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Aslanidis E, Sarigiannidis S, Skotadis E, Tsoukalas D. Vibration Sensors on Flexible Substrates Based on Nanoparticle Films Grown by Physical Vapor Deposition. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1522. [PMID: 38612037 PMCID: PMC11012843 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained a lot of attention in recent years due to their compatibility with soft robotics, artificial arms, and many other applications. Meanwhile, the detection of acoustic frequencies is a very useful tool for applications ranging from voice recognition to machine condition monitoring. In this work, the dynamic response of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs)-based strain sensors on flexible substrates is investigated. the nanoparticles were grown in a vacuum by magnetron-sputtering inert-gas condensation. Nanoparticle sensors made on cracked alumina deposited by atomic layer deposition on the flexible substrate and reference nanoparticle sensors, without the alumina layer, were first characterized by their response to strain. The sensors were then characterized by their dynamic response to acoustic frequency vibrations between 20 Hz and 6250 Hz. The results show that alumina sensors outperformed the reference sensors in terms of voltage amplitude. Sensors on the alumina layer could accurately detect frequencies up to 6250 Hz, compared with the reference sensors, which were sensitive to frequencies up to 4250 Hz, while they could distinguish between two neighboring frequencies with a difference of no more than 2 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (E.S.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, N.Plastira 100, Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Savvas Sarigiannidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (E.S.)
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2
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Wang J, Qi Y, Gui Y, Wang C, Wu Y, Yao J, Wang J. Ultrastretchable E-Skin Based on Conductive Hydrogel Microfibers for Wearable Sensors. Small 2024; 20:e2305951. [PMID: 37817356 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive microfibers play a significant role in the flexibility, stretchability, and conductivity of electronic skin (e-skin). Currently, the fabrication of conductive microfibers suffers from either time-consuming and complex operations or is limited in complex fabrication environments. Thus, it presents a one-step method to prepare conductive hydrogel microfibers based on microfluidics for the construction of ultrastretchable e-skin. The microfibers are achieved with conductive MXene cores and hydrogel shells, which are solidified with the covalent cross-linking between sodium alginate and calcium chloride, and mechanically enhanced by the complexation reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium hydroxide. The microfiber conductivities are tailorable by adjusting the flow rate and concentration of core and shell fluids, which is essential to more practical applications in complex scenarios. More importantly, patterned e-skin based on conductive hydrogel microfibers can be constructed by combining microfluidics with 3D printing technology. Because of the great advantages in mechanical and electrical performance of the microfibers, the achieved e-skin shows impressive stretching and sensitivity, which also demonstrate attractive application values in motion monitoring and gesture recognition. These characteristics indicate that the ultrastretchable e-skin based on conductive hydrogel microfibers has great potential for applications in health monitoring, wearable devices, and smart medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Yongkang Qi
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Yuhan Gui
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Yikai Wu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Jiandong Yao
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
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3
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Tian C, Khan SA, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zhang H. Thermoelectric Hydrogel Electronic Skin for Passive Multimodal Physiological Perception. ACS Sens 2024; 9:840-848. [PMID: 38270147 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) are being extensively researched for their ability to recognize physiological data and deliver feedback via electrical signals. However, their wide range of applications is frequently restricted by the indispensableness of external power supplies and single sensory function. Here, we report a passive multimodal e-skin for real-time human health assessment based on a thermoelectric hydrogel. The hydrogel network consists of poly(vinyl alcohol)/low acyl gellan gum with [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- as the redox couple. The introduction of glycerol and Li+ furnishes the gel-based e-skin with antidrying and antifreezing properties, a thermopower of 2.04 mV K-1, fast self-healing in less than 10 min, and high conductivity of 2.56 S m-1. As a prospective application, the e-skin can actively perceive multimodal physiological signals without the need for decoupling, including body temperature, pulse rate, and sweat content, in real time by synergistically coupling sensing and transduction. This work offers a scientific basis and designs an approach to develop passive multimodal e-skins and promotes the application of wearable electronics in advanced intelligent medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Tian
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaojing Cui
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Chen B, Shen K, Li Y, Huang B, Su H, Xu J, Yang S, Zhou Q, Lan L, Peng J, Cao Y. Artificial Multi-Stimulus-Responsive E-Skin Based on an Ionic Film with a Counter-Ion Exchange Reagent. Small 2024:e2310847. [PMID: 38385814 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Sensing pressure and temperature are two important functions of human skin that integrate different types of tactile receptors. In this paper, a deformable artificial flexible multi-stimulus-responsive sensor is demonstrated that can distinguish mechanical pressure from temperature by measuring the impedance and the electrical phase at the same frequency without signal interference. The electrical phase, which is used for measuring the temperature, is totally independent of the pressure by controlling the surface micro-shapes and the ion content of the ionic film. By doping the counter-ion exchange reagent into the ionic liquid before pouring, the upper temperature measuring limit increases from 35 to 50 °C, which is higher than the human body temperature and the ambient temperature on Earth. The sensor shows high sensitivity to pressure (up to 0.495 kPa-1 ) and a wide temperature sensing range (-10 to 50 °C). A multimodal ion-electronic skin (IEM -skin) with an 8 × 8 multi-stimulus-responsive sensor array is fabricated and can successfully sense the distribution of temperature and pressure at the same time. Finally, the sensors are used for monitoring the touching motions of a robot-arm finger controlled by a remote interactive glove and successfully detect the touching states and the temperature changes of different objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kangxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Huiming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jintao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Junbiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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5
