1
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Zhou H, Ouyang W, Zou S, Xu S. The Control of the Expansion or Compression of Colloidal Crystals Lattice with Salt Solution. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:355. [PMID: 38392728 PMCID: PMC10893356 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Tuning the lattice spacing or stop bands holds great significance in the design and application of materials with colloidal crystals. Typically, particle surface modifications or the application of external physical fields are needed. In this study, we demonstrated the ability to expand or compress the lattice of colloidal crystals simply by utilizing a salt solution, without the need for any special treatments to the colloidal particles. We found that by only considering the diffusiophoresis effect we cannot explain the reversion of lattice expansion to lattice compression with the increase in the salt concentration and that the diffusioosmotic flow originating from the container wall must be taken into account. Further analysis revealed that variations in the salt concentration altered the relative amplitudes between diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis through changing the zeta potentials of the particles and the wall, and the competition between the particle diffusiophoresis and wall diffusioosmosis lay at the center of the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (H.Z.); (W.O.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wenze Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (H.Z.); (W.O.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuangyang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (H.Z.); (W.O.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shenghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (H.Z.); (W.O.); (S.Z.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Lee J, Ban S, Jo K, Oh HS, Cho J, Ku KH. Dynamic Photonic Janus Colloids with Axially Stacked Structural Layers. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38306170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diblock copolymer (dBCP) particles capable of dynamic shape and color changes have gained significant attention due to their versatility in programmable shapes and intricate nanostructures. However, their application in photonic systems remains limited due to challenges in achieving a sufficient number of defect-free photonic layers over a tens-of-micrometer scale. In this study, we present a pioneering demonstration of photonic dBCP particles featuring over 300 axially stacked photonic layers with responsive color- and shape-transforming capabilities. Our approach leverages the complex interplay between the macrophase separation of multiple incompatible components and the microphase separation of dBCP from solvent-evaporative microemulsions. Specifically, continuous phase separation of silicone oil from polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP), triggered by solvent evaporation, promotes the anisotropic growth of PS-b-P2VP layers. This results in the formation of Janus colloids, where an oil droplet merges with a nanostructured polymer cone and lamellar structures align along the long axis of the cone. We highlight the capability to precisely adjust the particle morphology and the corresponding orientation, dispersion, and structural color window by modulating both the molecular weight of PS-b-P2VP and the volume ratio between PS-b-P2VP and silicone oil. Furthermore, reversible swelling/deswelling of photonic colloids is visualized and correlated with their structural colors. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this study by presenting a multicolor-patterned array of photonic colloids, highlighting the possibilities for applications in smart photonic ink and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Ban
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok Oh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeok Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Ku
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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3
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Singla S, Yang Z, Patil A, Guo H, Vanthournout B, Htut KZ, Shawkey MD, Tsige M, Dhinojwala A. Influence of Core Type and Shell Thickness on Avian-Inspired Structural Colors Produced from Melanin Nanoparticle Assemblies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45229-45238. [PMID: 37699412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Hollow melanosomes found in iridescent bird feathers, including violet-backed starlings and wild turkeys, enable the generation of diverse structural colors. It has been postulated that the high refractive index (RI) contrast between melanin (1.74) and air (1.0) results in brighter and more saturated colors. This has led to several studies that have synthesized hollow synthetic melanin nanoparticles and fabricated colloidal nanostructures to produce synthetic structural colors. However, these studies use hollow nanoparticles with thin shells (<20 nm), even though shell thicknesses as high as 100 nm have been observed in natural melanosomes. Here, we combine experimental and computational approaches to examine the influence of the varying polydopamine (PDA, synthetic melanin) shell thickness (0-100 nm) and core material on structural colors. Experimentally, a concomitant change in overall particle size and RI contrast makes it difficult to interpret the effect of a hollow or solid core on color. Thus, we utilize finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations to uncover the effect of shell thickness and core on structural colors. Our FDTD results highlight that hollow particles with thin shells have substantially higher saturation than same-sized solid and core-shell particles. These results would benefit a wide range of applications including paints, coatings, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranshu Singla
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zepeng Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Anvay Patil
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - K Zin Htut
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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4
