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Lee J, Shin DJ, Jo U, Lee JY. Reverse Intersystem Crossing Boosting Sensitizer for Ultra-High Efficiency Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39107103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
In designing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, a high reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate with a high photoluminescence quantum yield is essential. Herein, two blue TADF molecules, 2',5'-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3',6'-bis(3,6-ditert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,1':4',1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-dicarbonitrile (CzTCzPhBN) and 2',5'-bis(3,6-ditert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3',6'-bis(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,1':4',1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-dicarbonitrile (PhCzTCzPhBN) with a high RISC rate, were developed through donor engineering. CzTCzPhBN and PhCzTCzPhBN showed a high RISC rate of 4.00 × 105 and 16.62 × 105 s-1, respectively, with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 80.1 and 84.9%, which resulted in high external quantum efficiency of 27.0 and 27.8% with color coordinates (0.148, 0.170) and (0.150, 0.230) in blue TADF organic light-emitting diodes, respectively. The high RISC rate and device efficiency inspired two TADF molecules to be used as sensitizers in hyperfluorescence devices. The hyperfluorescence devices showed ultra-high external quantum efficiency of 30.7 and 36.4% with color coordinates (0.125, 0.164) and (0.127, 0.193), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tatsi E, Nitti A, Pasini D, Griffini G. Aggregation-induced emissive nanoarchitectures for luminescent solar concentrators. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39073376 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE), the phenomenon by which selected luminophores undergo the enhancement of emission intensity upon aggregation, has demonstrated potential in materials and biomaterials science, and in particular in those branches for which spectral management in the solid state is of fundamental importance. Its development in the area of luminescent spectral conversion devices like luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) is instead still in its infancy. This account aims at summarizing relevant contributions made in this field so far, with a special emphasis on the design of molecular and macromolecular architectures capable of extending their spectral breadth to the deep-red (DR) and the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Because of the many prospective advantages characterizing these spectral regions in terms of photon flux density and human-eye perception, it is anticipated that further development in the design, synthesis and engineering of advanced molecular and macromolecular DR/NIR-active AIE luminophores will enable faster and easier integration of LSCs into the built environment as highly transparent, active elements for unobtrusive light-to-electricity conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Tatsi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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3
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Wang Y, Lv ZY, Chen ZX, Xing S, Huo ZZ, Hong XF, Yuan L, Li W, Zheng YX. Multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials based on phosphorus central chirality for efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38990337 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) hold great potential for naked-eye 3D displays, necessitating efficient chiral luminescent materials with an optimal CP luminescence (CPL) dissymmetry factor (g). Herein, we present the first chiral multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials containing a phosphorus chiral center by incorporating 5-phenylbenzo[b]phosphindole-5-oxide into the para-position of two MR-TADF cores. The compounds, NBOPO and NBNPO, exhibit photoluminescence peaks at 462 and 498 nm with narrow full-width at half-maximum values of 25 and 24 nm in toluene, respectively. Notably, (R/S)-NBOPO and (R/S)-NBNPO enantiomers display high quantum yields of 87% and 93% and symmetric CPL with |gPL| factors of 1.18 × 10-3 and 4.30 × 10-3, respectively, in doped films. Moreover, the corresponding CP-OLEDs show impressive external quantum efficiencies of 16.4% and 28.3%, along with symmetric CP electroluminescence spectra with |gEL| values of 7.0 × 10-4 and 1.4 × 10-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Yi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Zhong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xian-Fang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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4
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Bae J, Imai-Imada M, Kim HS, Lee M, Imada H, Tsuchiya Y, Hatakeyama T, Adachi C, Kim Y. Visualization of Multiple-Resonance-Induced Frontier Molecular Orbitals in a Single Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecule. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17987-17995. [PMID: 38934571 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and electronic properties of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) in a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule contribute significantly to the TADF properties, and thus, a detailed understanding and sophisticated control of the FMOs are fundamental to the design of TADF molecules. However, for multiple-resonance (MR)-TADF molecules that achieve spatial separation of FMOs by the MR effect, the distinctive distribution of these molecular orbitals poses significant challenges for conventional computational analysis and ensemble averaging methods to elucidate the FMOs' separation and the precise mechanism of luminescence. Therefore, the visualization and analysis of electronic states with the specific energy level of a single MR-TADF molecule will provide a deeper understanding of the TADF mechanism. Here, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) was used to investigate the electronic states of the DABNA-1 molecule at the atomic scale. FMOs' visualization and local density of states analysis of the DABNA-1 molecule clearly show that MR-TADF molecules also have well-separated FMOs according to the internal heteroatom arrangement, providing insights that complement existing theoretical prediction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Bae
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory (SISL), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyabi Imai-Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory (SISL), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hyung Suk Kim
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Minhui Lee
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory (SISL), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 118-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory (SISL), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Youichi Tsuchiya
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory (SISL), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 118-8656, Japan
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5
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Zhu Z, Wei X, Liang W. A theoretical investigation of benzothiadiazole derivatives for high efficiency OLEDs. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1603-1613. [PMID: 38520729 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
It is of great importance and worthy of efforts to give a clear structure-property relationship and microscopic mechanism of fluorescence emitters with high quantum yield. In this work, we perform a detailed computational investigation to give an explanation to the high efficiency of a fluorescence emitter XBTD-NPh based TADF sensitized fluorescence (TSF) OLEDs, and construct a symmetry structure DSBNA-BTD. Theoretical calculations show that XBTD-NPh is a long-time phosphorescent material at 77 K and TADF is attributed to the RISC of T1 to S1 state. For DSBNA-BTD, excitons arrived at T1 state comes to a large rate of nonradiatively path to the ground state, meaning it is may not be an efficient TADF molecule. For both molecules, the fast IC between T2 and T1 state results in that the hot exciton channel T1-Tn-S1 makes no contribution to the TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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6
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Lin YP, Gao Y, Wu Y, Yang XD. Uncovering the Aggregation-Induced Emission Mechanisms of Phenoxazine and Phenothiazine Groups. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26112-26120. [PMID: 38911748 PMCID: PMC11191091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecules with both aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties are potential organic light-emitting diode materials; however, the AIE and TADF mechanisms are still debatable. In this work, four molecules incorporating carbazole (Cz), phenoxazine (PXZ), and phenothiazine (PTZ) as donor groups to the diphenylsulfone acceptor were investigated. The experiment results indicate that a molecule containing Cz exhibits solely TADF properties, whereas molecules containing PXZ and PTZ demonstrate both TADF and AIE characteristics. As for DPS-PTZ, the result indicates that the thin-film environment restricts molecular twisting, consequently reducing nonradiative decay, thereby attributing to the AIE property by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation. As for DPS-PXZ, the result suggests that the restricted access to a conical intersection in a singlet excited via an expansion in the C-S-C angle is the pivotal factor for the AIE characteristic. The C-S-C angle twist of DPS-PXZ is impeded in the aggregate state and resulted in luminescence. Understanding the mechanisms serves as a valuable guide for the development of new AIE systems, enabling their application in various practical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin
Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw−Based Functional Materials,
Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Jilin
Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw−Based Functional Materials,
Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun ,Jilin130024, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Jilin
Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw−Based Functional Materials,
Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
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7
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Jha S, Mehra KS, Dey M, S S, Ghosh D, Mondal PK, Polentarutti M, Sankar J. A nine-ring fused terrylene diimide exhibits switching between red TADF and near-IR room temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8974-8981. [PMID: 38873070 PMCID: PMC11168091 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of a terrylene diimide derivative that switches emission between thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the red region. By design, the molecule TDI-cDBT boasts a symmetrical, consecutively fused nine-ring motif with a kite-like structure. The rigid core formed by the annulated dibenzothiophene moiety favoured efficient intersystem crossing and yielded a narrow-band emission with a full-width half maxima (FWHM) of 0.09 eV, along with high colour purity. A small ΔE S1-T1 of 0.04 eV facilitated thermally activated delayed fluorescence, enhancing the quantum yield to 88% in the red region. Additionally, it also prefers a direct triplet emission from the aggregated state. The room temperature phosphorescence observed from the aggregates has a longer emission lifetime of 1.8 ms, which is further prolonged to 8 ms at 77 K in the NIR region. Thus, the current strategy is successful in not only reducing ΔE S1-T1 to favour TADF but also serves as a novel platform that can switch emission from TADF to RTP depending upon the concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangee Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Kundan Singh Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Mandira Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences Kolkata India 700032
| | - Sujesh S
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences Kolkata India 700032
| | - Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
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8
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Tang Z, Lyu F, Gu J, Guo H, Yu W, Zou Y, Gong L, Tang R, Qu B, Guo X, Chen Y, Deng Y, Bian M, Li Y, Zhang D, Wei M, Park SM, Xia P, Lv Y, Gong Q, Wang S, Chen Z, Xiao L. Sub-Second Long Lifetime Triplet Exciton Reservoir for Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313746. [PMID: 38332722 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In organic light-emitting diode (OLED), achieving high efficiency requires effective triplet exciton confinement by carrier-transporting materials, which typically have higher triplet energy (ET) than the emitter, leading to poor stability. Here, an electron-transporting material (ETM), whose ET is 0.32 eV lower than that of the emitter is reported. In devices, it surprisingly exhibits strong confinement effect and generates excellent efficiency. Additionally, the device operational lifetime is 4.9 times longer than the device with a standard ETM, 1,3,5-tri(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) phenyl (whose ET 0.36 eV is higher than the emitter). This anomalous finding is ascribed to the exceptionally long triplet state lifetime (≈0.2 s) of the ETM. It is named as long-lifetime triplet exciton reservoir effect. The systematic analysis reveals that the long triplet lifetime of ETM can compensate the requirement for high ET with the help of endothermic energy transfer. Such combination of low ET and long lifetime provides equivalent exciton confinement effect and high molecular stability simultaneously. It offers a novel molecular design paradigm for breaking the dilemma between high efficiency and prolonged operational lifetime in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jiannan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wenjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lefan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yongkai Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Pan Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Yao Lv
- Beijing Green Guardee Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 102299, P. R. China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, P. R. China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, P. R. China
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9
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Liu J, Yang L, Li S, Zhang K, Zhou X, Li G, Wu L, Qin Y. Near-infrared electrochemiluminescence biosensors facilitated by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for ctDNA analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116103. [PMID: 38382269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The near-infrared electrochemiluminescence technique (NIR ECL) has gained significant attention as a powerful analytical tool in biomedicine and clinical diagnosis due to its inherent advantages. In this work, we successfully synthesized a novel NIR ECL emitter of TPA-DCPP nanoparticles (NPs) with a D-π-A-π-D configuration. By utilizing the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) property, we achieved enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission through complete exciton harvesting for radiative decay. Specifically, when BDEA was used as a co-reactant, the TPA-DCPP NPs exhibited strong bandgap ECL emission. Additionally, they demonstrated an exceptionally higher ECL efficiency compared to conventional near-infrared fluorescence organic nanomaterials (BSeT-BT NPs). By integrating the efficient anodic ECL performance of TPA-DCPP NPs with Exo III-assisted polymerase enzyme reaction cascade amplification, a highly efficient ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) platform was developed for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The established biosensor demonstrated an exceptional linear dynamic range and achieved attomolar-level detection limit. This study highlights the immense potential of TADF emitters in enhancing ECL efficiency and extends the emission wavelength of organic nanomaterials to the NIR region, thereby expanding their applications in biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Liu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Luxia Yang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Shijie Li
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Guo Li
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Li Wu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China.
| | - Yuling Qin
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China.
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10
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Di Maiolo F, Phan Huu DKA, Giavazzi D, Landi A, Racchi O, Painelli A. Shedding light on thermally-activated delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5434-5450. [PMID: 38638233 PMCID: PMC11023041 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a hot research topic in view of its impressive applications in a wide variety of fields from organic LEDs to photodynamic therapy and metal-free photocatalysis. TADF is a rare and fragile phenomenon that requires a delicate equilibrium between tiny singlet-triplet gaps, sizable spin-orbit couplings, conformational flexibility and a balanced contribution of charge transfer and local excited states. To make the picture more complex, this precarious equilibrium is non-trivially affected by the interaction of the TADF dye with its local environment. The concurrent optimization of the dye and of the embedding medium is therefore of paramount importance to boost practical applications of TADF. Towards this aim, refined theoretical and computational approaches must be cleverly exploited, paying attention to the reliability of adopted approximations. In this perspective, we will address some of the most important issues in the field. Specifically, we will critically review theoretical and computational approaches to TADF rates, highlighting the limits of widespread approaches. Environmental effects on the TADF photophysics are discussed in detail, focusing on the major role played by dielectric and conformational disorder in liquid solutions and amorphous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Maiolo
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - D K Andrea Phan Huu
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Davide Giavazzi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Landi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Ottavia Racchi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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11
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Stanitska M, Pokhodylo N, Lytvyn R, Urbonas E, Volyniuk D, Kutsiy S, Ivaniuk K, Kinzhybalo V, Stakhira P, Keruckiene R, Obushak M, Gražulevičius JV. Effects of Electron-Withdrawing Strengths of the Substituents on the Properties of 4-(Carbazolyl- R-benzoyl)-5-CF 3-1 H-1,2,3-triazole Derivatives as Blue Emitters for Doping-Free Electroluminescence Devices. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14613-14626. [PMID: 38559965 PMCID: PMC10976381 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of four 4-(carbazolyl-R-benzoyl)-5-CF3-1H-1,2,3-triazoles with extra groups ((3-methyl)-phenyl-, 4-fluorophenyl-, quinolinyl-, or (3-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl-) in the acceptor fragment has been reported. The effects of substituents with different electron-withdrawing strengths on the thermal, electrochemical, photophysical, and electroluminescence properties of the synthesized compounds are discussed. The results of X-ray analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support unusual molecular packing and electronic properties. The compounds are capable of glass formation with glass transition temperatures ranging from 54-84 °C. Ionization potentials of the compounds are in the range of 5.98-6.22 eV and electron affinities range from 3.09 to 3.35 eV. Under ultraviolet excitation, the neat films of the compounds exhibit blue emission with photoluminescence quantum yields ranging from 18 to 27%. The films of selected compounds are used for the preparation of host-free light-emitting layers of organic light-emitting diodes with very simple device structures and an external quantum efficiency of 4.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Stanitska
- Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko st. 59, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Ivan
Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Nazariy Pokhodylo
- Ivan
Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lytvyn
- Ivan
Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Ervinas Urbonas
- Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko st. 59, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko st. 59, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Stepan Kutsiy
- National
University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Stepan Bandera 12, Lviv 79000, Ukraine
| | - Khrystyna Ivaniuk
- National
University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Stepan Bandera 12, Lviv 79000, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Kinzhybalo
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Okólna 2, Wrocław 50-422, Poland
| | - Pavlo Stakhira
- National
University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Stepan Bandera 12, Lviv 79000, Ukraine
| | - Rasa Keruckiene
- Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko st. 59, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mykola Obushak
- Ivan
Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya 6, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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12
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Huang Y, Jia M, Li C, Yang Y, He Y, Luo Y, Huang Y, Zhou L, Lu Z. A spiroacridine-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter for high-efficiency and narrow-band deep-blue OLEDs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3194-3197. [PMID: 38415749 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A novel deep-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule of SAC-BOC was reported. The SAC-BOC-based device exhibits a narrow full width at half maximum of 57 nm, an impressive maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 15.3% and CIE coordinates of (0.144, 0.129).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Mengjiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yuling He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yanju Luo
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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13
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Bai Z, Wang J, Zou P, Jiang R, Yang D, Ma D, Tang BZ, Zhao Z. Creating Efficient Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Cyano-Substituted 11,12-Diphenyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine Acceptors. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303990. [PMID: 38060300 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Red luminescent materials are essential components for full color display and white lightening based on organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology, but the extension of emission color towards red or deep red region generally leads to decreased photoluminescence and electroluminescence efficiencies. Herein, we wish to report two new luminescent molecules (2CNDPBPPr-TPA and 4CNDPBPPr-TPA) consisting of cyano-substituted 11,12-diphenyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine acceptors and triphenylamine donors. As the increase of cyano substituents, the emission wavelength is greatly red-shifted and the reverse intersystem crossing process is promoted, resulting in strong red delayed fluorescence. Meanwhile, due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the molecular structures become rigidified and planarized, which brings about large horizontal dipole ratios. As a result, 2CNDPBPPr-TPA and 4CNDPBPPr-TPA can perform as emitters efficiently in OLEDs, furnishing excellent external quantum efficiencies of 28.8 % at 616 nm and 20.2 % at 648 nm, which are significantly improved in comparison with that of the control molecule without cyano substituents. The findings in this work demonstrate that the introduction of cyano substituents to the acceptors of delayed fluorescence molecules could be a facile and effective approach to explore high-efficiency red or deep red delayed fluorescence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Peng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ruming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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14
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Kim H, Lee K, Kim JH, Kim WY. Deep Learning-Based Chemical Similarity for Accelerated Organic Light-Emitting Diode Materials Discovery. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:677-689. [PMID: 38270063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material has attracted great attention as a promising metal-free organic light-emitting diode material with a high theoretical efficiency. To accelerate the discovery of novel TADF materials, computer-aided material design strategies have been developed. However, they have clear limitations due to the accessibility of only a few computationally tractable properties. Here, we propose TADF-likeness, a quantitative score to evaluate the TADF potential of molecules based on a data-driven concept of chemical similarity to existing TADF molecules. We used a deep autoencoder to characterize the common features of existing TADF molecules with common chemical descriptors. The score was highly correlated with the four essential electronic properties of TADF molecules and had a high success rate in large-scale virtual screening of millions of molecules to identify promising candidates at almost no cost, validating its feasibility for accelerating TADF discovery. The concept of TADF-likeness can be extended to other fields of materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- AI Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chandrashekar P, Sardar G, Sengupta T, Reber AC, Mondal PK, Kabra D, Khanna SN, Deria P, Mandal S. Modulation of Singlet-Triplet Gap in Atomically Precise Silver Cluster-Assembled Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317345. [PMID: 38078805 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver cluster-based solids have garnered considerable attention owing to their tunable luminescence behavior. While surface modification has enabled the construction of stable silver clusters, controlling interactions among clusters at the molecular level has been challenging due to their tendency to aggregate. Judicious choice of stabilizing ligands becomes pivotal in crafting a desired assembly. However, detailed photophysical behavior as a function of their cluster packing remained unexplored. Here, we modulate the packing pattern of Ag12 clusters by varying the nitrogen-based ligand. CAM-1 formed through coordination of the tritopic linker molecule and NC-1 with monodentate pyridine ligand; established via non-covalent interactions. Both the assemblies show ligand-to-metal-metal charge transfer (LMMCT) based cluster-centered emission band(s). Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra exhibit blue shifts at higher temperatures, which is attributed to the extent of the thermal reverse population of the S1 state from the closely spaced T1 state. The difference in the energy gap (ΔEST ) dictated by their assemblies played a pivotal role in the way that Ag12 cluster assembly in CAM-1 manifests a wider ΔEST and thus requires higher temperatures for reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) than assembly of NC-1. Such assembly-defined photoluminescence properties underscore the potential toolkit to design new cluster- assemblies with tailored optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chandrashekar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Gopa Sardar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Turbasu Sengupta
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA-23220, USA
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA-23220, USA
| | - Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dinesh Kabra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA-23220, USA
| | - Pravas Deria
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL-62901, USA
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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16
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Hodée M, Massue J, Achelle S, Fihey A, Tondelier D, Ulrich G, Guen FRL, Katan C. Styrylpyrimidine chromophores with bulky electron-donating substituents: experimental and theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32699-32708. [PMID: 38014523 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03705c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Styrylpyrimidines with bulky 9,9-dimethylacridan, phenoxazine and phenothiazine electron-donating fragments were designed. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties were expected for these structures. These chromophores exhibit peculiar emission properties. For 9,9-dimethylacridan and phenoxazine derivatives, a single emission highly sensitive to the polarity is observed in solution whereas for phenothiazine derivative a dual emission is observed in solution and is attributed to the coexistence of quasi-axial (Qax) and quasi-equatorial (Qeq) conformers. This study intends to understand through theoretical and experimental works, why the studied chromophores do not exhibit TADF properties, contrary to what was expected. The absence of phosphorescence both at room temperature and 77 K tends to indicate the impossibility to harvest triplet states in these systems. Wave-function based calculations show that for both conformers of the three chromophores the S1-T1 splitting is significantly larger than 0.2 eV. The second triplet state T2 of Qeq conformers is found very close in energy to the singlet S1 state, but S1 and T2 states possess similar charge transfer characters. This prevents efficient spin-orbit coupling between the states, which is consistent with the absence of TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Hodée
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Massue
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France.
| | - Sylvain Achelle
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Denis Tondelier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau Cedex, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France.