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Zhao X, Jiang H, Sun P, Wei R, Jiang S, Hu J, Zhang S. Multifunction E-Skin Based on MXene-PA-Hydrogel for Human Behavior Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:56275-56284. [PMID: 37982453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have attracted significant attention in various fields, such as smart sensing, human-machine interaction, and biomedicines, due to their excellent flexibility and versatility. However, current hydrogel electronic skins are still limited in stretchability, and their sensing functionality is often single-purpose, making it difficult to meet the requirements of complex environments and multitasking. In this study, we developed an MXene nanoplatelet and phytic acid-coreinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite, denoted as MXene-PA-PVA. The strong hydrogen bonds formed by the interaction of the different components and the enhancement of chain entanglement result in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVA/PA/MXene composite hydrogel. This improvement is reflected in an increase of 271.43% in the maximum tensile strain and 35.29% in the maximum fracture stress. Moreover, the composite hydrogel exhibits excellent adhesion, water retention, heat resistance, and conductivity properties. The PVA/PA composite material combined with MXene demonstrates great potential for use as multifunctional sensors for strain and temperature detection with a strain-sensing sensitivity of 3.23 and a resistance temperature coefficient of 8.67. By leveraging the multifunctional characteristics of this composite hydrogel, electronic skin can accurately monitor human behavior and physiological reactions. This advancement opens up new possibilities for flexible electronic devices and human-machine interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiong Zhao
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Haocheng Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Ruichao Wei
- Research Institute of New Energy Vehicle Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- School of Automobile and Transportation, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Hu
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Southeast University, Road #2, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuidong Zhang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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7
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Pawar P, Borle AG, Patil RM, Patil P, Pawar VM, Pachori M. Digitization in Skin Shade Matching for Maxillofacial Prostheses: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43886. [PMID: 37746366 PMCID: PMC10511671 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Color matching of maxillofacial prostheses for the restoration of maxillofacial defects is an important factor for esthetic results. Various methods have been introduced for the accurate and reliable color matching of prostheses with the skin color of patients. A systematic review was conducted to search the existing literature on color-matching digital techniques for maxillofacial prostheses. An electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2022 using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Two independent reviewers conducted the search. Eight articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria after a full-text evaluation were included in this review. Most of these studies were published in prosthodontics journals and conducted in various countries around the world. A computerized color formulation system was used in three studies; a non-contact spectroradiometer (PR 705; Photo Research Inc., Chatsworth, CA) with a Xenon arc lamp was used in two studies; a mobile phone colorimeter was used in one study; additive manufacturing of 3D facial skin with a spectrophotometer was used in one study; and a recently introduced computerized method known as e-skin (Spectromatch, Bath, UK) was used in two studies. Most of these methods were accurate in color matching, except for the additive manufacturing system, which showed less accuracy, but good repeatability. Owing to a lack of sufficient studies, no method can be labeled as the best method for color-matching maxillofacial prostheses. The latest computerized method, the e-skin, can be used to achieve better accuracy and good color matching. However, further studies are required to validate the use of e-skin for precise color matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshani Pawar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, IND
| | - Anjali G Borle
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, IND
| | - Rohit M Patil
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jawahar Medical Foundation (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Pradnya Patil
- Department of Periodontology, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Igatpuri, IND
| | - Vaishali M Pawar
- Department of Oral Pathology, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Igatpuri, IND
| | - Muskan Pachori
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jawahar Medical Foundation (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
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Zhao XH, Lai QT, Guo WT, Liang ZH, Tang Z, Tang XG, Roy VAL, Sun QJ. Skin-Inspired Highly Sensitive Tactile Sensors with Ultrahigh Resolution over a Broad Sensing Range. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37315104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors with high sensitivity, a broad pressure detection range, and high resolution are highly desired for the applications of health monitoring, robots, and the human-machine interface. However, it is still challenging to realize a tactile sensor with high sensitivity and resolution over a wide detection range. Herein, to solve the abovementioned problem, we demonstrate a universal route to develop a highly sensitive tactile sensor with high resolution and a wide pressure range. The tactile sensor is composed of two layers of microstructured flexible electrodes with high modulus and conductive cotton fabric with low modulus. By optimizing the sensing films, the fabricated tactile sensor shows a high sensitivity of 8.9 × 104 kPa-1 from 2 Pa to 250 kPa because of the high structural compressibility and stress adaptation of the multilayered composite films. Meanwhile, a fast response speed of 18 ms, an ultrahigh resolution of 100 Pa over 100 kPa, and excellent durability over 20 000 loading/unloading cycles are demonstrated. Moreover, a 6 × 6 tactile sensor array is fabricated and shows promising potential application in electronic skin (e-skin). Therefore, employing multilayered composite films for tactile sensors is a novel strategy to achieve high-performance tactile perception in real-time health monitoring and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Zhao
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Teng Lai
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Guo
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Heng Liang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Gui Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Jun Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Zhao Y, Yang N, Chu X, Sun F, Ali MU, Zhang Y, Yang B, Cai Y, Liu M, Gasparini N, Zheng J, Zhang C, Guo C, Meng H. Wide-Humidity Range Applicable, Anti-Freezing, and Healable Zwitterionic Hydrogels for Ion-Leakage-Free Iontronic Sensors. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211617. [PMID: 36921620 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have entered the spotlight for applications in soft electronics. It is essential and challenging to obtain hydrogels that can function properly under varying environmental circumstances, that is, 30-90% relative humidity (RH) and -20 to 40 °C due to their intrinsic nature to lose and absorb water upon variations in humidity and temperature. In this work, a green solvent, solketal, is introduced into poly 3-dimethyl-2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl azaniumyl propane-1-sulfonate (poly(DMAPS)) zwitterionic hydrogels. Compared to glycerol, solketal endows hydrogels with greater possibility for further modification as well as improved water content and mechanical performance consistency over 30-90% RH. Encouragingly, the optimized hydrogel demonstrates its unique merits as a dielectric layer in iontronic sensors, featuring non-leaky ions, high sensitivity (1100 kPa-1 ), wide humidity, and temperature range applicability. A wide-humidity range healable and stretchable electrode is attained by combining the hydrogel substrate with Ag paste. A full-device healable and highly-sensitive sensor is developed. This study is a pioneering work that tackles the broad humidity range applicability issue of hydrogels, and demonstrates the ion-leakage-free ionic skins with zwitterionic dielectrics. The outcomes of the study will considerably promote advancements in the fields of hydrogel electronics and iontronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuchang Sun
