential as multifeatured and highly programmable biomaterials with controlled mechanical properties.
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Neshat SY, Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Gene delivery for immunoengineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:1-10. [PMID: 32554325 PMCID: PMC7313888 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of gene delivery strategies are being employed for immunoengineering in applications ranging from infectious disease prevention to cancer therapy. Viral vectors tend to have high gene transfer capability but may be hampered by complications related to their intrinsic immunogenicity. Non-viral methods of gene delivery, including polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles as well as physical delivery techniques, have also been widely investigated. By using either ex vivo engineering of immune cells that are subsequently adoptively transferred or in vivo transfection of cells for in situ genetic programming, researchers have developed different approaches to precisely modulate immune responses. In addition to expressing a gene of interest through intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA and mRNA, researchers are also delivering oligonucleotides to knock down gene expression and immunostimulatory nucleic acids to tune immune activity. Many of these biotechnologies are now in clinical trials and have high potential to impact medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Neshat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Eppler HB, Jewell CM. Biomaterials as Tools to Decode Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903367. [PMID: 31782844 PMCID: PMC7124992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has remarkable capabilities to combat disease with exquisite selectivity. This feature has enabled vaccines that provide protection for decades and, more recently, advances in immunotherapies that can cure some cancers. Greater control over how immune signals are presented, delivered, and processed will help drive even more powerful options that are also safe. Such advances will be underpinned by new tools that probe how immune signals are integrated by immune cells and tissues. Biomaterials are valuable resources to support this goal, offering robust, tunable properties. The growing role of biomaterials as tools to dissect immune function in fundamental and translational contexts is highlighted. These technologies can serve as tools to understand the immune system across molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales. A common theme is exploiting biomaterial features to rationally direct how specific immune cells or organs encounter a signal. This precision strategy, enabled by distinct material properties, allows isolation of immunological parameters or processes in a way that is challenging with conventional approaches. The utility of these capabilities is demonstrated through examples in vaccines for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy, as well as settings of immune regulation that include autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh B Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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9
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Sun X, Liu H. Nucleic Acid Nanostructure Assisted Immune Modulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2765-2778. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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10
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Zhang P, Zhai Y, Cai Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. Nanomedicine-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904156. [PMID: 31566275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated death, with poor prognosis even after extensive treatment. The dormancy of metastatic cancer cells during dissemination or after colony formation is one major reason for treatment failure, as most drugs target cells of active proliferation. Immunotherapy has shown great potential in cancer therapy because the activity of effector cells is less affected by the metabolic status of cancer cells. In addition, metastatic cells out of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are more susceptible to immune clearance, although these cells can achieve immune surveillance evasion via strategies such as platelet and macrophage recruitment. Since nanomaterials themselves or their carried drugs have the capability to modulate the immune system, a great amount of focus has been placed on nanomedicine strategies that leverage immune cells participating the metastatic cascade. These nanomedicines successfully inhibit the tumor metastasis and prolong the survival of model animals. Immune cells that are involved in the metastasis cascade are first summarized and then recent and inspiring strategies and nanomaterials in this growing field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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