| | - Françoise Robin-le Guen
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claudine Katan
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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17
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Matuszczyk D, Lee YJ, Kang S, Chmielewski PJ, Cybińska J, Kim D, Stępień M. π-Extended Hexapyrrolylbenzenes: Exploring Charge-Transfer Phenomena in Donor-Acceptor Propellers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302429. [PMID: 37624878 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A family of propeller-shaped donor-acceptor hexapyrrolylbenzenes (HPBs) were designed and synthesized by sequential nucleophilic substitution of hexafluorobenzene with π-extended pyrroles. In particular, four hybrids were obtained, containing various combinations of electron-rich and electron-poor acenaphthylene-fused pyrroles. Additionally, to probe the efficiency of ortho transfer interactions, a system was designed containing unique donor and acceptor subunits spatially separated with four unfunctionalized pyrroles. DFT calculations showed propeller-shaped geometries of all HPB molecules and separation of frontier molecular orbitals between donor and acceptor subunits. Steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements revealed charge-transfer (CT) character of the emission with strong positive dependence on solvent polarity. The principal CT pathway involves ortho-positioned pairs of donors and acceptors and requires bending of the acceptor in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matuszczyk
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
- Polski, Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii (PORT), ul. Stabłowicka147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Chen G, Swartzfager JR, Asbury JB. Matrix Dynamics and Their Crucial Role in Non-radiative Decay during Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25495-25504. [PMID: 37955854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interplay of matrix dynamics with the molecular dynamics of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, NAI-DMAC, to identify factors that influence the photophysical processes leading to TADF. The matrix dynamics surrounding NAI-DMAC molecules were varied continuously from the liquid to the solid state by depositing toluene solutions containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and NAI-DMAC onto optical substrates. We monitored changes of the NAI-DMAC emission as the liquid films dried to form solid PMMA films using temperature- and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We observed that, in low-viscosity solutions, the proportion of delayed fluorescence from NAI-DMAC was much smaller than that of prompt fluorescence, indicating that negligible TADF occurred in the low-viscosity environment. However, as the viscosity of the environment diverged at the final stages of dry-down to form solid PMMA films, the delayed fluorescence component of NAI-DMAC emission was extended to longer time scales and increased in amplitude relative to prompt emission as the temperature increased─signatures that TADF occurred in the solid state as expected. Our findings reveal the influence that matrix dynamics have on the competition between conformational motion needed to access emissive states and undergo TADF versus larger amplitude structural fluctuations that lead to non-radiative decay. Insights from these studies will inform ongoing work to understand and predict how host matrices used in organic light-emitting devices can be designed to maximize the radiative properties of TADF emitters by allowing molecular motion needed to undergo TADF while restricting larger amplitude motion leading to non-radiative decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John R Swartzfager
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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19
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Nair AG, Das A, Chathoth NE, Pratim Sarmah M, Anjukandi P. Chemical Tailoring Assisted non-TADF to TADF Switching in Carbazole-Benzophenone Emitter - An In-silico Investigation. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300445. [PMID: 37608522 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become one of the most popular lighting technologies since they offer several advantages over conventional devices. In carbazole-benzophenone (CzBP) OLED devices, the polymeric form of the compound is previously reported to be Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF)-active (ΔEST ≈0.12 eV), while the monomer (CzBP) (ΔEST ≈0.39 eV) does not. The present study examines the effect of chemical tailoring on the optical and photophysical properties of CzBP using DFT and TDDFT methods. The introduction of a single -NO2 group or di-substitution (-NO2 , -COOH or -CN) in the selected LUMO region of the reference CzBP monomer significantly reduces ΔEST ≈0.01 eV, projecting these systems as potential TADF-active emitters. Furthermore, the chemical modification of CzBP-LUMO alters the two-step TADF mechanism (T1 →T2 →S1 ) in CzBP (ES₁ >ET2 >ET₁ ) to the Direct Singlet Harvesting (T1 →S1 ) mechanism (ET2 >ES₁ >ET₁ ), which has recently been identified in the fourth-generation OLED materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna G Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Arathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, 605014, Puducherry, India
| | - Nayana Edavan Chathoth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Manash Pratim Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Padmesh Anjukandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
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20
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Lee SH, Kim TJ, Lee E, Kwon D, Kim J, Joo J. Observation of aligned dipoles and angular chromism of exciplexes in organic molecular heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7190. [PMID: 37938244 PMCID: PMC10632441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dipole characteristics of Frenkel excitons and charge-transfer excitons between donor and acceptor molecules in organic heterostructures such as exciplexes are important in organic photonics and optoelectronics. For the bilayer of the organic donor 4,4',4''-tris[(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine and acceptor 2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine molecules, the exciplexes form aligned dipoles perpendicular to the Frenkel excitons, as observed in back focal plane photoluminescence images. The angular chromism of exciplexes observed in the 100 meV range indicates possible delocalization and angle-sensing photonic applications. The blue shift of the peak position and increase in the linewidth of photoluminescene spectra with increasing excitation power are caused by the repulsive aligned exciplex dipole moments with a long lifetime (4.65 μs). Electroluminescence spectra of the exciplex from organic light-emitting diodes using the bilayer are blue-shifted with increasing bias, suggesting unidirectional alignment of the exciplex dipole moments. The observation of exciplex dipole moment alignments across molecular interfaces can facilitate the controlled coupling of exciton species and increase efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Joon Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeong Kwon
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinsoo Joo
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Hua J, Zhan Z, Cheng Z, Cao W, Chai Y, Wang X, Wei C, Dong H, Wang J. High-efficiency all-fluorescent white organic light-emitting diode based on TADF material as a sensitizer. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31632-31640. [PMID: 37908666 PMCID: PMC10614037 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of TADF materials as both sensitizers and emitters is a promising route to achieve high-efficiency all-fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). In this study, the thermally-activated delayed-fluorescent (TADF) material DMAC-TRZ (9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine-2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine) was selected as a sensitizer for the conventional fluorescent emitter DCJTB (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran), which was co-doped in a wide bandgap host of DPEPO (bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide) to fabricate WOLEDs. For the emitting layer of DPEPO:DMAC-TRZ:DCJTB, the DPEPO host can dilute the exciton concentration formed on the DMAC-TRZ sensitizer, which benefits the suppression of exciton quenching. The effect of the doping concentration of DCJTB on the carrier recombination and energy transfer process was investigated. With an optimized doping concentration of DCJTB as 0.8%, highly efficient WOLED was achieved with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE), power efficiency (PE), and current efficiency (CE) of 11.05%, 20.83 lm W-1, and 28.83 cd A-1, respectively, corresponding to the Commission Internationale de I' Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.45, 0.46). These superior performances can be ascribed to the fact that the hole-trapping effect of the emitter and Dexter energy transfer (DET) from sensitizer to emitter can be suppressed simultaneously by the extremely low doping concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Zhuolin Zhan
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Zeyuan Cheng
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Wanshan Cao
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Yuan Chai
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Chunyu Wei
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - He Dong
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University Siping 136000 China
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22
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Asiri JA, Hasan WMI, Jedidi A, Elroby SA, Aziz SG, Osman OI. Organoboron Complexes as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): A Computational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6952. [PMID: 37836795 PMCID: PMC10574585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on organoboron complexes characterized by very small energy gaps (ΔEST) between their singlet and triplet states, which allow for highly efficient harvesting of triplet excitons into singlet states for working as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) devices. Energy gaps ranging between 0.01 and 0.06 eV with dihedral angles of ca. 90° were registered. The spin-orbit couplings between the lowest excited S1 and T1 states yielded reversed intersystem crossing rate constants (KRISC) of an average of 105 s-1. This setup accomplished radiative decay rates of ca. 106 s-1, indicating highly potent electroluminescent devices, and hence, being suitable for application as organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah A. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Ad-Dwasir 18510, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid M. I. Hasan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
| | - Abdesslem Jedidi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
| | - Shaaban A. Elroby
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suif University, Beni-Suif 62521, Egypt
| | - Saadullah G. Aziz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
| | - Osman I. Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.A.); (W.M.I.H.); (A.J.); (S.G.A.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan
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23