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ali
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Biao Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yulu Cai
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Manyu Liu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuanfei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Li W, Jia J, Sun X, Hao S, Ye T. A Light/Pressure Bifunctional Electronic Skin Based on a Bilayer Structure of PEDOT:PSS-Coated Cellulose Paper/CsPbBr 3 QDs Film. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092136. [PMID: 37177282 PMCID: PMC10181253 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of electronic skin (e-skin), multifunctional e-skin is approaching, and in some cases even surpassing, the capabilities of real human skin, which has garnered increasing attention. Especially, if e-skin processes eye's function, it will endow e-skins more powerful advantages, such as the vision reparation, enhanced security, improved adaptability and enhanced interactivity. Here, we first study the photodetector based on CsPbBr3 quantum dots film and the pressure sensor based on PEDOT: PSS-coated cellulose paper, respectively. On the base of these two kinds of sensors, a light/pressure bifunctional sensor was successfully fabricated. Finally, flexible bifunctional sensors were obtained by using a flexible interdigital electrode. They can simultaneously detect light and pressure stimulation. As e-skin, a high photosensitivity with a switching ratio of 168 under 405 nm light at a power of 40 mW/cm2 was obtained and they can also monitor human motions in the meantime. Our work showed that the strategy to introduce perovskite photodetectors into e-skins is feasible and may open a new way for the development of flexible multi-functional e-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (W.L.); (J.J.); (X.S.)
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (W.L.); (J.J.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (W.L.); (J.J.); (X.S.)
| | - Sue Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (W.L.); (J.J.); (X.S.)
| | - Tengling Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (W.L.); (J.J.); (X.S.)
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11
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Duan S, Shi Q, Hong J, Zhu D, Lin Y, Li Y, Lei W, Lee C, Wu J. Water-Modulated Biomimetic Hyper-Attribute-Gel Electronic Skin for Robotics and Skin-Attachable Wearables. ACS Nano 2023; 17:1355-1371. [PMID: 36629247 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), mimicking the physical-chemical and sensory properties of human skin, is promising to be applied as robotic skins and skin-attachable wearables with multisensory functionalities. To date, most e-skins are dedicated to sensory function development to mimic human skins in one or several aspects, yet advanced e-skin covering all the hyper-attributes (including both the sensory and physical-chemical properties) of human skins is seldom reported. Herein, a water-modulated biomimetic hyper-attribute-gel (Hygel) e-skin with reversible gel-solid transition is proposed, which exhibits all the desired skin-like physical-chemical properties (stretchability, self-healing, biocompatibility, biodegradability, weak acidity, antibacterial activities, flame retardance, and temperature adaptivity), sensory properties (pressure, temperature, humidity, strain, and contact), function reconfigurability, and evolvability. Then the Hygel e-skin is applied as an on-robot e-skin and skin-attached wearable to demonstrate its highly skin-like attributes in capturing multiple sensory information, reconfiguring desired functions, and excellent skin compatibility for real-time gesture recognition via deep learning. This Hygel e-skin may find more applications in advanced robotics and even skin-replaceable artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshun Duan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jianlong Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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12
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Selleri G, Mongioì F, Maccaferri E, D’Anniballe R, Mazzocchetti L, Carloni R, Fabiani D, Zucchelli A, Brugo TM. Self-Sensing Soft Skin Based on Piezoelectric Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020280. [PMID: 36679163 PMCID: PMC9863653 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of electronic skins and wearable devices is rapidly growing due to their broad application fields, such as for biomedical, health monitoring, or robotic purposes. In particular, tactile sensors based on piezoelectric polymers, which feature self-powering capability, have been widely used thanks to their flexibility and light weight. Among these, poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) presents enhanced piezoelectric properties, especially if manufactured in a nanofiber shape. In this work, the enhanced piezoelectric performances of PVDF-TrFE nanofibers were exploited to manufacture a flexible sensor which can be used for wearable applications or e-skin. The piezoelectric signal was collected by carbon black (CB)-based electrodes, which were added to the active layer in a sandwich-like structure. The sensor was electromechanically characterized in a frequency range between 0.25 Hz and 20 Hz-which is consistent with human activities (i.e., gait cycle or accidental bumps)-showing a sensitivity of up to 4 mV/N. The parameters of the signal acquisition circuit were tuned to enable the sensor to work at the required frequency. The proposed electrical model of the nanofibrous piezoelectric sensor was validated by the experimental results. The sensitivity of the sensor remained above 77.5% of its original value after 106 cycles of fatigue testing with a 1 kN compressive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Selleri
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mongioì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maccaferri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo D’Anniballe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering—Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carloni
- Faculty of Science and Engineering—Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Fabiani
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Maria Brugo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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13
