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Zhang X, An M, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Nano-medicine therapy reprogramming metabolic network of tumour microenvironment: new opportunity for cancer therapies. J Drug Target 2024; 32:241-257. [PMID: 38251656 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic heterogeneity is one of the characteristics of tumour cells. In order to adapt to the tumour microenvironment of hypoxia, acidity and nutritional deficiency, tumour cells have undergone extensive metabolic reprogramming. Metabolites involved in tumour cell metabolism are also very different from normal cells, such as a large number of lactate and adenosine. Metabolites play an important role in regulating the whole tumour microenvironment. Taking metabolites as the target, it aims to change the metabolic pattern of tumour cells again, destroy the energy balance it maintains, activate the immune system, and finally kill tumour cells. In this paper, the regulatory effects of metabolites such as lactate, glutamine, arginine, tryptophan, fatty acids and adenosine were reviewed, and the related targeting strategies of nano-medicines were summarised, and the future therapeutic strategies of nano-drugs were discussed. The abnormality of tumour metabolites caused by tumour metabolic remodelling not only changes the energy and material supply of tumour, but also participates in the regulation of tumour-related signal pathways, which plays an important role in the survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumour cells. Regulating the availability of local metabolites is a new aspect that affects tumour progress. (The graphical abstract is by Figdraw).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Min An
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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2
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Zhang W, Yu BX, Chen XY, Yan MY, Liu QQ, Liu YB, Yang N, Cai H, Yan N, Kong RJ, Cheng H, Li SY, Chen AL. Tumor Homing Chimeric Peptide Rhomboids to Improve Photodynamic Performance by Inhibiting Therapy-Upregulated Cyclooxygenase-2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309882. [PMID: 38342670 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Negative therapeutic feedback of inflammation would extensively attenuate the antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, tumor homing chimeric peptide rhomboids (designated as NP-Mel) are fabricated to improve photodynamic performance by inhibiting PDT-upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The hydrophobic photosensitizer of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and palmitic acid are conjugated onto the neuropilin receptors (NRPs) targeting peptide motif (CGNKRTR) to obtain tumor homing chimeric peptide (Palmitic-K(PpIX)CGNKRTR), which can encapsulate the COX-2 inhibitor of meloxicam. The well dispersed NP-Mel not only improves the drug stability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability, but also increase the breast cancer targeted drug delivery to intensify the PDT effect. In vitro and in vivo studies verify that NP-Mel will decrease the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) after PDT treatment, inducing the downregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α expressions to suppress PDT induced inflammation. Ultimately, an improved PDT performance of NP-Mel is achieved without inducing obvious systemic toxicity, which might inspire the development of sophisticated nanomedicine in consideration of the feedback induced therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Xue Yu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xia-Yun Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yi Yan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Bin Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Ni Yang
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Ni Yan
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Jiang Kong
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - A-Li Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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3
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Fu Q, Wei C, Wang M. Transition-Metal-Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action, and Applications in Cancer Treatment. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12049-12095. [PMID: 38693611 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, drives the advancement of cutting-edge technologies for cancer treatment. Transition-metal-based nanozymes emerge as promising therapeutic nanodrugs that provide a reference for cancer therapy. In this review, we present recent breakthrough nanozymes for cancer treatment. First, we comprehensively outline the preparation strategies involved in creating transition-metal-based nanozymes, including hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, chemical reduction method, biomimetic mineralization method, and sol-gel method. Subsequently, we elucidate the catalytic mechanisms (catalase (CAT)-like activities), peroxidase (POD)-like activities), oxidase (OXD)-like activities) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities) of transition-metal-based nanozymes along with their activity regulation strategies such as morphology control, size manipulation, modulation, composition adjustment and surface modification under environmental stimulation. Furthermore, we elaborate on the diverse applications of transition-metal-based nanozymes in anticancer therapies encompassing radiotherapy (RT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), immunotherapy, and synergistic therapy. Finally, the challenges faced by transition-metal-based nanozymes are discussed alongside future research directions. The purpose of this review is to offer scientific guidance that will enhance the clinical applications of nanozymes based on transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wei