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Chen MY, Huang F, Wu H, Cheng YC, Wang H, Hu YN, Fan XC, Yu J, Wang K, Zhang XH. Integrating the atomically separated frontier molecular orbital distribution of two multiple resonance frameworks through a single bond for high-efficiency narrowband emission. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4224-4231. [PMID: 37538049 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomically separated frontier molecular orbital (FMO) distribution plays a crucial role in achieving narrowband emissions for multiple resonance (MR)-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. Directly peripherally decorating a MR framework with donor or acceptor groups is a common strategy for developing MR emitters. However, this approach always induces bonding features and thus spectral broadening as a side effect. How direct donor/acceptor decoration enhances atomic FMO separation while avoiding bonding features has not been explored. For this aim, two MR derivatives are synthesized by integrating two MR frameworks at different sites. Following resonance alignment, DOBNA-m-CzBN avoids breaking nonbonding FMO features at the single connecting bond and shows enhanced MR characteristics, with a sharp emission at 491 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 24 nm/118 meV. Conversely, DOBNA-p-CzBN emerges as a bonding feature due to its continuous π-conjugation extension, with a broadened FWHM of 26 nm/132 meV peaking at 497 nm. Impressively, both emitters exhibit outstanding external quantum efficiencies of 37.8-38.6% in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), demonstrating improved performance with rigid acceptor decoration. Distinctly, the electroluminescence of DOBNA-m-CzBN shows a narrower FWHM than that of DOBNA-p-CzBN. This work for the first time reports the enhancement of atomic FMO separation for MR emitters via peripheral decoration through a single bond and provides a more comprehensive illustration for further development of MR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Ying-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Nan Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Chun Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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24
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Moise G, Redman AJ, Richert S, Myers WK, Bulut I, Bolls PS, Rickhaus M, Sun J, Anderson HL, Timmel CR. The impact of spin-orbit coupling on fine-structure and spin polarisation in photoexcited porphyrin triplet states. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 355:107546. [PMID: 37797559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcited triplet states of porphyrins show great promise for applications in the fields of opto-electronics, photonics, molecular wires, and spintronics. The magnetic properties of porphyrin triplet states are most conveniently studied by time-resolved continuous wave and pulse electron spin resonance (ESR). This family of techniques is singularly able to probe small yet essential details of triplet states: zero-field splittings, g-anisotropy, spin polarisation, and hyperfine interactions. These characteristics are linked to spin-orbit coupling (SOC) which is known to have a strong influence on photophysical properties such as intersystem crossing rates. The present study explores SOC effects induced by the presence of Pd2+ in various porphyrin architectures. In particular, the impact of this relativistic interaction on triplet state fine-structure and spin polarisation is investigated. These properties are probed using time-resolved ESR complemented by electron-nuclear double resonance. The findings of this study could influence the future design of molecular spintronic devices. The Pd2+ ion may be incorporated into porphyrin molecular wires as a way of controlling spin polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moise
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashley J Redman
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom; Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - William K Myers
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pernille S Bolls
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jibin Sun
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom.
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25
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Siddiqui I, Kumar S, Tsai YF, Gautam P, Shahnawaz, Kesavan K, Lin JT, Khai L, Chou KH, Choudhury A, Grigalevicius S, Jou JH. Status and Challenges of Blue OLEDs: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2521. [PMID: 37764550 PMCID: PMC10536903 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have outperformed conventional display technologies in smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, and televisions while gradually growing to cover a sizable fraction of the solid-state lighting industry. Blue emission is a crucial chromatic component for realizing high-quality red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) and RGB white display technologies and solid-state lighting sources. For consumer products with desirable lifetimes and efficiency, deep blue emissions with much higher power efficiency and operation time are necessary prerequisites. This article reviews over 700 papers covering various factors, namely, the crucial role of blue emission for full-color displays and solid-state lighting, the performance status of blue OLEDs, and the systematic development of fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence blue emitters. In addition, various challenges concerning deep blue efficiency, lifetime, and approaches to realizing deeper blue emission and higher efficacy for blue OLED devices are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shahnawaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kiran Kesavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Luke Khai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsien Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Abhijeet Choudhury
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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26
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Danyliv I, Ivaniuk K, Danyliv Y, Helzhynskyy I, Andruleviciene V, Volyniuk D, Stakhira P, Baryshnikov GV, Grazulevicius JV. Derivatives of 2-Pyridone Exhibiting Hot-Exciton TADF for Sky-Blue and White OLEDs. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:4174-4186. [PMID: 37637972 PMCID: PMC10449007 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Development of emissive materials for utilization in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains a highly relevant research field. One of the most important aspects in the development of efficient emitters for OLEDs is the efficiency of triplet-to-singlet exciton conversion. There are many concepts proposed for the transformation of triplet excitons to singlet excitons, among which thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is the most efficient and widespread. One of the variations of the TADF concept is the hot exciton approach according to which the process of exciton relaxation into the lowest energy electronic state (internal conversion as usual) is slower than intersystem crossing between high-lying singlets and triplets. In this paper, we present the donor-acceptor materials based on 2-pyridone acceptor coupled to the different donor moieties through the phenyl linker demonstrating good performance as components of sky-blue, green-yellow, and white OLEDs. Despite relatively low photoluminescence quantum yields, the compound containing 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donor demonstrated very good efficiency in sky-blue OLED with the single emissive layer, which showed an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.7%. It also forms a green-yellow-emitting exciplex with 4,4',4″-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine. The corresponding OLED showed an EQE of 6.9%. The white OLED combining both exciplex and single emitter layers demonstrated an EQE of 9.8% together with excellent current and power efficiencies of 16.1 cd A-1 and 6.9 lm W-1, respectively. Quantum-chemical calculations together with the analysis of photoluminescence decay curves confirm the ability of all of the studied compounds to exhibit TADF through the hot exciton pathway, but the limiting factor reducing the efficiency of OLEDs is the low photoluminescence quantum yields caused mainly by nonradiative intersystem crossing dominating over the radiative fluorescence pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Danyliv
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Khrystyna Ivaniuk
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yan Danyliv
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Helzhynskyy
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Viktorija Andruleviciene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsauskas str. 59, Kaunas 51423, Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsauskas str. 59, Kaunas 51423, Lithuania
| | - Pavlo Stakhira
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Glib V. Baryshnikov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science, Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University, 18031 Cherkasy, Ukraine
| | - Juozas V. Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsauskas str. 59, Kaunas 51423, Lithuania
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27
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Deng SL, Chen YK, Lei J, Jayakumar J, Ko CL, Hung WY, Wu TL, Cheng CH. Modifications of Pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile Acceptor for Highly Efficient Green-to-Red Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of acceptor modification is a powerful technique for tuning the emission color of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. In this study, we have successfully designed and synthesized three TADF emitters with donor-acceptor (D-A) structures using a 4-(diphenylamino)-2,6-dimethylphenyl (TPAm) donor and various pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (PC) acceptor units. As a result, three compounds named TPAmbPPC, TPAm2NPC, and TPAmCPPC exhibited greenish-yellow to orange-red emissions with high photoluminescent quantum yields (76-100%) in thin films. Remarkably, a greenish-yellow device based on TPAmbPPC and TPAm2NPC showed a high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 39.1 and 39.0%, respectively. Furthermore, benefiting from the suitable steric hindrance between the acceptor and donor, the nondoped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on TPAmbPPC demonstrated an exceptional EQEmax of 21.6%, indicating its promising potential as an efficient emitter for the application of OLED applications. Furthermore, orange-red OLED devices based on TPAmCPPC exhibited a high EQEmax of 26.2%, a CE of 50.1 cd A-1, and a PE of 52.4 lm W-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Lun Ko
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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28
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Yang JG, Feng X, Li N, Li J, Song XF, Li MD, Cui G, Zhang J, Jiang C, Yang C, Li K. Highly efficient and stable thermally activated delayed fluorescent palladium(II) complexes for organic light-emitting diodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0198. [PMID: 37315147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) remain underdeveloped for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we describe a design of TADF Pd(II) complexes featuring metal-perturbed intraligand charge-transfer excited states. Two orange- and red-emitting complexes with efficiencies of 82 and 89% and lifetimes of 2.19 and 0.97 μs have been developed. Combined transient spectroscopic and theoretical studies on one complex reveal a metal-perturbed fast intersystem crossing process. OLEDs using the Pd(II) complexes show maximum external quantum efficiencies of 27.5 to 31.4% and small roll-offs down to 1% at 1000 cd m-2. Moreover, the Pd(II) complexes show exceptional operational stability with LT95 values over 220 hours at 1000 cd m-2, benefiting from the use of strong σ-donating ligands and the presence of multiple intramolecular noncovalent interactions beside their short emission lifetimes. This study demonstrates a promising approach for developing efficient and robust luminescent complexes without using the third-row transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jingling Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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29