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Bok M, Zhao ZJ, Hwang SH, Ahn J, Ko J, Jung JY, Lee J, Jeon S, Jeong JH. Functional Asymmetry-Enabled Self-Adhesive Film via Phase Separation of Binary Polymer Mixtures for Soft Bio-Integrated Electronics. ACS Nano 2022; 16:18157-18167. [PMID: 36240045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible adhesive films are important for many applications (e.g., wearable devices, implantable devices, and attachable sensors). In particular, achieving self-adhesion on one side of a film with biocompatible materials is a compelling goal in adhesion science. Herein, we report a simple and easy manufacturing process using water-soluble hyaluronic acid (HA) that allows adhesiveness on only one side using binary polymer mixtures based on a phase-separation strategy with an elastomer. HA influx allows for the entangled polymer chains of the elastomer to spontaneously deform, permitting tunable mechanical elasticity, conformability, and adhesion. The proposed adhesive film enables the transfer of nanopatterning and the attachment of various surfaces without the use of additional chemicals. In addition, the film can be used for measuring epidermal biopotential and for skin fixation of drug devices. Therefore, the developed facile asymmetric adhesion can block the interferences of other materials on the unnecessary adhesion side, providing considerable potential for the development of functional, multifunctional, and smart bioadhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjeong Bok
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Pidu District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610097, China
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yun Jung
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
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14
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Du H, Zhou H, Wang M, Zhao G, Jin X, Liu H, Chen W, Weng W, Ma A. Electrospun Elastic Films Containing AgNW-Bridged MXene Networks as Capacitive Electronic Skins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31225-31233. [PMID: 35762451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) are increasingly investigated and applied in wearable devices, but the robustness and convenient production of traditional e-skins are restricted. In this work, electrospun sandwich-structured elastic films (ESEFs) are developed and utilized as capacitive e-skins. The ESEFs consist of two nanocomposite mats as the electrode layers and a sandwiched thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mat as the dielectric layer. The nanocomposite mats are composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and AgNW-bridged MXene (AgNW, silver nanowire; MXene, Ti3C2Tx) conductive network. The resulting ESEFs achieve a tensile strength of 14.80 MPa, an elongation at break of 270%, and an outstanding antifatigue property. E-skins of such ESEFs have the ability to respond to both strain and pressure with a high gauge factor (GF) (strain: GF = 1.21; pressure: GF = 0.029 kPa-1), wide response range (strain: 0-150%; pressure: 0-70 kPa), low response time, and outstanding stability (2000 cycles). On the basis of integrated sensing performances, such e-skins are further applied in monitoring various mechanical stimuli in daily life, including bending of a plastic plate, joint bending, and swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Mingcheng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guoxu Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xilang Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hanbin Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresource Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wanqi Weng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Aijie Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an710021, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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15
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Lin X, Xue H, Li F, Mei H, Zhao H, Zhang T. All-Nanofibrous Ionic Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Wearable Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31385-31395. [PMID: 35771761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, with the development of electronic skins (e-skins), wearable pressure sensors with low energy consumption and excellent wearability for long-term physiological signal monitoring are urgently desired but remain a challenge. Capacitive-type devices are desirable candidates for wearable applications, but traditional capacitive pressure sensors are limited by low capacitance and sensitivity. In this study, an all-nanofibrous ionic pressure sensor (IPS) is developed, and the formation of an electrical double layer at the electrode/electrolyte contact interface significantly enhances the capacitance and sensing properties. The IPS is fabricated by sandwiching a nanofibrous ionic gel sensing layer between two thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibrous membranes with graphene electrodes. The IPS has a high sensitivity of 217.5 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-5 kPa, which is much higher than that of conventional capacitive pressure sensors. Combined with the rapid response and recovery speed (30 and 60 ms), the IPS is suitable for real-time monitoring of multiple physiological signals. Moreover, the nanofiber network endows the IPS with excellent air permeability and heat dissipation, which guarantees comfort during long-term wearing. This work provides a viable strategy to improve the wearability of wearable sensors, which can promote healthcare and human-machine interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haixia Mei
- College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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16
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Huang X, Qin Q, Wang X, Xiang H, Zheng J, Lu Y, Lv C, Wu K, Yan L, Wang N, Xia C, Wang ZL. Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Highly Sensitive and Synchronous Multi-Stimuli Sensing. ACS Nano 2021; 15:19783-19792. [PMID: 34797042 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Smart sensors are expected to be sustainable, stretchable, biocomfortable, and tactile over time, either in terms of mechanical performance, reconfigurability, or energy supply. Here, a biocompatible piezoelectric electronic skin (PENG) is demonstrated on the base of PZT-SEBS (lead zirconate titanate and styrene ethylene butylene styrene) composite elastomer. The highly elastic (with an elasticity of about 950%) PENG can not only harvest mechanical energy from ambient environment, but also show low toxicity and excellent sensing performance toward multiple external stimuli. The synchronous and independent sensing performance toward motion capture, temperature, voice identification, and especially the dual-dimensional force perception promotes its wide application in physiological, sound restoration, and other intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qinghao Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huijing Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chaojie Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lixia Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cao Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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17
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Zhao XF, Wen XH, Zhong SL, Liu MY, Liu YH, Yu XB, Ma RG, Zhang DW, Wang JC, Lu HL. Hollow MXene Sphere-Based Flexible E-Skin for Multiplex Tactile Detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45924-45934. [PMID: 34520164 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin-like electronics that can provide comprehensively tactile sensing is required for applications such as soft robotics, health monitoring, medical treatment, and human-machine interfaces. In particular, the capacity to monitor the contact parameters such as the magnitude, direction, and contact location of external forces is crucial for skin-like tactile sensing devices. Herein, a flexible electronic skin which can measure and discriminate the contact parameters in real time is designed. It is fabricated by integrating the three-dimensional (3D) hollow MXene spheres/Ag NW hybrid nanocomposite-based embedded stretchable electrodes and T-ZnOw/PDMS film-based capacitive pressure sensors. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first stretchable electrode to utilize the 3D hollow MXene spheres with the essential characteristic, which can effectively avoid the drawbacks of stress concentration and shedding of the conductive layer. The strain-resistance module and the pressure-capacitance module show the excellent sensing performance in stability and response time, respectively. Moreover, a 6 × 6 sensor array is used as a demonstration to prove that it can realize the multiplex detection of random external force stimuli without mutual interference, illustrating its potential applications in biomimetic soft wearable devices, object recognition, and robotic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shu-Lin Zhong
