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Yu S, Sun X, Liu J, Li S. OECT - Inspired electrical detection. Talanta 2024; 275:126180. [PMID: 38703480 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are integral in detecting human bioelectric signals, attributing their significance to distinct electrochemical properties, the utilization of soft materials, compact dimensions, and pronounced biocompatibility. This review traverses the technological evolution of OECT, highlighting its profound impact on non-invasive detection methodologies within the biomedicalfield. Four sensor types rooted in OECT technology were introduced: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Electrooculography (EOG), which hold promise for integration into wearable detection systems. The fundamental detection principles, material compositions, and functional attributes of these sensors are examined. Additionally, the performance metrics and delineates viable optimization strategies for assorted physiological electrical detection sensors are discussed. The overarching goal of this review is to foster deeper insights into the generation, propagation, and modulation of electrophysiological signals, thereby advancing the application and development of OECT in medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Yu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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2
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Kim H, Won Y, Song HW, Kwon Y, Jun M, Oh JH. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Bioelectronic Sensors: Materials and Operation Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306191. [PMID: 38148583 PMCID: PMC11251567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has gained significant attention due to their ability to transport both electrons and ions, making them promising candidates for various applications. Initially focused on inorganic materials, the exploration of mixed conduction has expanded to organic materials, especially polymers, owing to their advantages such as solution processability, flexibility, and property tunability. OMIECs, particularly in the form of polymers, possess both electronic and ionic transport functionalities. This review provides an overview of OMIECs in various aspects covering mechanisms of charge transport including electronic transport, ionic transport, and ionic-electronic coupling, as well as conducting/semiconducting conjugated polymers and their applications in organic bioelectronics, including (multi)sensors, neuromorphic devices, and electrochromic devices. OMIECs show promise in organic bioelectronics due to their compatibility with biological systems and the ability to modulate electronic conduction and ionic transport, resembling the principles of biological systems. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on OMIECs offer significant potential for bioelectronic applications, responding to external stimuli through modulation of ionic transport. An in-depth review of recent research achievements in organic bioelectronic applications using OMIECs, categorized based on physical and chemical stimuli as well as neuromorphic devices and circuit applications, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Song
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Jun
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang K, Shi X, Jiang H, Zeng K, Zhou Z, Zhai P, Zhang L, Peng H. Design and fabrication of wearable electronic textiles using twisted fiber-based threads. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1557-1589. [PMID: 38429518 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Mono-dimensional fiber-based electronics can effectively address the growing demand for improved wearable electronic devices because of their exceptional flexibility and stretchability. For practical applications, functional fiber electronic devices need to be integrated into more powerful and versatile systems to execute complex tasks that cannot be completed by single-fiber devices. Existing techniques, such as printing and sintering, reduce the flexibility and cause low connection strength of fiber-based electronic devices because of the high curvature of the fiber. Here, we outline a twisting fabrication process for fiber electrodes, which can be woven into functional threads and integrated within textiles. The design of the twisted thread structure for fiber devices ensures stable interfacing and good flexibility, while the textile structure features easily accessible, interlaced points for efficient circuit connections. Electronic textiles can be customized to act as displays, health monitors and power sources. We detail three main fabrication sections, including the fabrication of the fiber electrodes, their twisting into electronic threads and their assembly into functional textile-based devices. The procedures require ~10 d and are easily reproducible by researchers with expertise in fabricating energy and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2251. [PMID: 38396928 PMCID: PMC10888680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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5
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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6
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Sahu S, Kumar L, Das S, Gupta D, Anand R. Ultrasensitive detection of aromatic water pollutants through protein immobilization driven organic electrochemical transistors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:710-719. [PMID: 38179533 PMCID: PMC10762727 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic aromatic water pollutants pose an extreme threat to environmental sustainability. Due to the lack of detectable functional groups in these compounds and scarcity of selective bio-recognition scaffolds, easy-to-use sensing strategies capable of on-site detection remain unavailable. Herein, to address this lacune, we entail a strategy that combines biosensor scaffolds with organic electronics to create a compact device for environmental aromatic pollution monitoring. As proof of principle, a sensor module capable of rapid, economic, reliable, and ultrasensitive detection of phenol down to 2 ppb (0.02 μM) was designed wherein biosensing protein MopR was coupled with an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). For effective interfacing of the sensing scaffold MopR, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were optimized as a host immobilization matrix. The MopR-GO immobilized sensor module was subsequently substituted as the gate electrode with PEDOT:PSS serving as an organic semiconductor material. The resulting OECT sensor provided a favourable microenvironment for protein activity, maintaining high specificity. Exclusive phenol detection with minimal loss of sensitivity (<5% error) could be achieved in both complex pollutant mixtures and real environmental samples. This fabrication strategy that amalgamates biological biosensors with organic electronics harnesses the potential to achieve detection of a host