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Li Y, Yan N, Huang J, Li X, Zhang K, Lu Z, Qiu Z, Cheng H. Nuclear-targeted chimeric peptide nanorods to amplify innate anti-tumor immunity through localized DNA damage and STING activation. J Control Release 2024; 369:531-544. [PMID: 38580138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimulator of the interferon genes (STING) pathway is appealing but challenging to potentiate the innate anti-tumor immunity. In this work, nuclear-targeted chimeric peptide nanorods (designated as PFPD) are constructed to amplify innate immunity through localized DNA damage and STING activation. Among which, the chimeric peptide (PpIX-FFVLKPKKKRKV) is fabricated with photosensitizer and nucleus targeting peptide sequence, which can self-assemble into nanorods and load STING agonist of DMXAA. The uniform nanosize distribution and good stability of PFPD improve the sequential targeting delivery of drugs towards tumor cells and nuclei. Under light irradiation, PFPD produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy nuclear DNA in situ, and the released cytosolic DNA fragment will efficiently activate innate anti-tumor immunity in combination with STING agonist. In vitro and in vivo results indicate the superior ability of PFPD to activate natural killer cells and T cells, thus efficiently eradicating lung metastatic tumor without inducing unwanted side effects. This work provides a sophisticated strategy for localized activation of innate immunity for systemic tumor treatment, which may inspire the rational design of nanomedicine for tumor precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyang Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yanmei Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Keyan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ziwen Qiu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Yu Q, Li X, Wang J, Guo L, Huang L, Gao W. Recent Advances in Reprogramming Strategy of Tumor Microenvironment for Rejuvenating Photosensitizers-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305708. [PMID: 38018311 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently been considered a potential tumor therapy due to its time-space specificity and non-invasive advantages. PDT can not only directly kill tumor cells by using cytotoxic reactive oxygen species but also induce an anti-tumor immune response by causing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells. Although it exhibits a promising prospect in treating tumors, there are still many problems to be solved in its practical application. Tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment seriously affect the efficacy of PDT. The hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment is mainly due to the abnormal vascular matrix around the tumor, its abnormal metabolism, and the influence of various immunosuppressive-related cells and their expressed molecules. Thus, reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) is of great significance for rejuvenating PDT. This article reviews the latest strategies for rejuvenating PDT, from regulating tumor vascular matrix, interfering with tumor cell metabolism, and reprogramming immunosuppressive related cells and factors to reverse tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment. These strategies provide valuable information for a better understanding of the significance of TME in PDT and also guide the development of the next-generation multifunctional nanoplatforms for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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Fan Y, Xue H, Li Z, Huo M, Gao H, Guan X. Exploiting the Achilles' heel of cancer: disrupting glutamine metabolism for effective cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345522. [PMID: 38510646 PMCID: PMC10952006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have adapted to rapid tumor growth and evade immune attack by reprogramming their metabolic pathways. Glutamine is an important nitrogen resource for synthesizing amino acids and nucleotides and an important carbon source in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid biosynthesis pathway. In this review, we summarize the significant role of glutamine metabolism in tumor development and highlight the vulnerabilities of targeting glutamine metabolism for effective therapy. In particular, we review the reported drugs targeting glutaminase and glutamine uptake for efficient cancer treatment. Moreover, we discuss the current clinical test about targeting glutamine metabolism and the prospective direction of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingge Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongxia Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
| | - Xingang Guan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li X, Sun T, Jiang C. Intelligent Delivery Systems in Tumor Metabolism Regulation: Exploring the Path Ahead. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309582. [PMID: 38105387 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism plays multifaceted roles in the initiation and progression of tumors, and interventions in metabolism are considered fundamental approaches for cancer control. Within the vast metabolic networks of tumors, there exist numerous potential therapeutic targets, intricately interconnected with each other and with signaling networks related to immunity, metastasis, drug resistance, and more. Based on the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, constructing drug delivery systems for multi-level modulation of the tumor microenvironment is proven as an effective strategy for achieving multidimensional control of cancer. Consequently, this article summarizes several features of tumor metabolism to provide insights into recent advancements in intelligent drug delivery systems for achieving multi-level regulation of the metabolic microenvironment in cancer, with the aim of offering a novel paradigm