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Bin Yu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ru-Guang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hong-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Kang K, Jung H, An S, Baac HW, Shin M, Son D. Skin-like Transparent Polymer-Hydrogel Hybrid Pressure Sensor with Pyramid Microstructures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3272. [PMID: 34641088 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft biomimetic electronic devices primarily comprise an electronic skin (e-skin) capable of implementing various wearable/implantable applications such as soft human–machine interfaces, epidermal healthcare systems, and neuroprosthetics owing to its high mechanical flexibility, tissue conformability, and multifunctionality. The conformal contact of the e-skin with living tissues enables more precise analyses of physiological signals, even in the long term, as compared to rigid electronic devices. In this regard, e-skin can be considered as a promising formfactor for developing highly sensitive and transparent pressure sensors. Specifically, to minimize the modulus mismatch at the biotic–abiotic interface, transparent-conductive hydrogels have been used as electrodes with exceptional pressing durability. However, critical issues such as dehydration and low compatibility with elastomers remain a challenge. In this paper, we propose a skin-like transparent polymer-hydrogel hybrid pressure sensor (HPS) with microstructures based on the polyacrylamide/sodium-alginate hydrogel and p-PVDF-HFP-DBP polymer. The encapsulated HPS achieves conformal contact with skin due to its intrinsically stretchable, highly transparent, widely sensitive, and anti-dehydrative properties. We believe that the HPS is a promising candidate for a robust transparent epidermal stretchable-skin device.
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19
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Han X, Jiang D, Qu X, Bai Y, Cao Y, Luo R, Li Z. A Stretchable, Self-Healable Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Electronic Skin for Energy Harvesting and Tactile Sensing. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1689. [PMID: 33808195 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin that is deformable, self-healable, and self-powered has high competitiveness for next-generation energy/sense/robotic applications. Herein, we fabricated a stretchable, self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator (SH-TENG) as electronic skin for energy harvesting and tactile sensing. The elongation of SH-TENG can achieve 800% (uniaxial strain) and the SH-TENG can self-heal within 2.5 min. The SH-TENG is based on the single-electrode mode, which is constructed from ion hydrogels with an area of 2 cm × 3 cm, the output of short-circuit transferred charge (Qsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and short-circuit current (Isc) reaches ~6 nC, ~22 V, and ~400 nA, and the corresponding output power density is ~2.9 μW × cm−2 when the matching resistance was ~140 MΩ. As a biomechanical energy harvesting device, the SH-TENG also can drive red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) bulbs. Meanwhile, SH-TENG has shown good sensitivity to low-frequency human touch and can be used as an artificial electronic skin for touch/pressure sensing. This work provides a suitable candidate for the material selection of the hydrogel-based self-powered electronic skin.
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20
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Sharma S, Chhetry A, Zhang S, Yoon H, Park C, Kim H, Sharifuzzaman M, Hui X, Park JY. Hydrogen-Bond-Triggered Hybrid Nanofibrous Membrane-Based Wearable Pressure Sensor with Ultrahigh Sensitivity over a Broad Pressure Range. ACS Nano 2021; 15:4380-4393. [PMID: 33444498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible capacitive pressure sensors have received significant attention in the field of wearable electronics. The high sensitivity over a wide linear range combined with long-term durability is a critical requirement for the fabrication of reliable pressure sensors for versatile applications. Herein, we propose a special approach to enhance the sensitivity and linearity range of a capacitive pressure sensor by fabricating a hybrid ionic nanofibrous membrane as a sensing layer composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene and an ionic salt of lithium sulfonamides in a poly(vinyl alcohol) elastomer matrix. The reversible ion pumping triggered by a hydrogen bond in the hybrid sensing layer leads to high sensitivities of 5.5 and 1.5 kPa-1 in the wide linear ranges of 0-30 and 30-250 kPa, respectively, and a fast response time of 70.4 ms. In addition, the fabricated sensor exhibits a minimum detection limit of 2 Pa and high durability over 20 000 continuous cycles even under a high pressure of 45 kPa. These results indicate that the proposed sensor can be potentially used in mobile medical monitoring devices and next-generation artificial e-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Sharma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Chhetry
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Yoon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Chani Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sharifuzzaman
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Hui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
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21
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Kim SJ, Lee SH, Moon H, Choi HR, Koo JC. A Non-Array Type Cut to Shape Soft Slip Detection Sensor Applicable to Arbitrary Surface. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6185. [PMID: 33143062 DOI: 10.3390/s20216185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a tactile sensor is essential to hold an object and manipulate it without damage. The tactile information helps determine whether an object is stably held. If a tactile sensor is installed at wherever the robot and the object touch, the robot could interact with more objects. In this paper, a skin type slip sensor that can be attached to the surface of a robot with various curvatures is presented. A simple mechanical sensor structure enables the cut and fit of the sensor according to the curvature. The sensor uses a non-array structure and can operate even if a part of the sensor is cut off. The slip was distinguished using a simple vibration signal received from the sensor. The signal is transformed into the time-frequency domain, and the slippage was determined using an artificial neural network. The accuracy of slip detection was compared using four artificial neural network models. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of each neural network model were analyzed according to the data used for training. As a result, the developed sensor detected slip with an average of 95.73% accuracy at various curvatures and contact points.