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Zhao T, Jiang S, Wang Y, Hu J, Lin FL, Meng L, Gao P, Chen XL, Lu CZ. Realizing High-Efficiency Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials through the Construction of Intramolecular Noncovalent Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37315213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly efficient orange and red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials for constructing full-color and white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains insufficient because of the formidable challenges in molecular design, such as the severe radiationless decay and the intrinsic trade-off between the efficiencies of radiative decay and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Herein, we design two high-efficiency orange and orange-red TADF molecules by constructing intermolecular noncovalent interactions. This strategy could not only ensure high emission efficiency via suppression of the nonradiative relaxation and enhancement of the radiative transition but also create intermediate triplet excited states to ensure the RISC process. Both emitters exhibit typical TADF characteristics, with a fast radiative rate and a low nonradiative rate. Photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of the orange (TPA-PT) and orange-red (DMAC-PT) materials reach up to 94 and 87%, respectively. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties and stability, OLEDs based on these TADF emitters realize orange to orange-red electroluminescence with high external quantum efficiencies reaching 26.2%. The current study demonstrates that the introduction of intermolecular noncovalent interactions is a feasible strategy for designing highly efficient orange to red TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Fu-Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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30
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Miranda-Salinas H, Rodriguez-Serrano A, Kaminski JM, Dinkelbach F, Hiromichi N, Kusakabe Y, Kaji H, Marian CM, Monkman AP. Conformational, Host, and Vibrational Effects Giving Rise to Dynamic TADF Behavior in the Through-Space Charge Transfer, Triptycene Bridged Acridine-Triazine Donor Acceptor TADF Molecule TpAT-tFFO. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:8607-8617. [PMID: 37197385 PMCID: PMC10184167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c07529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of the through-space charge transfer (CT) TADF molecule TpAT-tFFO. The measured fluorescence has a singular Gaussian line shape but two decay components, coming from two distinct molecular CT conformers, energetically only 20 meV apart. We determined the intersystem crossing rate (1 × 107 s-1) to be 1 order of magnitude faster than radiative decay, and prompt emission (PF) is therefore quenched within 30 ns, leaving delayed fluorescence (DF) observable from 30 ns onward as the measured reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rate is >1 × 106 s-1, yielding a DF/PF ratio >98%. Time-resolved emission spectra measured between 30 ns and 900 ms in films show no change in the spectral band shape, but between 50 and 400 ms, we observe a ca. 65 meV red shift of the emission, ascribed to the DF to phosphorescence transition, with the phosphorescence (lifetime >1 s) emanating from the lowest 3CT state. A host-independent thermal activation energy of 16 meV is found, indicating that small-amplitude vibrational motions (∼140 cm-1) of the donor with respect to the acceptor dominate rISC. TpAT-tFFO photophysics is dynamic, and these vibrational motions drive the molecule between maximal rISC rate and high radiative decay configurations so that the molecule can be thought to be "self-optimizing" for the best TADF performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Rodriguez-Serrano
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeremy M. Kaminski
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Dinkelbach
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nakagawa Hiromichi
- Institute
for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yu Kusakabe
- Institute
for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute
for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Christel M. Marian
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- OEM
Research Group, Department of Physics, Durham
University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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31
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Hussain A, Kanwal F, Irfan A, Hassan M, Zhang J. Exploring the Influence of Engineering the Linker between the Donor and Acceptor Fragments on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Characteristics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15638-15649. [PMID: 37151492 PMCID: PMC10157659 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have expounded the unique molecular design architecture for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials based on a donor-linker-acceptor-linker-donor (D-L-A-L-D) framework, which can be employed as predecessors of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices. Different from traditional donor-acceptor-type (D-A-type) TADF scaffolds, the D-L-A-L-D structural design avoids direct coupling amid the D and A fragments allowing the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) to be spatially separated. It results in a reduced overlap between HOMOs and LUMOs, thus realizing fairly a slight singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE ST) and higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ). We revealed that manipulating a linker between D and A fragments in intramolecular charge transfer compounds is an auspicious approach for realizing small ΔE ST. Herein, we report a group of organic electroluminescent D-L-A-L-D-type molecules with different electron-donating and electron-accepting moieties using density functional theory calculations and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Two types of linkers, the π-conjugated phenylene (-C6H4-) and aliphatic alkyl chains or σ-spacer (-CH2- and -CH2-CH2-), were exploited between D and A fragments. In principle, the conjugation in D-π-A-π-D-type molecules and hyperconjugation in D-σ-A-σ-D type molecules encourage the spatial separation of the HOMO-LUMO causing a reduction in the ΔE ST. All the designed molecules show a blue-shift in the emission wavelengths (λem) over the directly linked parent molecules except DPA-DPS-C6H4 and BTPA-DPS-C6H4 which show a red-shift. Violet-blue to green-yellow (376-566 nm) λem was observed from all of the investigated molecules. Other important properties that affect the efficiency of emission quantum yields like frontier molecular orbital analysis, natural population analysis, electron excitation analysis, exciton binding energies, ionization potentials, electronic affinities, and reorganization energies of the designed molecules were also inspected. We are confident that our work will effectively give a straightforward and distinctive approach to building incredibly effective TADF-OLEDs and a new perspective on their structural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Hussain
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- . Tel.: +923426224761
| | - Farah Kanwal
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboob Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab 51600, Pakistan
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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32
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Lee J, Jo U, Lee JY. Suppression of Dexter Energy Transfer through Modulating Donor Segments of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Assistant Dopants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21261-21269. [PMID: 37076130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Device degradation in red hyperfluorescent organic light-emitting diodes is primarily caused by exciton energy loss due to Dexter energy transfer (DET) from a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) assistant dopant to a fluorescent dopant. In this work, the donor segments in the TADF assistant dopants were delicately modulated to suppress DET for high efficiency. The derived benzothienocarbazole donors were introduced to the TADF assistant dopants instead of carbazole, and they accelerated the reverse intersystem crossing of the TADF assistant dopant and managed the DET from the TADF assistant dopant to the fluorescent dopant. As a result, the red TADF-assisted device showed a high external quantum efficiency of 14.7% and improved the device lifetime by 70% compared to a well-known TADF-assisted device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
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33
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Istiqomah IN, Jang JH, Lee T, Lee YH, Kim C, Jung J, Lee JH, Lee MH. Impact of π-Expanded Boron-Carbonyl Hybrid Acceptors on TADF Properties: Controlling Local Triplet Excited States and Unusual Emission Tuning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15758-15767. [PMID: 36930863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Three donor-acceptor-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters (PXZBAO (1), PXZBTO (2), and PXZBPO (3)) comprising a phenoxazine (PXZ) donor and differently π-expanded boron-carbonyl (BCO) hybrid acceptor units are proposed. The emitters exhibit red (1) to orange (3) emissions with an increase in the π-expansion in the BCO acceptors. The control of the strength of local aromaticity for the BCO unit and the corresponding LUMO level is attributed to inducing the unusual emission color shifts. The photoluminescence quantum yield and delayed fluorescence lifetime of the emitters are also adjusted by the π-expansion. Notably, although 1 possesses a 3nπ* state in the acceptor unit as a local triplet excited state (3LE, T2), the T2 states of 2 and 3 mainly comprise a 3ππ* state in the acceptor. Consequently, all of the emitters exhibit strong spin-orbit coupling between their T2 and excited singlet (S1) states, leading to a fast reverse intersystem crossing with rate constants of ∼106 s-1. By employing the emitters as dopants, we realize efficient red-to-orange TADF-OLEDs. Maximum external quantum efficiencies of 17.7% for the yellowish-orange (3), 15.5% for the orange (2), and 13.9% for the red (1) devices are achieved, and the values are very close to the theoretical limit predicted from the optical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Nur Istiqomah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hun Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
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34
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Franca L, Danos A, Monkman A. Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2764-2771. [PMID: 36897796 PMCID: PMC10041610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular photophysics in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) spiro-acridine-anthracenone compound, ACRSA, is dominated by the rigid orthogonal spirocarbon bridging bond between the donor and acceptor. This critically decouples the donor and acceptor units, yielding photophysics, which includes (dual) phosphorescence and the molecular charge transfer (CT) states giving rise to TADF, that are dependent upon the excitation wavelength. The molecular singlet CT state can be directly excited, and we propose that supposed "spiro-conjugation" between acridine and anthracenone is more accurately an example of intramolecular through-space charge transfer. In addition, we show that the lowest local and CT triplet states are highly dependent upon spontaneous polarization of the environment, leading to energy reorganization of the triplet states, with the CT triplet becoming lowest in energy, profoundly affecting phosphorescence and TADF, as evident by a (thermally controlled) competition between reverse intersystem crossing and reverse internal conversion, i.e., dual delayed fluorescence (DF) mechanisms.
