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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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2
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Wang C, Hashizume D, Nakano M, Ogaki T, Takenaka H, Kawabata K, Takimiya K. "Disrupt and induce" intermolecular interactions to rationally design organic semiconductor crystals: from herringbone to rubrene-like pitched π-stacking. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1573-1580. [PMID: 34084388 PMCID: PMC8148081 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The packing structures of organic semiconductors in the solid state play critical roles in determining the performances of their optoelectronic devices, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). It is a formidable challenge to rationally design molecular packing in the solid state owing to the difficulty of controlling intermolecular interactions. Here we report a unique materials design strategy based on the β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes to generally and selectively control the packing structures of materials to create organic semiconductors rivalling rubrene, a benchmark high-mobility material with a characteristic pitched π-stacking structure in the solid state. Furthermore, the effect of the β-methylthionation on the packing structure was analyzed by Hirshfeld surface analysis together with theoretical calculations based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). The results clearly demonstrated that the β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes can universally alter the intermolecular interactions by disrupting the favorable edge-to-face manner in the parent acenedithiophenes and simultaneously inducing face-to-face and end-to-face interactions in the β-methylthionated acenedithiophenes. This “disrupt and induce” strategy to manipulate intermolecular interactions can open a door to rational packing design based on the molecular structure. The rational design of organic semiconductor crystals is realized by β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes through manipulating intermolecular interactions in a “disrupt and induce” manner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Wang
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takenaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kawabata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
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3
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Wang Y, Yang L, Shi XL, Shi X, Chen L, Dargusch MS, Zou J, Chen ZG. Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807916. [PMID: 31148307 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for ecofriendly, stable, long-lifetime power sources is driving the booming market for miniaturized and integrated electronics, including wearable and medical implantable devices. Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices are receiving increasing attention, due to their capability to convert heat into electricity directly by conformably attaching them onto heat sources. Polymer-based flexible thermoelectric materials are particularly fascinating because of their intrinsic flexibility, affordability, and low toxicity. There are other promising alternatives including inorganic-based flexible thermoelectrics that have high energy-conversion efficiency, large power output, and stability at relatively high temperature. Herein, the state-of-the-art in the development of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices is summarized, including exploring the fundamentals behind the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices by relating materials chemistry and physics to properties. By taking insights from carrier and phonon transport, the limitations of high-performance flexible thermoelectric materials and the underlying mechanisms associated with each optimization strategy are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges in flexible thermoelectric materials are discussed in conclusion, and suggestions and a framework to guide future development are provided, which may pave the way for a bright future for flexible thermoelectric devices in the energy market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Xun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Matthew S Dargusch
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and, Manufacturing (AMPAM), the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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4
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Li H, Brédas JL. Quasi-One-Dimensional Charge Transport Can Lead to Nonlinear Current Characteristics in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6550-6555. [PMID: 30380867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinearity in the current characteristics of organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices has become a serious issue for accurate evaluation of the charge-carrier mobilities in organic semiconductors. In particular, in the case of several high-mobility materials, a kink appears in the transfer curves, and this nonlinearity has been generally interpreted as the result of poor contacts. Here, we describe another possible origin for the appearance of such a kink. Extensive molecular-scale device simulations indeed demonstrate that the quasi-1D nature of charge transport often encountered in organic crystals or highly oriented polymers can lead to significant transport through the bulk and result in nonlinearity of the transfer current characteristics if the actual charge injection is away from the channel. When this is the case, the low-gate voltage regime in fact does not overestimate the charge mobility along the channel direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
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5
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Abstract
A comprehensive overview of organic semiconductor crystals is provided, including the physicochemical features, the control of crystallization and the device physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO)
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wenping Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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6