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22
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Abstract
Heatstroke is a serious illness that can potentially damage many victims every year. Many intelligent physical sensors have been developed to prevent heatstroke fatalities. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate skin-adhesive, small, and low-cost sensors for in situ heatstroke detection to overcome the weaknesses of the physical sensors. As far as we know, this is the first breakthrough for exploiting a PDMS based freestanding nanosheet skin patch consisting of pH sensing elements (antimony/antimony oxide and silver/silver iodate) to achieve high pH sensitivity and repeatability. The sensing elements were investigated for structural and morphological properties. The easy to use and easy to fabricate nanosheet sensor exhibited a linear pH response of -43 mV/pH. Overall, the developed sensor showed high sensitivity, repeatability, and stability. Our initial results indicate that the developed sensor adhered well to a skin surface. It is expected that this proof of concept approach gives reliable fabrication and measurement unlike other physical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Mani
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuka Nimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- Department of Precision Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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23
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Liu S, Wang S, Xuan S, Zhang S, Fan X, Jiang H, Song P, Gong X. Highly Flexible Multilayered e-Skins for Thermal-Magnetic-Mechanical Triple Sensors and Intelligent Grippers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:15675-15685. [PMID: 32134626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a novel triple-functional electronic skin (e-skin) which shows both wonderful thermal-magnetic-mechanical sensing performance and interesting magnetic actuation behavior. The flexible e-skin comprises thermo-sensitive, magnetic, and conductive tri-components, and their sensitive characteristics under 5-70 °C, 0-1200 mT, and 0.1-5.1 MΩ are studied, respectively. Owing to the unique piezoresistive characteristic and magnetorheological effect, the e-skin exhibits a rapid response time (38 ms) to the external stimuli. The assembled e-skin with the triple-layer structure can act as a functional sensor to monitor various human motions, magnetic fields, and environmental temperatures. Based on this e-skin, an intelligent magneto-active gripper is further developed, and it can be used to grasp and transport targets by the actuated force of magnetic field under various working conditions. Importantly, the multi-functional sensing capability endows the gripper with real-time deformation and ambient temperature perception characteristics. As a result, because of the ideal multi-field coupling sensing and magnetic active features, this e-skin shows a wide prospect in wearable electronics, man-machine interactions, and intelligent transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Xiwen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Han Jiang
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, PR China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
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24
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Bergner F, Dean-Leon E, Cheng G. Design and Realization of an Efficient Large-Area Event-Driven E-Skin. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1965. [PMID: 32244511 PMCID: PMC7180917 DOI: 10.3390/s20071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sense of touch enables us to safely interact and control our contacts with our surroundings. Many technical systems and applications could profit from a similar type of sense. Yet, despite the emergence of e-skin systems covering more extensive areas, large-area realizations of e-skin effectively boosting applications are still rare. Recent advancements have improved the deployability and robustness of e-skin systems laying the basis for their scalability. However, the upscaling of e-skin systems introduces yet another challenge-the challenge of handling a large amount of heterogeneous tactile information with complex spatial relations between sensing points. We targeted this challenge and proposed an event-driven approach for large-area skin systems. While our previous works focused on the implementation and the experimental validation of the approach, this work now provides the consolidated foundations for realizing, designing, and understanding large-area event-driven e-skin systems for effective applications. This work homogenizes the different perspectives on event-driven systems and assesses the applicability of existing event-driven implementations in large-area skin systems. Additionally, we provide novel guidelines for tuning the novelty-threshold of event generators. Overall, this work develops a systematic approach towards realizing a flexible event-driven information handling system on standard computer systems for large-scale e-skin with detailed descriptions on the effective design of event generators and decoders. All designs and guidelines are validated by outlining their impacts on our implementations, and by consolidating various experimental results. The resulting system design for e-skin systems is scalable, efficient, flexible, and capable of handling large amounts of information without customized hardware. The system provides the feasibility of complex large-area tactile applications, for instance in robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bergner
- Institute for Cognitive Systems (ICS), Technische Universität München, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany; (E.D.-L.); (G.C.)