of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sumita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ruchi Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen D, He W, Chen N, Zhou L, Yu L, Yang Y, Yuan Q. Interface-Engineered Field-Effect Transistor Electronic Devices for Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306252. [PMID: 38048547 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Promising advances in molecular medicine have promoted the urgent requirement for reliable and sensitive diagnostic tools. Electronic biosensing devices based on field-effect transistors (FETs) exhibit a wide range of benefits, including rapid and label-free detection, high sensitivity, easy operation, and capability of integration, possessing significant potential for application in disease screening and health monitoring. In this perspective, the tremendous efforts and achievements in the development of high-performance FET biosensors in the past decade are summarized, with emphasis on the interface engineering of FET-based electrical platforms for biomolecule identification. First, an overview of engineering strategies for interface modulation and recognition element design is discussed in detail. For a further step, the applications of FET-based electrical devices for in vitro detection and real-time monitoring in biological systems are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the key opportunities and challenges of FET-based electronic devices in biosensing are discussed. It is anticipated that a comprehensive understanding of interface engineering strategies in FET biosensors will inspire additional techniques for developing highly sensitive, specific, and stable FET biosensors as well as emerging designs for next-generation biosensing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Duo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wang He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lilei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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8
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Qian S, Zhang S, Chen D, Wang J, Wu W, Zhang S, Geng Z, He Y, Zhu B. Phosphorylcholine-Functionalized PEDOT-Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistor Devices for Ultra-Specific and Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3739. [PMID: 37765593 PMCID: PMC10535691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Affinity-based organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) sensors offer an attractive approach to point-of-care diagnostics due to their extreme sensitivity and easy operation; however, their application in the real world is frequently challenged by the poor storage stability of antibody proteins and the interference from biofouling in complex biofluids. In this work, we developed an antibody-free and antifouling OECT biosensor to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) at ultra-high specificity and sensitivity. The key to this novel biosensor is the gate coated by phosphorylcholine-functionalized poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT-PC), which possesses large capacitance and low impedance, prevents biofouling of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the fetal bovine serum (FBS), and interacts specifically with CRP molecules in the presence of calcium ions. This PEDOT-PC-gated OECT biosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity when detecting the CRP molecules at 10 pg/mL, while significantly depressing the signal from the nonspecific binding. This indicates that this biosensor could detect the CRP molecules directly without nonspecific binding blocking, the usual process for the earlier transistor sensors before detection. We envision that this PEDOT-PC-gated OECT biosensor platform may offer a potentially valuable tool for point-of-care diagnostics as it alleviates concerns about poor antibody stability and BSA blocking inconstancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Shouyan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Danni Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yong He
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (S.Z.); (Z.G.)
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9
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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10
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Barra M, Tomaiuolo G, Villella VR, Esposito S, Liboà A, D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Cocuzza M, Bertana V, Camilli E, Preziosi V. Organic Electrochemical Transistor Immuno-Sensors for Spike Protein Early Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:739. [PMID: 37504137 PMCID: PMC10377135 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has had severe consequences from the social and economic perspectives, compelling the scientific community to focus on the development of effective diagnostics that can combine a fast response and accurate sensitivity/specificity performance. Presently available commercial antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are very fast, but still face significant criticisms, mainly related to their inability to amplify the protein signal. This translates to a limited sensitive outcome and, hence, a reduced ability to hamper the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To answer the urgent need for novel platforms for the early, specific and highly sensitive detection of the virus, this paper deals with the use of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) as very efficient ion-electron converters and amplifiers for the detection of spike proteins and their femtomolar concentration. The electrical response of the investigated OECTs was carefully analyzed, and the changes in the parameters associated with the transconductance (i.e., the slope of the transfer curves) in the gate voltage range between 0 and 0.3 V were found to be more clearly correlated with the spike protein concentration. Moreover, the functionalization of OECT-based biosensors with anti-spike and anti-nucleocapside proteins, the major proteins involved in the disease, demonstrated the specificity of these devices, whose potentialities should also be considered in light of the recent upsurge of the so-called "long COVID" syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics ''Ettore Pancini'', P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering-University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering-University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering-University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aris Liboà
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Graduate School in Science and Technologies of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 7/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertana
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Camilli