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Choi HH, Cho K, Frisbie CD, Sirringhaus H, Podzorov V. Critical assessment of charge mobility extraction in FETs. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 17:2-7. [PMID: 29255225 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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7
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Adhikari JM, Gadinski MR, Li Q, Sun KG, Reyes-Martinez MA, Iagodkine E, Briseno AL, Jackson TN, Wang Q, Gomez ED. Controlling Chain Conformations of High-k Fluoropolymer Dielectrics to Enhance Charge Mobilities in Rubrene Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10095-10102. [PMID: 27717022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel photopatternable high-k fluoropolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-bromotrifluoroethylene) P(VDF-BTFE), with a dielectric constant (k) between 8 and 11 is demonstrated in thin-film transistors. Crosslinking P(VDF-BTFE) reduces energetic disorder at the dielectric-semiconductor interface by controlling the chain conformations of P(VDF-BTFE), thereby leading to approximately a threefold enhancement in the charge mobility of rubrene single-crystal field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala M Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, 106 Fenske Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew R Gadinski
- Material Science and Engineering, N-348 Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Material Science and Engineering, N-348 Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kaige G Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marcos A Reyes-Martinez
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, The Dow Chemical Company, 455 Forest St, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Elissei Iagodkine
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, The Dow Chemical Company, 455 Forest St, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, The Dow Chemical Company, 455 Forest St, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Thomas N Jackson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Material Science and Engineering, N-348 Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, 106 Fenske Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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8
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Nguyen KV, Payne MM, Anthony JE, Lee JH, Song E, Kang B, Cho K, Lee WH. Grain Boundary Induced Bias Instability in Soluble Acene-Based Thin-Film Transistors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33224. [PMID: 27615358 PMCID: PMC5018961 DOI: 10.1038/srep33224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the grain boundaries (GBs) within the semiconductor layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have a strong influence on device performance, a substantial number of studies have been devoted to controlling the crystallization characteristics of organic semiconductors. We studied the intrinsic effects of GBs within 5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (TES-ADT) thin films on the electrical properties of OFETs. The GB density was easily changed by controlling nulceation event in TES-ADT thin films. When the mixing time was increased, the number of aggregates in as-spun TES-ADT thin films were increased and subsequent exposure of the films to 1,2-dichloroethane vapor led to a significant increase in the number of nuleation sites, thereby increasing the GB density of TES-ADT spherulites. The density of GBs strongly influences the angular spread and crystallographic orientation of TES-ADT spherulites. Accordingly, the FETs with higher GB densities showed much poorer electrical characteristics than devices with lower GB density. Especially, GBs provide charge trapping sites which are responsible for bias-stress driven electrical instability. Dielectric surface treatment with a polystyrene brush layer clarified the GB-induced charge trapping by reducing charge trapping at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. Our study provides an understanding on GB induced bias instability for the development of high performance OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky V. Nguyen
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Marcia M. Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
| | - Jung Hun Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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9
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McCulloch I, Salleo A, Chabinyc M. ORGANIC DEVICES. Avoid the kinks when measuring mobility. Science 2016; 352:1521-2. [PMID: 27339971 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf9062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KSC, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5050, USA
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10
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Liu F, Sun J, Xiao S, Huang W, Tao S, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Yang J. Controllable fabrication of copper phthalocyanine nanostructure crystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:225601. [PMID: 25961155 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/22/225601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanostructure crystals, including nanoflower, nanoribbon, and nanowire, were controllably fabricated by temperature gradient physical vapor deposition (TG-PVD) through controlling the growth parameters. In a controllable growth system with carrier gas N2, nanoflower, nanoribbon, and nanowire crystals were formed in a high-temperature zone, medium-temperature zone, and low-temperature zone, respectively. They were proved to be β-phase, coexist of α-phase and β-phase, and α-phase respectively based on x-ray diffraction results. Furthermore, ultralong CuPc nanowires up to several millimeters could be fabricated by TG-PVD without carrier gas, and they were well-aligned to form large-area CuPc nanowire crystal arrays by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. The nanostructure crystals showed unusual optical absorption spectra from the ultraviolet-visible to near-infrared range, which was explained by the diffraction and scattering caused by the wavelength-sized nanostructures. These CuPc nanostructure crystals show potential applications in organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Liu