for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Li Z, Li X, Lu Y, Zhu X, Zheng W, Chen K, Liu S, Wu J, Guan W. Improved Photodynamic Therapy Based on Glutaminase Blockage via Tumor Membrane Coated CB-839/IR-780 Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305174. [PMID: 37875654 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has promising applications. However, the lethal function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during PDT is typically limited. This restriction is induced by oxygen shortage in the tumor microenvironment due to tumor cell hypermetabolism and reductive chemicals overexpression in tumor tissues. Glutamine (Gln) metabolism is crucial for malignancy development and is closely associated with redox. Herein, a novel nanoparticle (NP) named IRCB@M is constructed to boost PDT through dual effects. This NP simultaneously blocks aerobic respiration and inhibits cellular reduced substances by blocking the Gln metabolic pathway. Within the nanocomplex, a photosensitizer (IR-780) and a glutaminase inhibitor (CB-839) are self-assembled and then encapsulated by cancer cell membranes for homologous targeting. The Gln metabolism intervention relieves hypoxia and decreases the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) in vitro and in vivo, which are the dual amplification effects on the IR-780-mediated lethal PDT. The antitumor effects against gastric cancer are ultimately evoked in vivo, thus offering a novel concept for enhancing PDT and other ROS-dependent therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Li
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yanjun Lu
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Song Liu
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Da J, Di X, Xie Y, Li J, Zhang L, Liu Y. Recent advances in nanomedicine for metabolism-targeted cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2442-2461. [PMID: 38321983 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Metabolism denotes the sum of biochemical reactions that maintain cellular function. Different from most normal differentiated cells, cancer cells adopt altered metabolic pathways to support malignant properties. Typically, almost all cancer cells need a large number of proteins, lipids, nucleotides, and energy in the form of ATP to support rapid division. Therefore, targeting tumour metabolism has been suggested as a generic and effective therapy strategy. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine promises to have a revolutionary impact on clinical cancer therapy due to many merits such as targeting, improved bioavailability, controllable drug release, and potentially personalized treatment compared to conventional drugs. This review comprehensively elucidates recent advances of nanomedicine in targeting important metabolites such as glucose, glutamine, lactate, cholesterol, and nucleotide for effective cancer therapy. Furthermore, the challenges and future development in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Da
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - XinJia Di
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - YuQi Xie
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - JiLi Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - LiLi Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - YanLan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
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10
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Liang Y, Cai Z, Tang Y, Su C, Xie L, Li Y, Liang X. H 2O 2/O 2 self-supply and Ca 2+ overloading MOF-based nanoplatform for cascade-amplified chemodynamic and photodynamic therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1196839. [PMID: 37292097 PMCID: PMC10245387 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1196839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated therapies have typically been considered as noninvasive tumor treatments owing to their high selectivity and efficiency. However, the harsh tumor microenvironment severely impairs their efficiency. Methods: Herein, the biodegradable Cu-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized for loading photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and CaO2 nanoparticles, followed by surface decoration by hyaluronic acid (HA), obtaining HA/CaO2-Ce6@Cu-ZIF nano platform. Results and Discussion: Once HA/CaO2-Ce6@Cu-ZIF targets tumor sites, the degradation of Ce6 and CaO2 release from the HA/CaO2-Ce6@Cu-ZIF in response to the acid environment, while the Cu2+ active sites on Cu-ZIF are exposed. The released CaO2 decompose to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2), which alleviate the insufficiency of intracellular H2O2 and hypoxia in tumor microenvironment (TME), effectively enhancing the production of hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) in Cu2+-mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and Ce6-induced photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively. Importantly, Ca2+ originating from CaO2 could further enhance oxidative stress and result in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Ca2+ overloading. Conclusion: Thus, the H2O2/O2 self-supplying and Ca2+ overloading ZIF-based nanoplatform for cascade-amplified CDT/PDT synergistic strategy is promising for highly efficient anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Li
- *Correspondence: Yan Li, ; Xinqiang Liang,
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11