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25
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Abstract
Human skin is a unique functional material that perfectly covers body parts having various complicated shapes, spontaneously heals mechanical damage, and senses a touch. E-skin devices have been actively researched, focusing on the sensing functionality of skin. However, most e-skin devices still have limitations in their shapes, and it is a challenging issue of interest to realize multiple functionalities in one device as human skin does. Here, new artificial skin devices are demonstrated in application-oriented three-dimensional (3D) shapes, which can sense exact touch location and heal mechanical damage spontaneously. Beyond the conventional film-type e-skin devices, the artificial skin devices are fabricated in optimal three-dimensional structures, via systematic material design and characterization of ion-conductive self-healing hydrogel system and its extrusion-based 3D printing. The ring-shaped and fingertip-shaped artificial skin devices are successfully fabricated to fit perfectly on finger models, and shows large electronic signal contrast, ∼5.4 times increase in current, upon a human finger contact. Furthermore, like human skin, the device provides the exact positional information of an arbitrary touch location on a three-dimensional artificial skin device without complicated device fabrication or data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulbin Park
- 3D Printing Materials Center , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , South Korea
| | - Byeong-Gwang Shin
- 3D Printing Materials Center , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , South Korea
| | - Seongwan Jang
- 3D Printing Materials Center , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , South Korea
| | - Kyeongwoon Chung
- 3D Printing Materials Center , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , South Korea
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26
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Yang JC, Kim JO, Oh J, Kwon SY, Sim JY, Kim DW, Choi HB, Park S. Microstructured Porous Pyramid-Based Ultrahigh Sensitive Pressure Sensor Insensitive to Strain and Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:19472-19480. [PMID: 31056895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An ultrahigh sensitive capacitive pressure sensor based on a porous pyramid dielectric layer (PPDL) is reported. Compared to that of the conventional pyramid dielectric layer, the sensitivity was drastically increased to 44.5 kPa-1 in the pressure range <100 Pa, an unprecedented sensitivity for capacitive pressure sensors. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to a lower compressive modulus and larger change in an effective dielectric constant under pressure. By placing the pressure sensors on islands of hard elastomer embedded in a soft elastomer substrate, the sensors exhibited insensitivity to strain. The pressure sensors were also nonresponsive to temperature. Finally, a contact resistance-based pressure sensor is also demonstrated by chemically grafting PPDL with a conductive polymer, which also showed drastically enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Department , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byul Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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27
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Xu F, Li X, Shi Y, Li L, Wang W, He L, Liu R. Recent Developments for Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9110580. [PMID: 30405027 PMCID: PMC6266671 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are attracting great interest from researchers and are widely applied in various new electronic equipment because of their distinct characteristics with high flexibility, high sensitivity, and light weight; examples include electronic skin (E-skin) and wearable flexible sensing devices. This review summarizes the research progress of flexible pressure sensors, including three kinds of transduction mechanisms and their respective research developments, and applications in the fields of E-skin and wearable devices. Furthermore, the challenges and development trends of E-skin and wearable flexible sensors are also briefly discussed. Challenges of developing high extensibility, high sensitivity, and flexible multi-function equipment still exist at present. Exploring new sensing mechanisms, seeking new functional materials, and developing novel integration technology of flexible devices will be the key directions in the sensors field in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenlan Xu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Xiuyan Li
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Luhai Li
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ruping Liu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
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28
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Wang J, Tenjimbayashi M, Tokura Y, Park JY, Kawase K, Li J, Shiratori S. Bionic Fish-Scale Surface Structures Fabricated via Air/Water Interface for Flexible and Ultrasensitive Pressure Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:30689-30697. [PMID: 30003780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable and flexible sensors have attracted considerable research interest and effort owing to their broad application prospects in wearable devices, robotics, health monitoring, and so on. High-sensitivity and low-cost pressure sensors are the primary requirement in practical application. Herein, a convenient and low-cost process to fabricate a bionic fish-scale structure poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film via air/water interfacial formation technique is presented. High-sensitivity flexible pressure sensors can be constructed by assembling conductive films of graphene nanosheets into a microstructured film. Thanks to the unique fish-scale structures of PDMS films, the prepared pressure sensor shows excellent performance with high sensitivity (-70.86% kPa-1). In addition, our pressure sensors can detect weak signals, such as wrist pulses, respiration, and voice vibrations. Moreover, the whole process of pressure sensor preparation is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and controllable. The results indicate that the prepared pressure sensor has a profitable and efficient advantage in future applications for monitoring human physiological signals and sensing subtle touch, which may broaden its potential applications in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Tenjimbayashi
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Yuki Tokura
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Jun-Yong Park
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Koki Kawase
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Jiatu Li
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Seimei Shiratori
- Center for Material Design Science, School of Integrated Design Engineering , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
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29
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Cai SY, Chang CH, Lin HI, Huang YF, Lin WJ, Lin SY, Liou YR, Shen TL, Huang YH, Tsao PW, Tzou CY, Liao YM, Chen YF. Ultrahigh Sensitive and Flexible Magnetoelectronics with Magnetic Nanocomposites: Toward an Additional Perception of Artificial Intelligence. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:17393-17400. [PMID: 29706071 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, flexible magnetoelectronics has attracted a great attention for its intriguing functionalities and potential applications, such as healthcare, memory, soft robots, navigation, and touchless human-machine interaction systems. Here, we provide the first attempt to demonstrate a new type of magneto-piezoresistance device, which possesses an ultrahigh sensitivity with several orders of resistance change under an external magnetic field (100 mT). In our device, Fe-Ni alloy powders are embedded in the silver nanowire-coated micropyramid polydimethylsiloxane films. Our devices can not only serve as an on/off switch but also act as a sensor that can detect different magnetic fields because of its ultrahigh sensitivity, which is very useful for the application in analog signal communication. Moreover, our devices contain several key features, including large-area and easy fabrication processes, fast response time, low working voltage, low power consumption, excellent flexibility, and admirable compatibility onto a freeform surface, which are the critical criteria for the future development of touchless human-machine interaction systems. On the basis of all of these unique characteristics, we have demonstrated a nontouch piano keyboard, instantaneous magnetic field visualization, and autonomous power system, making our new devices be integrable with magnetic field and enable to be implemented into our daily life applications with unfamiliar human senses. Our approach therefore paves a useful route for the development of wearable electronics and intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Cai