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Park TH, Yu S, Park J, Park C. Interactive structural color displays of nano-architectonic 1-dimensional block copolymer photonic crystals: FOCUS ISSUE REVIEW. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2156256. [PMID: 36632347 PMCID: PMC9828630 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2156256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For changing environmental circumstances, interactive structural color (SC) observation is a promising strategy to store and express external information. SCs based on self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystals have been a research focus due to their facile and diverse nanostructures relying on the volume ratio of blocks. Their unique nano-architectonics can reflect incident light due to constructive interference of the two different dielectric constituents. Their excellent ability to change nano-architectonics in response to external stimuli (i.e. humidity, temperature, pH, and mechanical force) allows for a programmable and stimuli-interactive BCP SC display. In this review, recent advances in programmable and stimuli-interactive SC displays with the 1-dimensional self-assembled BCP nano-architectonics are comprehensively discussed. First, this review focuses on the development of programmable BCP SCs that can store various information. Second, stimuli-interactive BCP SCs capable of responding reversibly to external stimuli are also addressed. Particularly, reversible BCP SC changes are suitable for rewritable displays and emerging human-interactive BCP SC displays that detect various human information through changes in electric signals with the simultaneous alteration of the BCP SCs. Based on previously reported literature, the current challenges in this research field are further discussed, and the perspective for future development is presented in terms of material, nano-architectonics, and process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Park
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongok Park
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Park MS, Kim K, Lee YJ, Na JH, Kim SU. Deformable Photonic Crystals Based on Chiral Liquid Crystals with Thermal-Mediative Shape Memory Effect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:35. [PMID: 36614374 PMCID: PMC9821410 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a deformable photonic crystal that exhibits the thermal-mediative shape memory effect. The chiral liquid crystalline polymeric scaffold, which produces the structural colors from a helical twist of the liquid crystal director, is prepared through phase-stabilization of a reactive mesogen in a small molecular chiral liquid crystal (CLC), polymerization, and removal of the CLC. The prepolymer of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) is then infiltrated in the prepared scaffold and subsequently photo-polymerized to form a CLC-PUA composite film. Upon compression, this film shows the blue shift of the structural color and retains this color-shift as released from compression. As the temperature increases, the color is recovered to a pristine state. The concept proposed in this study will be useful for designing mechanochromic soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Park
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Um Kim
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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6
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Kozlov AA, Aksenov AS, Bolshakov ES, Ivanov AV, Flid VR. Colloidal photonic crystals with controlled morphology. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Miller BH, Liu H, Kolle M. Scalable optical manufacture of dynamic structural colour in stretchable materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1014-1018. [PMID: 35915162 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structurally coloured materials that change their colour in response to mechanical stimuli are uniquely suited for optical sensing and visual communication1-4. The main barrier to their widespread adoption is a lack of manufacturing techniques that offer spatial control of the materials' nanoscale structures across macroscale areas. Here, by adapting Lippmann photography5, we report an approach for producing large-area, structurally coloured sheets with a rich and easily controlled design space of colour patterns, spectral properties, angular scattering characteristics and responses to mechanical stimuli. Relying on just a digital projector and commercially available photosensitive elastomers, our approach is fast, scalable, affordable and relevant for a wide range of manufacturing settings. We also demonstrate prototypes for mechanosensitive healthcare materials and colorimetric strain and stress sensing for human-computer interaction and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harvey Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Shin JH, Park JY, Han SH, Lee YH, Sun J, Choi SS. Color-Tuning Mechanism of Electrically Stretchable Photonic Organogels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202897. [PMID: 35798315 PMCID: PMC9443443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to nano-processed rigid photonic crystals with fixed structures, soft photonic organic hydrogel beads with dielectric nanostructures possess advanced capabilities, such as stimuli-responsive deformation and photonic wavelength color changes. Recenlty, advanced from well-investigated mechanochromic method, an electromechanical stress approach is used to demonstrate electrically induced mechanical color shifts in soft organic photonic hydrogel beads. To better understand the electrically stretchable color change functionality in such soft organic photonic hydrogel systems, the electromechanical wavelength-tuning mechanism is comprehensively investigated in this study. By employing controllable electroactive dielectric elastomeric actuators, the discoloration wavelength-tuning process of an electrically stretchable photonic organogel is carefully examined. Based on the experimental in-situ response of electrically stretchable nano-spherical polystyrene hydrogel beads, the color change mechanism is meticulously analyzed. Further, changes in the nanostructure of the symmetrically and electrically stretchable organogel are analytically investigated through simulations of its hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice model. Detailed photonic wavelength control factors, such as the refractive index of dielectric materials, lattice diffraction, and bead distance in an organogel lattice, are theoretically studied. Herein, the switcing mechanism of electrically stretchable mechanochromic photonic organogels with photonic stopband-tuning features are suggested for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyuk Shin
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Park
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Han
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hyeok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Su Seok Choi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
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9