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Preziosi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering-University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Sharova AS, Modena F, Luzio A, Melloni F, Cataldi P, Viola F, Lamanna L, Zorn NF, Sassi M, Ronchi C, Zaumseil J, Beverina L, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Chitosan-gated organic transistors printed on ethyl cellulose as a versatile platform for edible electronics and bioelectronics. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37334549 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is an emerging research field targeting electronic devices that can be safely ingested and directly digested or metabolized by the human body. As such, it paves the way to a whole new family of applications, ranging from ingestible medical devices and biosensors to smart labelling for food quality monitoring and anti-counterfeiting. Being a newborn research field, many challenges need to be addressed to realize fully edible electronic components. In particular, an extended library of edible electronic materials is required, with suitable electronic properties depending on the target device and compatible with large-area printing processes, to allow scalable and cost-effective manufacturing. In this work, we propose a platform for future low-voltage edible transistors and circuits that comprises an edible chitosan gating medium and inkjet-printed inert gold electrodes, compatible with low thermal budget edible substrates, such as ethylcellulose. We report the compatibility of the platform, characterized by critical channel features as low as 10 μm, with different inkjet-printed carbon-based semiconductors, including biocompatible polymers present in the picogram range per device. A complementary organic inverter is also demonstrated with the same platform as a proof-of-principle logic gate. The presented results offer a promising approach to future low-voltage edible active circuitry, as well as a testbed for non-toxic printable semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Filippo Melloni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
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12
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Liu J, Kong T, Xiao Y, Bai L, Chen N, Tang H. Organic electrochemical transistor-based immuno-sensor using platinum loaded CeO2 nanosphere-carbon nanotube and zeolitic imidazolate framework-enzyme-metal polyphenol network. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115236. [PMID: 36989662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) immuno-sensor with a detection limit down to fg mL-1. The OECT device transforms the antibody-antigen interaction signal by using the zeolitic imidazolate framework-enzyme-metal polyphenol network nanoprobe, which can produce electro-active substance (H2O2) through the enzyme-catalytic reaction. The produced H2O2 is subsequently electrochemically oxidized at the platinum loaded CeO2 nanosphere-carbon nanotube modified gate electrode, resulting in an amplified current response of the transistor device. This immuno-sensor realizes the selective determination of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) down to the concentration of 13.6 fg mL-1. It also shows good applicable capacity for determining the VEGF165 that human brain microvascular endothelial cells and U251 human glioblastomas cells secreted in the cell culture medium. The ultrahigh sensitivity of the immuno-sensor is derived from excellent performances of the nanoprobe for enzyme loading and the OECT device for H2O2 detection. This work may provide a general way to fabricate the OECT immuno-sensing device with high performances.
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Dong T, Matos Pires NM, Yang Z, Jiang Z. Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Protein Biomarker Detection in Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205429. [PMID: 36585368 PMCID: PMC9951322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The focus on precise medicine enhances the need for timely diagnosis and frequent monitoring of chronic diseases. Moreover, the recent pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 poses a great demand for rapid detection and surveillance of viral infections. The detection of protein biomarkers and antigens in the saliva allows rapid identification of diseases or disease changes in scenarios where and when the test response at the point of care is mandated. While traditional methods of protein testing fail to provide the desired fast results, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials hold perfect characteristics for the detection of biomarkers in point-of-care settings. The recent advances in electrochemical sensors for salivary protein detection are critically reviewed in this work, with emphasis on the role of nanomaterials to boost the biosensor analytical performance and increase the reliability of the test in human saliva samples. Furthermore, this work identifies the critical factors for further modernization of the nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors, envisaging the development and implementation of next-generation sample-in-answer-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems‐ IMSFaculty of TechnologyNatural Sciences and Maritime SciencesUniversity of South‐Eastern Norway‐USNP.O. Box 235Kongsberg3603Norway
| | - Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringInternational Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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Oxygen Gas Sensing Using a Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Work Safety Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051022. [PMID: 35267844 PMCID: PMC8912781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen depletion in confined spaces represents one of the most serious and underestimated dangers for workers. Despite the existence of several commercially available and widely used gas oxygen sensors, injuries and deaths from reduced oxygen levels are still more common than for other hazardous gases. Here, we present hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) made with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as wearable and real-time oxygen gas sensors. After comparing OECT performances using liquid and hydrogel electrolytes, we identified the best PEDOT:PSS active layer and hydrogel coating (30 µm) combination for sensing oxygen in the concentration range of 13−21% (v/v), critical for work safety applications. The fast O2 solubilization in the hydrogel allowed for gaseous oxygen transduction in an electrical signal thanks to the electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS, while OECT architecture amplified the response (gain ~ 104). OECTs proved to have comparable sensitivities if fabricated on glass and thin plastic substrates, (−12.2 ± 0.6) and (−15.4 ± 0.4) µA/dec, respectively, with low power consumption (<40 µW). Sample bending does not influence the device response, demonstrating that our real-time conformable and lightweight sensor could be implemented as a wearable, noninvasive safety tool for operators working in potentially hazardous confined spaces.
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