- Institute of Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process in Advanced Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China. Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
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11
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Jung MC, Leyden MR, Nikiforov GO, Lee MV, Lee HK, Shin TJ, Takimiya K, Qi Y. Flat-lying semiconductor-insulator interfacial layer in DNTT thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1833-40. [PMID: 25545199 DOI: 10.1021/am507528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular order of organic semiconductors at the gate dielectric is the most critical factor determining carrier mobility in thin film transistors since the conducting channel forms at the dielectric interface. Despite its fundamental importance, this semiconductor-insulator interface is not well understood, primarily because it is buried within the device. We fabricated dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) thin film transistors by thermal evaporation in vacuum onto substrates held at different temperatures and systematically correlated the extracted charge mobility to the crystal grain size and crystal orientation. As a result, we identify a molecular layer of flat-lying DNTT molecules at the semiconductor-insulator interface. It is likely that such a layer might form in other material systems as well, and could be one of the factors reducing charge transport. Controlling this interfacial flat-lying layer may raise the ultimate possible device performance for thin film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cherl Jung
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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12
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Deng J, Tang J, Xu Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Xie Z, Ma Y. Cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) single-crystal with balanced hole and electron injection and transport for ambipolar field-effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3421-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04265d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High performance symmetric OFETs (organic field-effect transistors) made with strong green fluorescent single-crystals demonstrated well-balanced mobilities of around 0.5 cm2 V−1 s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- P. R. China
| | - Liqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- P. R. China
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13
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Schweicher G, Olivier Y, Lemaur V, Geerts YH. What Currently Limits Charge Carrier Mobility in Crystals of Molecular Semiconductors? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Lee B, Chen Y, Fu D, Yi HT, Czelen K, Najafov H, Podzorov V. Trap healing and ultralow-noise Hall effect at the surface of organic semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:1125-1129. [PMID: 24162882 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental studies of intrinsic charge transport properties of organic semiconductors are often hindered by charge traps associated with static disorder present even in optimized single-crystal devices. Here, we report a method of surface functionalization using an inert non-conjugated polymer, perfluoropolyether (PFPE), deposited at the surface of organic molecular crystals, which results in accumulation of mobile holes and a 'trap healing' effect at the crystal/PFPE interface. As a consequence, a remarkable ultralow-noise, trp-free conduction regime characterized by intrinsic mobility and transport anisotropy emerges in organic single crystals, and Hall effect measurements with an unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio are demonstrated. This general method to convert trap-dominated organic semiconductors to intrinsic systems may enable the determination of intrinsic transport parameters with high accuracy and make Hall effect measurements in molecular crystals ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lee
- 1] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2]
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15
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Chen Y, Lee B, Yi HT, Lee SS, Payne MM, Pola S, Kuo CH, Loo YL, Anthony JE, Tao YT, Podzorov V. Dynamic character of charge transport parameters in disordered organic semiconductor field-effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 14:14142-51. [PMID: 22868385 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we discuss the dynamic instability of charge carrier transport in a range of popular organic semiconductors. We observe that in many cases field-effect mobility, an important parameter used to characterize the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), strongly depends on the rate of the gate voltage sweep during the measurement. Some molecular systems are so dynamic that their nominal mobility can vary by more than one order of magnitude, depending on how fast the measurements are performed, making an assignment of a single mobility value to devices meaningless. It appears that dispersive transport in OFETs based on disordered semiconductors, those with a high density of localized trap states distributed over a wide energy range, is responsible for the gate voltage sweep rate dependence of nominal mobility. We compare such rate dependence in different materials and across different device architectures, including pristine and trap-dominated single-crystal OFETs, as well as solution-processed polycrystalline thin-film OFETs. The paramount significance given to a single mobility value in the organic electronics community and the practical importance of OFETs for applications thus suggest that such an issue, previously either overlooked or ignored, is in fact a very important point to consider when engaging in fundamental studies of charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors or designing applied circuits with organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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16
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Ultra-flexible solution-processed organic field-effect transistors. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1259. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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