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Chang
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Lin
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Fu Huang
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lin
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Lin
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rou Liou
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Shen
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Tsao
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Tzou
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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30
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Sun QJ, Zhuang J, Venkatesh S, Zhou Y, Han ST, Wu W, Kong KW, Li WJ, Chen X, Li RKY, Roy VAL. Highly Sensitive and Ultrastable Skin Sensors for Biopressure and Bioforce Measurements Based on Hierarchical Microstructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:4086-4094. [PMID: 29345473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Piezoresistive microsensors are considered to be essential components of the future wearable electronic devices. However, the expensive cost, complex fabrication technology, poor stability, and low yield have limited their developments for practical applications. Here, we present a cost-effective, relatively simple, and high-yield fabrication approach to construct highly sensitive and ultrastable piezoresistive sensors using a bioinspired hierarchically structured graphite/polydimethylsiloxane composite as the active layer. In this fabrication, a commercially available sandpaper is employed as the mold to develop the hierarchical structure. Our devices exhibit fascinating performance including an ultrahigh sensitivity (64.3 kPa-1), fast response time (<8 ms), low limit of detection of 0.9 Pa, long-term durability (>100 000 cycles), and high ambient stability (>1 year). The applications of these devices in sensing radial artery pulses, acoustic vibrations, and human body motion are demonstrated, exhibiting their enormous potential use in real-time healthcare monitoring and robotic tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianfeng Chen
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
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31
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Jung M, Kim K, Kim B, Cheong H, Shin K, Kwon OS, Park JJ, Jeon S. Paper-Based Bimodal Sensor for Electronic Skin Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:26974-26982. [PMID: 28723074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a flexible bimodal sensor using a paper platform and inkjet printing method, which are suited for low-cost fabrication processes and realization of flexible devices. In this study, we employed a vertically stacked bimodal device architecture in which a temperature sensor is stacked on top of a pressure sensor and operated on different principles, allowing the minimization of interference effects. For the temperature sensor placed in the top layer, we used the thermoelectric effect and formed a closed-loop thermocouple composed of two different printable inks (conductive PEDOT:PSS and silver nanoparticles on a flexible paper platform) and obtained temperature-sensing capability over a wide range (150 °C). For the pressure sensor positioned in the bottom layer, we used microdimensional pyramid-structured poly(dimethylsiloxane) coated with multiwall carbon nanotube conducting ink. Our pressure sensor exhibits a high-pressure sensitivity over a wide range (100 Pa to 5 kPa) and high-endurance characteristics of 105. Our 5 × 5 bimodal sensor array demonstrates negligible interference, high-speed responsivity, and robust sensing characteristics. We believe that the material, process, two-terminal device, and integration scheme developed in this study have a great value that can be widely applied to electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyun Jung
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University , Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungkwan Kim
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University , Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjin Kim
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University , Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Haena Cheong
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University , Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University , Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University , Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Jeon
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University , Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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32
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Khan ZU, Edberg J, Hamedi MM, Gabrielsson R, Granberg H, Wågberg L, Engquist I, Berggren M, Crispin X. Thermoelectric Polymers and their Elastic Aerogels. Adv Mater 2016; 28:4556-62. [PMID: 26836440 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronically conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of materials for novel electronics, such as printed electronics and flexible electronics. Their properties have been further diversified to introduce elasticity, which has opened new possibility for "stretchable" electronics. Recent discoveries demonstrate that conducting polymers have thermoelectric properties with a low thermal conductivity, as well as tunable Seebeck coefficients - which is achieved by modulating their electrical conductivity via simple redox reactions. Using these thermoelectric properties, all-organic flexible thermoelectric devices, such as temperature sensors, heat flux sensors, and thermoelectric generators, are being developed. In this article we discuss the combination of the two emerging fields: stretchable electronics and polymer thermoelectrics. The combination of elastic and thermoelectric properties seems to be unique for conducting polymers, and difficult to achieve with inorganic thermoelectric materials. We introduce the basic concepts, and state of the art knowledge, about the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers, and illustrate the use of elastic thermoelectric conducting polymer aerogels that could be employed as temperature and pressure sensors in an electronic-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
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33
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Yang T, Wang W, Zhang H, Li X, Shi J, He Y, Zheng QS, Li Z, Zhu H. Tactile Sensing System Based on Arrays of Graphene Woven Microfabrics: Electromechanical Behavior and Electronic Skin Application. ACS Nano 2015; 9:10867-75. [PMID: 26468735 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials serve as promising candidates for strain sensing due to unique electromechanical properties by appropriately assembling and tailoring their configurations. Through the crisscross interlacing of graphene microribbons in an over-and-under fashion, the obtained graphene woven fabric (GWF) indicates a good trade-off between sensitivity and stretchability compared with those in previous studies. In this work, the function of woven fabrics for highly sensitive strain sensing is investigated, although network configuration is always a strategy to retain resistance stability. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the ultrahigh mechanosensitivity with gauge factors of 500 under 2% strain is attributed to the macro-woven-fabric geometrical conformation of graphene, which induces a large interfacial resistance between the interlaced ribbons and the formation of microscale-controllable, locally oriented zigzag cracks near the crossover location, both of which have a synergistic effect on improving sensitivity. Meanwhile, the stretchability of the GWF could be tailored to as high as over 40% strain by adjusting graphene growth parameters and adopting oblique angle direction stretching simultaneously. We also demonstrate that sensors based on GWFs are applicable to human motion detection, sound signal acquisition, and spatially resolved monitoring of external stress distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongze Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinming Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jidong Shi
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | - Zhihong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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