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Won D, Ko SH. The colour of stress. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:997-998. [PMID: 36002720 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Kang HS, Park C, Eoh H, Lee CE, Ryu DY, Kang Y, Feng X, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Visualization of nonsingular defect enabling rapid control of structural color. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5120. [PMID: 35275730 PMCID: PMC8916736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-interactive structural color (SC) of a block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) uses reversible alteration of the PC using external fluids and applied forces. The origin of the diffusional pathways of a stimulating fluid into a BCP PC has not been examined. Here, we directly visualize the vertically oriented screw dislocations in a one-dimensional lamellar BCP PC that facilitate the rapid response of visible SC. To reveal the diffusional pathway of the solvent via the dislocations, BCP lamellae are swollen with an interpenetrated hydrogel network, allowing fixation of the swollen state and subsequent microscopic examination. The visualized defects are low-energy helicoidal screw dislocations having unique, nonsingular cores. Location and areal density of these dislocations are determined by periodic concentric topographic nanopatterns of the upper surface-reconstructed layer. The nonsingular nature of the interlayer connectivity in the core region demonstrates the beneficial nature of these defects on sensing dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Eoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
| | - Chang Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuenyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
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11
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Xu B, Ma X, Dai A, Pan X, Pan X, Li N, Zhu J. Fabrication of multi-responsive photonic crystals based on selenium-containing copolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00654e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Responsive photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted great interest due to their adjustable structure color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Anqi Dai
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China
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12
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Donie YJ, Schlisske S, Siddique RH, Mertens A, Narasimhan V, Schackmar F, Pietsch M, Hossain IM, Hernandez-Sosa G, Lemmer U, Gomard G. Phase-Separated Nanophotonic Structures by Inkjet Printing. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7305-7317. [PMID: 33844505 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous phase separation of two or more polymers is a thermodynamic process that can take place in both biological and synthetic materials and which results in the structuring of the matter from the micro- to the nanoscale. For photonic applications, it allows forming quasi-periodic or disordered assemblies of light scatterers at high throughput and low cost. The wet process methods currently used to fabricate phase-separated nanostructures (PSNs) limit the design possibilities, which in turn hinders the deployment of PSNs in commercialized products. To tackle this shortcoming, we introduce a versatile and industrially scalable deposition method based on the inkjet printing of a polymer blend, leading to PSNs with a feature size that is tuned from a few micrometers down to sub-100 nm. Consequently, PSNs can be rapidly processed into the desired macroscopic design. We demonstrate that these printed PSNs can improve light management in manifold photonic applications, exemplified here by exploiting them as a light extraction layer and a metasurface for light-emitting devices and point-of-care biosensors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidenekachew J Donie
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlisske
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radwanul H Siddique
- Image Sensor Lab, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc., 2 N Lake Avenue Suite 240, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
- Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Adrian Mertens
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vinayak Narasimhan
- Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Fabian Schackmar
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manuel Pietsch
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ihteaz M Hossain
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Gomard
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Bosire R, Ndaya D, Kasi RM. Cholesteric mesophase based 1D photonic materials from self-assembly of liquid crystalline block and random terpolymers containing chromonic molecules. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14615-14623. [PMID: 35424004 PMCID: PMC8697838 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00899d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the influence of competing self-organizing phenomena on the formation of cholesteric mesophase in liquid crystalline brush block terpolymers (LCBBTs) and liquid crystalline random brush terpolymers (LCRBTs) containing chromonic molecules. A library of LCBBTs and LCRBTs are synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene side-chain functionalized monomers comprising cholesteryl mesogen (NBCh9), chromonic xanthenone (NBXan), and poly(ethylene glycol) (NBMPEG). Compression molded films of LCRBTs containing chromonic molecules display multilevel hierarchical structure in which cholesteric mesophase co-exists with π-π stacking of the chromonic mesophase along with PEG microphase segregated domains. This is unexpected as conventional LCBCPs and LCBBCs that lack chromonic molecules do not form cholesteric mesophases. The presence of π-π interactions modifies the interface at the IMDS so that both chromonic and cholesteric mesophases coexist leading to the manifestation of cholesteric phase for the first time within block architecture and is very reminiscent of previously published LCRBCs without chromonic molecules. The key to the observed hierarchical assembly in these LCBBTs containing chromonic molecules lies in the interplay of LC order, chromonic π-π stacking, PEG side chain microphase segregation, and their supramolecular cooperative motion. This unique "single component" polymer scaffold transforms our capacity to attain nanoscale hierarchies and optical properties from block architecture similar to nanoscale mesophases resulting in random architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Bosire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Dennis Ndaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Rajeswari M Kasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
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15
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Abstract
Recently, tunable photonic crystals (PhCs) have received great research interest, thanks to the wide range of applications in which they can be employed, such as light emission and sensing, among others. In addition, the versatility and ease of fabrication of PhCs allow for the integration of a large range of responsive elements that, in turn, can permit active tuning of PhC optical properties upon application of external stimuli, e.g., physical, chemical or even biological triggers. In this work, we summarize the most employed theoretical tools used for the design of optical properties of responsive PhCs and the most used fabrication techniques. Furthermore, we collect the most relevant results related to this field, with particular emphasis on electrochromic devices.