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Fujii S. Polymeric core-crosslinked particles prepared via a nanoemulsion-mediated process: from particle design and structural characterization to in vivo behavior in chemotherapy. Polym J 2023; 55:1-13. [PMID: 37359987 PMCID: PMC10189226 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Various polymeric nanoparticles have been used as drug carriers in drug delivery systems (DDSs). Most of them were constructed from dynamic self-assembly systems formed via hydrophobic interactions and from structures that are unstable in an in vivo environment owing to their relatively weak formation forces. As a solution to this issue, physically stabilized core-crosslinked particles (CP) with chemically crosslinked cores have received attention as alternatives to the dynamic nanoparticles. This focused review summarizes recent advances in the construction, structural characterization, and in vivo behavior of polymeric CPs. First, we introduce a nanoemulsion-mediated method to create polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bearing CPs and their structural characterization. The relationship between the PEG chain conformations in the particle shell and the in vivo fate of the CPs is also discussed. After that, the development and advantages of zwitterionic amino acid-based polymer (ZAP)-bearing CPs are presented to address the poor penetration and the internalization of PEG-based CPs into tumor tissues and cells, respectively. Finally, we conclude and discuss prospects for application of polymeric CPs in the DDS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujii
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Cai X, Shi S, Chen G, Zhong M, Yang Y, Mai Z, Tian Y, Tan J, He L, Cui C, Yu Z, Wang X. Glutamine metabolism targeting liposomes for synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy in ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:560-570. [PMID: 36596434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is a first-line therapeutic regimen against ovarian cancer (OC); however, the therapeutic potential is always reduced by glutamine metabolism. Herein, a valid strategy of inhibiting glutamine metabolism was proposed to cause tumor starvation and chemosensitization. Specifically, reactive oxygen species-responsive liposomes were developed to co-deliver cisplatin (CDDP) and bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) [C@B LPs]. The C@B LPs induced effective tumor cell starvation and significantly sensitized OC cells to CDDP by reducing glutathione generation to prevent CDDP detoxification, suppressing ATP production to avoid CDDP efflux, hindering nucleotide synthesis to aggravate DNA damage induced by CDDP, and blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to promote cell apoptosis. More importantly, C@B LPs remarkably inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced the side effects. Taken together, this study provided a successful strategy of synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy escalating the rate of therapeutic success in OCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work proposed a valid strategy of inhibiting glutamine metabolism to cause tumor starvation and chemosensitization. Specifically, ROS-responsive liposomes were developed to co-deliver cisplatin CDDP and BPTES [C@B LPs]. The C@B LPs induced effective tumor cell starvation and significantly sensitized OC cells to cisplatin by reducing glutathione generation to prevent cisplatin detoxification, suppressing ATP production to avoid cisplatin efflux, hindering nucleotide synthesis to aggravate DNA damage induced by cisplatin, and blocking mTOR signaling to promote cell apoptosis. More importantly, C@B LPs remarkably inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced the side effects. Taken together, this study provided a successful strategy of synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy escalating the rate of therapeutic success in OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzi Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children' s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Ziyi Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinxiu Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunhui Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Chen SY, Zhao LP, Chen ZX, Huang CY, Kong RJ, Wang YQ, Zhang DW, Li SY, Ti HH, Cheng H. Self-delivery biomedicine for enhanced photodynamic therapy by feedback promotion of tumor autophagy. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:599-610. [PMID: 36603734 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during photodynamic therapy (PDT) can induce autophagy to protect tumor cell from PDT-induced apoptosis. In this work, a self-delivery autophagy regulator (designated as CeCe) is developed for autophagy promotion sensitized PDT against tumor. Briefly, CeCe is prepared by the assembly of a photosensitizer of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and autophagy promoter of celastrol. By virtue of intermolecular interactions, Ce6 and celastrol are able to self-assemble into nanomedicine with great photodynamic performance and autophagy regulation capacity. Under light irradiation, CeCe would produce ROS in tumor cells to amplify the oxidative stress and promote cell autophagy. As a result, CeCe exhibits an enhanced photo toxicity by inducing autophagic cell death. In vivo experiments indicate that CeCe can predominantly accumulate in tumor tissue for a robust PDT. Moreover, CeCe has a superior therapeutic efficiency compared to monotherapy and combined treatment of Ce6 and celastrol, suggesting a synergistic antitumor effect of PDT and autophagy promotion. This self-delivery nanomedicine may advance the development of the co-delivery nanoplatform to improve the antitumor efficacy of PDT by promoting autophagy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Autophagy is a "double-edged sword" in cellular homeostasis and metabolism, which can promote tumor progression but also induce an unknown impact on tumor inhibition. In this work, a self-delivery autophagy regulator (designated as CeCe) was developed for autophagy promotion sensitized photodynamic therapy (PDT). By virtue of intermolecular interactions, Ce6 and celastrol were found to self-assemble into stable CeCe without drug excipients, which exhibited great photodynamic performance and autophagy regulation capacity. In vitro and in vivo findings demonstrated a superior tumor suppression ability of CeCe over the monotherapy as well as the combined treatment of Ce6 and celastrol, suggesting a synergistic antitumor efficacy by PDT and autophagy promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of pancreatic hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin-Ping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zu-Xiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Chu-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Ren-Jiang Kong