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35
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Heckelmann I, Lu Z, Prentice JCA, Auras F, Ronson TK, Friend RH, Nitschke JR, Feldmann S. Supramolecular Self-Assembly as a Tool To Preserve the Electronic Purity of Perylene Diimide Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216729. [PMID: 36652344 PMCID: PMC10947190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are promising for efficient, printable optoelectronics. However, strong excited-state quenching due to uncontrolled aggregation limits their use in devices. We report on the self-assembly of a supramolecular pseudo-cube formed from six perylene diimides (PDIs). The rigid, shape-persistent cage sets the distance and orientation of the PDIs and suppresses intramolecular rotations and vibrations, leading to non-aggregated, monomer-like properties in solution and the solid state, in contrast to the fast fluorescence quenching in the free ligand. The stabilized excited state and electronic purity in the cage enables the observation of delayed fluorescence due to a bright excited multimer, acting as excited-state reservoir in a rare case of benign inter-chromophore interactions in the cage. We show that self-assembly provides a powerful tool for retaining and controlling the electronic properties of chromophores, and to bring molecular electronics devices within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Heckelmann
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30HEUK
- Institute for Quantum ElectronicsETH Zürich8093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Zifei Lu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB21EWUK
| | | | - Florian Auras
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30HEUK
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional DevicesMax Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics06120HalleGermany
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB21EWUK
| | | | | | - Sascha Feldmann
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30HEUK
- Rowland InstituteHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02142USA
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36
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Derkowski W, Kumar D, Gryber T, Wagner J, Morawiak M, Kochman MA, Kubas A, Data P, Lindner M. V-shaped donor-acceptor organic emitters. A new approach towards efficient TADF OLED devices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2815-2818. [PMID: 36790367 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06978d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of donor-acceptor TADF emitters with a new architecture, where the donor moiety and the dibenzazepine-based acceptor moiety are separated by a phenylene linker in a V-shaped spatial arrangement. Such spatial separation and electronic decoupling between the donor and the acceptor moieties leads to low singlet-triplet energy gaps and favors efficient exciton up-conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Derkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Dharmandra Kumar
- Łódź University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Stefana Żeromskiego 114, Łódź 90-543, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gryber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Jakub Wagner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Maja Morawiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Michał Andrzej Kochman
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Przemysław Data
- Łódź University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Stefana Żeromskiego 114, Łódź 90-543, Poland
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
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37
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Chu K, Adsetts JR, Whitworth Z, Kumar S, Zysman-Colman E, Ding Z. Elucidation of an Aggregate Excited State in the Electrochemiluminescence and Chemiluminescence of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emitter. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2829-2837. [PMID: 36763045 PMCID: PMC9948541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and chemiluminescence (CL) properties of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter 4,4'-(1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene-5,6-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline) (TPA-ace-TRZ) and three of its analogues were investigated. TPA-ace-TRZ exhibits both (a) delayed onset of ECL and (b) long-persistent luminescence, which we have attributed to the formation of an aggregate excited state in excimer or exciplex form. The evidence of this aggregate excited state was consistent across ECL annihilation and coreactant pathways as well as in CL. The absolute ECL efficiency of TPA-ace-TRZ using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a coreactant was found to be 0.028%, which was 9-fold stronger than the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/BPO reference coereactant system. Furthermore, the absolute CL quantum efficiency of TPA-ace-TRZ was determined to be 0.92%. The performance and flexibility of the TADF emitter TPA-ace-TRZ under these various emissive pathways are highly desirable toward applications in sensing, imaging, and light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Zackry Whitworth
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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38
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Urban M, Marek-Urban PH, Durka K, Luliński S, Pander P, Monkman AP. TADF Invariant of Host Polarity and Ultralong Fluorescence Lifetimes in a Donor-Acceptor Emitter Featuring a Hybrid Sulfone-Triarylboron Acceptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217530. [PMID: 36622736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
10H-Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]thiaborinine 5,5-dioxide (SO2B)-a high triplet (T1 =3.05 eV) strongly electron-accepting boracycle was successfully utilised in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters PXZ-Dipp-SO2B and CZ-Dipp-SO2B. We demonstrate the near-complete separation of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals leading to a low oscillator strength of the S1 →S0 CT transition, resulting in very long ca. 83 ns and 400 ns prompt fluorescence lifetimes for CZ-Dipp-SO2B and PXZ-Dipp-SO2B, respectively, but retaining near unity photoluminescence quantum yield. OLEDs using CZ-Dipp-SO2B as the luminescent dopant display high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.3 % and maximum luminance of 18600 cd m-2 with low efficiency roll off at high brightness. For CZ-Dipp-SO2B, reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) is mediated through the vibronic coupling of two charge transfer (CT) states, without involving the triplet local excited state (3 LE), resulting in remarkable rISC rate invariance to environmental polarity and polarisability whilst giving high organic light-emitting diode (OLED) efficiency. This new form of rISC allows stable OLED performance to be achieved in different host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Urban
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Paulina H Marek-Urban
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Durka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Luliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pander
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew P Monkman
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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39
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Zhao C, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Ni Z, Li S, Gong S, Zou B, Wang K, Yu L. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence with dual-emission and pressure-induced bidirectional shifting: cooperative effects of intramolecular and intermolecular energy transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1089-1096. [PMID: 36756321 PMCID: PMC9891365 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Different from the conventional piezochromic materials with a mono-redshift of single emission, our well-designed molecule demonstrates a sensitive turn-on and color-tunable piezochromic luminescence in response to the hydrostatic pressure. The molecule PXZ-W-SOF possesses dual-emission and pressure-induced bidirectional shifting characteristics. On the basis of in-depth experimental studies, on one hand, it is confirmed that the origin of the dual-emission behavior is the intramolecular charge transfer, namely thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and the intermolecular excimer; on the other hand, the emission of the excimer exhibits three-step variations with increasing pressure, which is mainly attributed to the molecular structure and its crystal packing state. The remarkable color change of PXZ-W-SOF from sky-blue to green to deep-blue during the whole process of boosting and releasing pressure is a result of intramolecular and intermolecular energy-transfer interactions. The PXZ-W-SOF molecular model is an extremely rare example of highly sensitive fluorescence tuning driven by TADF and excimer conversion under mechanical stimulation, thus providing a novel mechanism for the field of piezochromism. The unique molecular design also offers a new idea for rare deep-blue and ultraviolet TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Ding
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
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40