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16
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Liu S, Li Q, Li Y, Zhang J, Pan X, Zhu J, Zhu X. Controllable Radical Polymerization of Selenide Functionalized Vinyl Monomers and Its Application in Redox Responsive Photonic Crystals. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000764. [PMID: 33544949 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing monomer (p-phenylseleno) styrene (p-PhSeSt) is polymerized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Polymer, (P(p-PhSeSt)), with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight is obtained. The selenide moiety in obtained P(p-PhSeSt) can be selectively oxidized to selenoxide or selenone groups by H2 O2 or NaClO, respectively. These oxidized groups can be further reduced to selenide by Na2 S2 O4 . The structure changing of polymers during such redox cycle is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. Properties, such as thermal performance, glass transition temperature, water contact angles, and refractive indices, of the resulting polymers are systematically investigated before and after oxidation. In addition, SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) is fabricated by sacrificial polymer colloidal template method. Owing to changes of the RIs of P(p-PhSeSt) after selective oxidation, the predictable change of PC bandgap as a redox-responsive PC sensor is successfully realized, which provides new perspectives for modulating photonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiang Liu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and RIRI Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Global Institute of Software Technology, Suzhou, 215163, P. R. China
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17
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Clough JM, Weder C, Schrettl S. Mechanochromism in Structurally Colored Polymeric Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000528. [PMID: 33210385 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic effects in structurally colored materials are the result of deformation-induced changes to their ordered nanostructures. Polymeric materials which respond in this way to deformation offer an attractive combination of characteristics, including continuous strain sensing, high strain resolution, and a wide strain-sensing range. Such materials are potentially useful for a wide range of applications, which extend from pressure-sensing bandages to anti-counterfeiting devices. Focusing on the materials design aspects, recent developments in this field are summarized. The article starts with an overview of different approaches to achieve mechanochromic effects in structurally colored materials, before the physical principles governing the interaction of light with each of these materials types are summarized. Diverse methodologies to prepare these polymers are then discussed in detail, and where applicable, naturally occurring materials that inspired the design of artificial systems are discussed. The capabilities and limitations of structurally colored materials in reporting and visualizing mechanical deformation are examined from a general standpoint and also in more specific technological contexts. To conclude, current trends in the field are highlighted and possible future opportunities are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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18
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Li Q, Liu S, Li J, Pan X, Zhu J, Zhu X. Visual Ozone Sensor: Structural Color Change of Pendant Selenium‐Containing Maleimide Polymers via Oxidation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000517. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shaoxiang Liu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
- Global Institute of Software Technology Suzhou 215163 P. R. China
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19
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LaFreniere JMJ, Roberge EJ, Halpern JM. Reorientation of Polymers in an Applied Electric Field for Electrochemical Sensors. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 167:037556. [PMID: 32265575 PMCID: PMC7138228 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab6cfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This mini review investigates the relationship and interactions of polymers under an applied electric field (AEF) for sensor applications. Understanding how and why polymers are reoriented and manipulated by under an AEF is essential for future growth in polymer-based electrochemical sensors. Examples of polymers that can be manipulated in an AEF for sensor applications are provided. Current methods of monitoring polymer reorientation will be described, but new techniques are needed characterize polymer response to various AEF stimuli. The unique and reproducible stimuli response of polymers elicited by an AEF has significant potential for growth in the sensing community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma J. Roberge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
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20
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Calais T, Valdivia y Alvarado P. Advanced functional materials for soft robotics: tuning physicochemical properties beyond rigidity control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab4f9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Taki M, Yamashita T, Yatabe K, Vogel V. Mechano-chromic protein-polymer hybrid hydrogel to visualize mechanical strain. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9388-9393. [PMID: 31609367 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a proof-of-concept study, a mechano-chromic hydrogel was synthesized here, via chemoenzymatic click conjugation of fluorophore-labeled fibronectin into a synthetic hydrogel co-polymers (i.e., poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/polyethylene glycol). The optical FRET response could be tuned by macroscopic stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Taki
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Kim DY, Kim MJ, Sung G, Sun JY. Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies. NANO CONVERGENCE 2019; 6:21. [PMID: 31218437 PMCID: PMC6584625 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Displays play a significant role in delivering information and providing visual data across all media platforms. Among displays, the prominence of reflective displays is increasing, in the form of E-paper, which has features distinct from emissive displays. These unique features include high visibility under daylight conditions, reduced eye strain and low power consumption, which make them highly effective for outdoor use. Furthermore, such characteristics enable reflective displays to achieve high synergy in combination with wearable devices, which are frequently used for outdoor activities. However, as wearable devices must stretch to conform to the dynamic surfaces of the human body, the issue of how to fabricate stretchable reflective displays should be tackled prior to merging them with wearable devices. In this paper, we discuss stretchable and reflective displays. In particular, we focus on reflective displays that can be divided into two types, passive and active, according to their responses to stretching. Passive displays, which consist of dyes or pigments, exhibit consistent colors under stretching, while active displays, which are based on mechanochromic materials, change their color under the same conditions. We will provide a comprehensive overview of the materials and technologies for each display type, and present strategies for stretchable and reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Gimin Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
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23