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of pancreatic hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Hui-Hui Ti
- School of Chinese Medicinal Resource, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hong Cheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhong YT, Cen Y, Xu L, Li SY, Cheng H. Recent Progress in Carrier-Free Nanomedicine for Tumor Phototherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202307. [PMID: 36349844 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective strategies are urgently needed to fight against the life-threatening diseases of various cancers. However, traditional therapeutic modalities, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, exhibit suboptimal efficacy for malignant tumors owing to the serious side effects, drug resistance and even relapse. Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), are emerging therapeutic strategies for localized tumor inhibition, which can produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or elevate the temperature to initiate cell death by non-invasive irradiation. In consideration of the poor bioavailability of phototherapy agents (PTAs), lots of drug delivery systems have been developed to enhance the tumor targeted delivery. Nevertheless, the carriers of drug delivery systems inevitably bring biosafety concerns on account of their metabolism, degradation, and accumulation. Of note, carrier-free nanomedicine attracts great attention for clinical translation with synergistic antitumor effect, which is characterized by high drug loading, simplified synthetic method and good biocompatibility. In this review, the latest advances of phototherapy with various carrier-free nanomedicines are summarized, which may provide a new paradigm for the future development of nanomedicine and tumor precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tao Zhong
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, General Hospital of the Southern Theatre Command, People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510016, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
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Xu Q, Lan X, Lin H, Xi Q, Wang M, Quan X, Yao G, Yu Z, Wang Y, Yu M. Tumor microenvironment-regulating nanomedicine design to fight multi-drug resistant tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1842. [PMID: 35989568 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a very cunning system that enables tumor cells to escape death post-traditional antitumor treatments through the comprehensive effect of different factors, thereby leading to drug resistance. Deep insights into TME characteristics and tumor resistance encourage the construction of nanomedicines that can remodel the TME against drug resistance. Tremendous interest in combining TME-regulation measurement with traditional tumor treatment to fight multidrug-resistant tumors has been inspired by the increasing understanding of the role of TME reconstruction in improving the antitumor efficiency of drug-resistant tumor therapy. This review focuses on the underlying relationships between specific TME characteristics (such as hypoxia, acidity, immunity, microorganisms, and metabolism) and drug resistance in tumor treatments. The exciting antitumor activities strengthened by TME regulation are also discussed in-depth, providing solutions from the perspective of nanomedicine design. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiye Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Manchun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Yao
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Fujii S, Sakurai K. Zwitterionic Amino Acid Polymer-Grafted Core-Crosslinked Particle toward Tumor Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3968-3977. [PMID: 36018790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic amino acid polymers (ZAPs) exhibit biocompatibility and recognition capability for amino acid transporters (AATs) overexpressed on cancer cells. They are potential cancer-targeting ligands in nanoparticle-based nanomedicines utilized in cancer chemotherapy. Here, a poly(glutamine methacrylate) (pGlnMA)-grafted core-crosslinked particle (pGlnMA-CCP) is prepared through the formation of nanoemulsions stabilized using amphiphilic block copolymers comprising pGlnMA as the hydrophilic block. The chain conformation of the grafted polymer and the particle structure of pGlnMA-CCP are precisely elucidated by dynamic light scattering, X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. pGlnMA-CCP demonstrates active cellular uptake and deep penetration behaviors for cancer cells and spheroids, respectively, via an AAT-mediated mechanism. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of pGlnMA-CCP is practically comparable to those of a CCP covered with poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) (pPEGMA), which inhibits protein adsorption and prolongs blood retention, implying that the biocompatible properties of pGlnMA are similar to those of pPEGMA. Furthermore, pGlnMA-CCP accumulates in cancer tissues at a higher level than that of pPEGMA systems. The results demonstrate that the properties of cancer targetability, tumor permeability, efficient tumor accumulation, and biocompatibility can be obtained by grafting pGlnMA onto nanoparticles, suggesting a high potential of pGlnMA as a ligand for cancer-targeting nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
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