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Kim DY, Choi S, Cho H, Sun JY. Electroactive Soft Photonic Devices for the Synesthetic Perception of Color and Sound. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804080. [PMID: 30417439 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Color, as perceived through the eye, transcends mere information in the visible range of electromagnetism and serves as an agent for communication and entertainment. Mechanochromic systems have thus far only aimed at satisfying the sense of vision and have overlooked the possibility of generating acoustic vibrations in concert with their visual color responses that would enable the simultaneous satisfaction of the auditory system. Transcending the boundaries of the two senses (i.e., sound and color), herein a strategy for their concurrent and synesthetic fulfillment is elucidated by electrically actuating an organogel photonic device, controlled by a single input signal. This new class of devices that integrate a color module with a speaker is fabricated from a mechanochromic layer that comprises close-packed photonic lattice with an organogel matrix pervading the void fraction. Exploiting a dielectric elastomer actuator, the system's mechanical response permits the simultaneous, yet independent, exploration of visible-light reflection alongside audible sound-wave generation. Large areal strains at low frequencies of actuation tune the photonic stop-band, whereas the layer remains incompressible and exhibits negligible strain when actuated at higher frequencies (e.g., tens of Hz), thereby making it amenable to modulate sound and color simultaneously yet independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sunglok Choi
- IT Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Hyesung Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 1510744, South Korea
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24
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Chen W, Pan Y, Chen J, Ye F, Liu SH, Yin J. Stimuli-responsive organic chromic materials with near-infrared emission. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Isapour G, Lattuada M. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Color-Changing Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707069. [PMID: 29700857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive colors are a unique characteristic of certain animals, evolved as either a method to hide from enemies and prey or to communicate their presence to rivals or mates. From a material science perspective, the solutions developed by Mother Nature to achieve these effects are a source of inspiration to scientists for decades. Here, an updated overview of the literature on bioinspired stimuli-responsive color-changing systems is provided. Starting from natural systems, which are the source of inspiration, a classification of the different solutions proposed is given, based on the stimuli used to trigger the color-changing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Isapour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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Hwang DG, Bartlett MD. Tunable Mechanical Metamaterials through Hybrid Kirigami Structures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3378. [PMID: 29467413 PMCID: PMC5821861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the art of paper cutting, kirigami provides intriguing tools to create materials with unconventional mechanical and morphological responses. This behavior is appealing in multiple applications such as stretchable electronics and soft robotics and presents a tractable platform to study structure-property relationships in material systems. However, mechanical response is typically controlled through a single or fractal cut type patterned across an entire kirigami sheet, limiting deformation modes and tunability. Here we show how hybrid patterns of major and minor cuts creates new opportunities to introduce boundary conditions and non-prismatic beams to enable highly tunable mechanical responses. This hybrid approach reduces stiffness by a factor of ~30 while increasing ultimate strain by a factor of 2 (up to 750% strain) relative to single incision patterns. We present analytical models and generate general design criteria that is in excellent agreement with experimental data from nanoscopic to macroscopic systems. These hybrid kirigami materials create new opportunities for multifunctional materials and structures, which we demonstrate with stretchable kirigami conductors with nearly constant electrical resistance up to >400% strain and magnetoactive actuators with extremely rapid response (>10,000% strain s-1) and high, repeatable elongation (>300% strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Doh-Gyu Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 528 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Michael D Bartlett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 528 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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27
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Zyla G, Kovalev A, Grafen M, Gurevich EL, Esen C, Ostendorf A, Gorb S. Generation of bioinspired structural colors via two-photon polymerization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17622. [PMID: 29247180 PMCID: PMC5732289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors of crystals, pigments, metals, salt solutions and bioluminescence occur in nature due to the optical properties of electrons in atoms and molecules. However, colors can also result from interference effects on nanostructures. In contrast to artificial coloration, which are caused by well-defined regular structures, the structural colors of living organisms are often more intense and almost angle-independent. In this paper, we report the successful manufacturing of a lamellar nanostructure that mimics the ridge shape of the Morpho butterfly using a 3d-direct laser writing technique. The viewing angle dependency of the color was analyzed via a spectrometer and the structure was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. The generated nano- and micro-structures and their optical properties were comparable to those observed in the Morpho butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Zyla
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Grafen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Evgeny L Gurevich
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Ostendorf
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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28
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Tadepalli S, Slocik JM, Gupta MK, Naik RR, Singamaneni S. Bio-Optics and Bio-Inspired Optical Materials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12705-12763. [PMID: 28937748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Through the use of the limited materials palette, optimally designed micro- and nanostructures, and tightly regulated processes, nature demonstrates exquisite control of light-matter interactions at various length scales. In fact, control of light-matter interactions is an important element in the evolutionary arms race and has led to highly engineered optical materials and systems. In this review, we present a detailed summary of various optical effects found in nature with a particular emphasis on the materials and optical design aspects responsible for their optical functionality. Using several representative examples, we discuss various optical phenomena, including absorption and transparency, diffraction, interference, reflection and antireflection, scattering, light harvesting, wave guiding and lensing, camouflage, and bioluminescence, that are responsible for the unique optical properties of materials and structures found in nature and biology. Great strides in understanding the design principles adapted by nature have led to a tremendous progress in realizing biomimetic and bioinspired optical materials and photonic devices. We discuss the various micro- and nanofabrication techniques that have been employed for realizing advanced biomimetic optical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimuvva Tadepalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | | | | | | | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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29
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Park S, Tsarkova LA. Surface Roughness-Mediated Ordering in Block Copolymer Films toward Spatially Controlled Patterns. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungjune Park
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Larisa A. Tsarkova
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow 1, Russia
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30
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Kang HS, Lee J, Cho SM, Park TH, Kim MJ, Park C, Lee SW, Kim KL, Ryu DY, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Printable and Rewritable Full Block Copolymer Structural Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700084. [PMID: 28556348 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors (SCs) of photonic crystals (PCs) arise from selective constructive interference of incident light. Here, an ink-jet printable and rewritable block copolymer (BCP) SC display is demonstrated, which can be quickly written and erased over 50 times with resolution nearly equivalent to that obtained with a commercial office ink-jet printer. Moreover, the writing process employs an easily modified printer for position- and concentration-controlled deposition of a single, colorless, water-based ink containing a reversible crosslinking agent, ammonium persulfate. Deposition of the ink onto a self-assembled BCP PC film comprising a 1D stack of alternating layers enables differential swelling of the written BCP film and produces a full-colored SC display of characters and images. Furthermore, the information can be readily erased and the system can be reset by application of hydrogen bromide. Subsequently, new information can be rewritten, resulting in a chemically rewritable BCP SC display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Man Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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31
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Mahajan LH, Ndaya D, Deshmukh P, Peng X, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO, Kasi RM. Optically Active Elastomers from Liquid Crystalline Comb Copolymers with Dual Physical and Chemical Cross-Links. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Chinedum O. Osuji
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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32
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Liberman-Martin AL, Chu CK, Grubbs RH. Application of Bottlebrush Block Copolymers as Photonic Crystals. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28544118 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brush block copolymers are a class of comb polymers that feature polymeric side chains densely grafted to a linear backbone. These polymers display interesting properties due to their dense functionality, low entanglement, and ability to rapidly self-assemble to highly ordered nanostructures. The ability to prepare brush polymers with precise structures has been enabled by advancements in controlled polymerization techniques. This Feature Article highlights the development of brush block copolymers as photonic crystals that can reflect visible to near-infrared wavelengths of light. Fabrication of these materials relies on polymer self-assembly processes to achieve nanoscale ordering, which allows for the rapid preparation of photonic crystals from common organic chemical feedstocks. The characteristic physical properties of brush block copolymers are discussed, along with methods for their preparation. Strategies to induce self-assembly at ambient temperatures and the use of blending techniques to tune photonic properties are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra L Liberman-Martin
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Crystal K Chu
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
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33
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Zhang Y, Fu Q, Ge J. Test-Paper-Like Photonic Crystal Viscometer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603351. [PMID: 28092431 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A test-paper-like photonic crystal (PC) viscometer is fabricated based on the positive correlation between viscosity and the infiltration time for viscous liquid to entirely soak the PC film. It can be broadly used in different occasions to quickly determine the viscosity for many liquids, considering its portable and disposable characteristics and the requirement of little samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qianqian Fu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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34
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Hong R, Shi Y, Wang XQ, Peng L, Wu X, Cheng H, Chen S. Highly sensitive mechanochromic photonic gel towards fast- responsive fingerprinting. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive mechanochromic photonic gel based on carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded into N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide and N-vinylcaprolactam copolymer was fabricated toward fast-responsive fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Yuqi Shi
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Fuyang Normal University
- Fuyang 236001
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Lu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Xingjiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Hengyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials
- Nanjing Tech University (Former: Nanjing University of Technology)
- Nanjing 210009
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35
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Wu X, Ma D, Eisenlohr P, Raabe D, Fabritius HO. From insect scales to sensor design: modelling the mechanochromic properties of bicontinuous cubic structures. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:045001. [PMID: 27301299 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many of the three-dimensional photonic crystals occurring in the scales of insects have bicontinuous cubic structures. Their optical properties have been studied extensively, however little is known about their mechanical properties and their optical response under deformation. We demonstrated a mechanochromic effect by deforming the scales of a weevil and calculated the elastic, optical and mechanochromic (assuming homogeneous deformation) properties of the three types of bicontinuous cubic structures occurring in nature: P-structure (primitive), G-structure (gyroid) and D-structure (diamond). The results show that all investigated properties of these three structure types strongly depend on their geometry, structural parameters such as volume fractions of the two constituting phases and the directions of the incident light or applied stress, respectively. Interestingly, the mechanochromic simulation results predict that these structures may show blue-shift or even red-shift under compression along certain directions. Our results provide design guidelines for mechanochromic sensing materials operating in the elastic regime, including parameters such as sensitivity and direction of spectral shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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36
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Shen H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Yang B. One-dimensional photonic crystals: fabrication, responsiveness and emerging applications in 3D construction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21373h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical usages of one-dimensional photonic crystals and emerging applications in 3D construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research Center
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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37
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Park TJ, Hwang SK, Park S, Cho SH, Park TH, Jeong B, Kang HS, Ryu DY, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Electrically Tunable Soft-Solid Block Copolymer Structural Color. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12158-12167. [PMID: 26505787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional photonic crystals based on the periodic stacking of two different dielectric layers have been widely studied, but the fabrication of mechanically flexible polymer structural color (SC) films, with electro-active color switching, remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate free-standing electric field tunable ionic liquid (IL) swollen block copolymer (BCP) films. Placement of a polymer/ionic liquid film-reservoir adjacent to a self-assembled poly(styrene-block-quaternized 2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-QP2VP) copolymer SC film allowed the development of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) full-color SC block copolymer films by swelling of the QP2VP domains by the ionic liquid associated with water molecules. The IL-polymer/BCP SC film is mechanically flexible with excellent color stability over several days at ambient conditions. The selective swelling of the QP2VP domains could be controlled by both the ratio of the IL to a polymer in the gel-like IL reservoir layer and by an applied voltage in the range of -3 to +6 V using a metal/IL reservoir/SC film/IL reservoir/metal capacitor type device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Joon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kak Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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38
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Ding T, Cao G, Schäfer CG, Zhao Q, Gallei M, Smoukov SK, Baumberg JJ. Revealing Invisible Photonic Inscriptions: Images from Strain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13497-502. [PMID: 26039279 PMCID: PMC4485955 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photonic structural materials have received intensive interest and have been strongly developed over the past few years for image displays, sensing, and anticounterfeit materials. Their "smartness" arises from their color responsivity to changes of environment, strain, or external fields. Here, we introduce a novel invisible photonic system that reveals encrypted images or characters by simply stretching, or immersing in solvents. This type of intriguing photonic material is composed of regularly arranged core-shell particles that are selectively cross-linked by UV irradiation, giving different strain response compared to un-cross-linked regions. The images reversibly appear and disappear when cycling the strain and releasing it. The unique advantages of this soft polymer opal system compared with other types of photonic gels are that it can be produced in roll to roll quantities, can be vigorously deformed to achieve strong color changes, and has no solvent evaporation issues because it is a photonic rubber system. We demonstrate potential applications together with a fabrication procedure which is straightforward and scalable, vital for user take-up. Our work deepens understanding of this rubbery photonic system based on core-shell nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Guoshuai Cao
- Hushes Hall College, University of Cambridge, Wollaston Road, CB1 2EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian G. Schäfer
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straβe 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Qibin Zhao
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straβe 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stoyan K. Smoukov
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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39
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Chiang YW, Chou CY, Wu CS, Lin EL, Yoon J, Thomas EL. Large-Area Block Copolymer Photonic Gel Films with Solvent-Evaporation-Induced Red- and Blue-Shift Reflective Bands. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Chou
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sian Wu
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Lin
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jongseung Yoon
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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40
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Yue Y, Gong JP. Tunable one-dimensional photonic crystals from soft materials. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Xiao M, Li Y, Allen MC, Deheyn DD, Yue X, Zhao J, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD, Dhinojwala A. Bio-Inspired Structural Colors Produced via Self-Assembly of Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5454-60. [PMID: 25938924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors arising from interactions of light with submicron scale periodic structures have been found in many species across all taxa, serving multiple biological functions including sexual signaling, camouflage, and aposematism. Directly inspired by the extensive use of self-assembled melanosomes to produce colors in avian feathers, we set out to synthesize and assemble polydopamine-based synthetic melanin nanoparticles in an effort to fabricate colored films. We have quantitatively demonstrated that synthetic melanin nanoparticles have a high refractive index and broad absorption spanning across the UV-visible range, similar to natural melanins. Utilizing a thin-film interference model, we demonstrated the coloration mechanism of deposited films and showed that the unique optical properties of synthetic melanin nanoparticles provide advantages for structural colors over other polymeric nanoparticles (i.e., polystyrene colloidal particles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Michael C Allen
- §Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- §Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Jiuzhou Zhao
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Matthew D Shawkey
- ∥Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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42
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Howell IR, Li C, Colella NS, Ito K, Watkins JJ. Strain-tunable one dimensional photonic crystals based on zirconium dioxide/slide-ring elastomer nanocomposites for mechanochromic sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3641-3646. [PMID: 25647806 DOI: 10.1021/am5079946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication and performance of tunable, elastic organic/inorganic composite one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) in the visible spectrum. By controlling the composition of high refractive index metal oxide nanoparticle/polymer composites, a refractive index difference of 0.18 between the filled and unfilled polymer layers can be achieved while maintaining desirable flexibility and elasticity. This index contrast is achieved with a loading of 70 wt % zirconium dioxide nanoparticles within a slide-ring elastomer matrix, which is composed of topologically cross-linked polyrotaxane polyols. The large refractive index contrast enables high reflectivity while simultaneously minimizing the number of layers necessary, compared to purely polymer systems. Because the films are both flexible and elastic, these nanocomposite 1DPCs can function as colorimetric strain sensors. We demonstrate the sensing behavior of these 1DPCs by applying over 40% strain, resulting in a visible color shift across the visible spectrum from red to blue. 1DPCs of just 6 periods maintain reflectance of 40% throughout the visible spectrum, with a tensile mechanochromic sensitivity (Δλ/Δεmax) as high as -6.05 nm/%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R Howell
- Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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43
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Jiang Y. An outlook review: Mechanochromic materials and their potential for biological and healthcare applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:682-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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44
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Fan Y, Tang S, Thomas EL, Olsen BD. Responsive block copolymer photonics triggered by protein-polyelectrolyte coacervation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11467-11473. [PMID: 25393374 DOI: 10.1021/nn504565r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic interactions between proteins and polyelectrolytes are demonstrated as a method to trigger responsive transitions in block copolymer (BCP) photonic gels containing one neutral hydrophobic block and one cationic hydrophilic block. Poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) blocks in lamellar poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) block copolymer thin films are quaternized with primary bromides to yield swollen gels that show strong reflectivity peaks in the visible range; exposure to aqueous solutions of various proteins alters the swelling ratios of the quaternized P2VP (QP2VP) gel layers in the PS-QP2VP materials due to the ionic interactions between proteins and the polyelectrolyte. Parameters such as charge density, hydrophobicity, and cross-link density of the QP2VP gel layers as well as the charge and size of the proteins play significant roles on the photonic responses of the BCP gels. Differences in the size and pH-dependent charge of proteins provide a basis for fingerprinting proteins based on their temporal and equilibrium photonic response. The results demonstrate that the BCP gels and their photonic effect provide a robust and visually interpretable method to differentiate different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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45
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Yue Y, Kurokawa T, Haque MA, Nakajima T, Nonoyama T, Li X, Kajiwara I, Gong JP. Mechano-actuated ultrafast full-colour switching in layered photonic hydrogels. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4659. [PMID: 25130669 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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46
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Zhang Y, Han T, Gu S, Zhou T, Zhao C, Guo Y, Feng X, Tong B, Bing J, Shi J, Zhi J, Dong Y. Mechanochromic behavior of aryl-substituted buta-1,3-diene derivatives with aggregation enhanced emission. Chemistry 2014; 20:8856-61. [PMID: 24920471 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three tetra-aryl substituted 1,3-butadiene derivatives with aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) and mechanochromic fluorescence behavior have been rationally designed and synthesized. The results suggest an effective design strategy for developing diverse materials with aggregation induced emission (AIE) and significant mechanochromic performance by employing D-π-A structures with large dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 (P.R. China)
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47
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Fan Y, Walish JJ, Tang S, Olsen BD, Thomas EL. Defects, Solvent Quality, and Photonic Response in Lamellar Block Copolymer Gels. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402287x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph J. Walish
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengchang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, United States
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48
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Lee JH, Koh CY, Singer JP, Jeon SJ, Maldovan M, Stein O, Thomas EL. 25th anniversary article: ordered polymer structures for the engineering of photons and phonons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:532-69. [PMID: 24338738 PMCID: PMC4227607 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of optical and acoustic material functionalities via construction of ordered local and global architectures on various length scales commensurate with and well below the characteristic length scales of photons and phonons in the material is an indispensable and powerful means to develop novel materials. In the current mature status of photonics, polymers hold a pivotal role in various application areas such as light-emission, sensing, energy, and displays, with exclusive advantages despite their relatively low dielectric constants. Moreover, in the nascent field of phononics, polymers are expected to be a superior material platform due to the ability for readily fabricated complex polymer structures possessing a wide range of mechanical behaviors, complete phononic bandgaps, and resonant architectures. In this review, polymer-centric photonic and phononic crystals and metamaterials are highlighted, and basic concepts, fabrication techniques, selected functional polymers, applications, and emerging ideas are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | | | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MITCambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seog-Jin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | - Martin Maldovan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MITCambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ori Stein
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
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49
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Max E, Hund M, Potemkin II, Tsarkova L. Floated Lamella Films of Styrenic Block Copolymers: Local Shearing Deformations and Heterogeneous Layer at the Substrate. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4020802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Max
- Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Hund
- Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- Physics
Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- DWI - Leibniz Institute
for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- DWI - Leibniz Institute
for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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Phan L, Walkup WG, Ordinario DD, Karshalev E, Jocson JM, Burke AM, Gorodetsky AA. Reconfigurable infrared camouflage coatings from a cephalopod protein. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5621-5625. [PMID: 23897625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In nature, cephalopods employ unique dynamic camouflage mechanisms. Herein, we draw inspiration from self-assembled structures found in cephalopods to fabricate tunable biomimetic camouflage coatings. The reflectance of these coatings is dynamically modulated between the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in situ. Our studies represent a crucial step towards reconfigurable and disposable infrared camouflage for stealth applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Phan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, (USA)
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