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Swartzfager JR, Chen G, Francese T, Galli G, Asbury JB. Interplay of molecular dynamics and radiative decay of a TADF emitter in a glass-forming liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3151-3159. [PMID: 36621848 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of molecular dynamics in the luminescent properties of a prototypical thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, NAI-DMAC, in solution using a combination of temperature dependent time-resolved photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopies. We use a glass forming liquid, 2-methylfuran, to introduce an abrupt change in the temperature dependent diffusion dynamics of the solvent and examine the influence this has on the emission intensity of NAI-DMAC molecules. Comparison of experiment with first principles molecular dynamics simulations reveals that the emission intensity of NAI-DMAC molecules follows the temperature-dependent self-diffusion dynamics of the solvent. A marked reduction of emission intensity is observed as the temperature decreases toward the glass transition because the rate at which NAI-DMAC molecules can access emissive molecular conformations is greatly reduced. Below the glass transition, the diffusion dynamics of the solvent changes more slowly with temperature, which causes the emission intensity to decrease more slowly as well. The combination of experiment and computation suggests a pathway by which TADF emitters may transiently access a distribution of conformational states and avoid the need for an average conformation that strikes a balance between lower singlet-triplet energy splittings versus higher emission probabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Swartzfager
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Gary Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Tommaso Francese
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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41
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Jovaišaitė J, Kirschner S, Raišys S, Kreiza G, Baronas P, Juršėnas S, Wagner M. Diboraanthracene-Doped Polymer Systems for Colour-Tuneable Room-Temperature Organic Afterglow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215071. [PMID: 36413097 PMCID: PMC10107698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organic ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), or organic afterglow, is a unique phenomenon, gaining widespread attention due to its far-reaching application potential and fundamental interest. Here, two laterally expanded 9,10-dimesityl-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene (DBA) derivatives are demonstrated as excellent afterglow materials for red and blue-green light emission, which is traced back to persistent thermally activated delayed fluorescence and RTP. The lateral substitution of polycyclic DBA scaffold, together with weak transversal electron-donating mesityl groups, ensures the optimal molecular properties for (reverse) intersystem crossing and long-lived triplet states in a rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. The achieved afterglow emission quantum yields of up to 3 % and 15 %, afterglow lifetimes up to 0.8 s and 3.2 s and afterglow durations up to 5 s and 25 s (for red and blue-green emitters, respectively) are attributed to the properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Jovaišaitė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sven Kirschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt a. Main, Germany.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Kreiza
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Baronas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt a. Main, Germany
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42
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Mandal B, Dunietz BD. Effects of Solvent Dielectric on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Predictive Computational Polarization Consistent Approach. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:216-223. [PMID: 36563166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We study computationally thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in donor-acceptor compounds. The relevant electronic excited states that are strongly affected by the dielectric environment are treated by a polarization consistent framework. The high fidelity potential energy surfaces are used following a quantum-mechanical Fermi's golden rule (FGR) picture to calculate rates of intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). To demonstrate the potency of the approach, we consider isomers of benzonitrile functionalized tert-butyl-substituted dimethylacridine (DMAC-BN), which were recently found to perform well as TADF emitters. The calculated excited state energies that appear to reproduce well measured spectral trends with respect to the dielectric constant are used to parametrize ISC/RISC FGR rates. The calculated rates reproduce well measured rates, whereas semiclassical based rates are grossly underestimated. In particular, we find in agreement with the recent experimental study [Phys. Rev. Appl.2019, 12, 044021] that the ortho and meta isomers are significantly more effective as TADF emitters. The computational framework provides valuable insight at the molecular level into RISC rates and therefore can contribute to the design of materials of increased TADF efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio44242-0001, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio44242-0001, United States
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43
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Haselbach W, Kaminski JM, Kloeters LN, Müller TJJ, Weingart O, Marian CM, Gilch P, Nogueira de Faria BE. A Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter Investigated by Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202809. [PMID: 36214291 PMCID: PMC10098753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) require small singlet (S1 )-triplet (T1 ) energy gaps as well as fast intersystem crossing (ISC) transitions. These transitions can be mediated by vibronic mixing with higher excited states Sn and Tn (n=2, 3, 4, …). For a prototypical TADF emitter consisting of a triarylamine and a dicyanobenzene moiety (TAA-DCN) it is shown that these higher states can be located energetically by time-resolved near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haselbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeremy M Kaminski
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura N Kloeters
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara E Nogueira de Faria
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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Wu S, Kumar Gupta A, Yoshida K, Gong J, Hall D, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Samuel IDW, Zysman‐Colman E. Highly Efficient Green and Red Narrowband Emissive Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Multi-Resonant Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213697. [PMID: 36300809 PMCID: PMC10100094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate how judicious selection of the donor decorating a central multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) core based on DiKTa can lead to very high-performance OLEDs. By decorating the DiKTa core with triphenylamine (TPA) and diphenylamine (DPA), 3TPA-DiKTa and 3DPA-DiKTa exhibit bright, narrowband green and red emission in doped films, respectively. The OLEDs based on these emitters showed record-high performance for this family of emitters with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax ) of 30.8 % for 3TPA-DiKTa at λEL of 551 nm and 16.7 % for 3DPA-DiKTa at λEL =613 nm. The efficiency roll-off in the OLEDs was improved significantly by using 4CzIPN as an assistant dopant in hyperfluorescence (HF) devices. The outstanding device performance has been attributed to preferential horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moments of 3TPA-DiKTa and 3DPA-DiKTa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wu
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
| | - Abhishek Kumar Gupta
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsKY16 9SSSt AndrewsUK
| | - Kou Yoshida
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsKY16 9SSSt AndrewsUK
| | - Junyi Gong
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsKY16 9SSSt AndrewsUK
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor CentreSUPA School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of St AndrewsKY16 9SSSt AndrewsUK
| | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeKY16 9STSt AndrewsUK
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45
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Shi Y, Ma H, Sun Z, Zhao W, Sun G, Peng Q. Optimal Dihedral Angle in Twisted Donor-Acceptor Organic Emitters for Maximized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213463. [PMID: 36268650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The twisted donor-acceptor (D-A) organic formwork with a large dihedral angle (θDA ) is usually adopted to narrow the singlet-triplet energy gap for obtaining excellent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. However, the dependence of overall TADF properties on θDA has not been systematically investigated to this day. Taking new designed CzBP, CzBP-1M and CzBP-2M via introducing methyl as investigated models, it is found that (i) with increasing θDA , the charge transfer component in S1 is larger than that in T1 in varying degrees, leading to non-monotonic spin-orbit couplings; (ii) the electron-vibration couplings between S1 and T1 states become the largest when θDA approaching 80°, facilitating phonon-driven up-conversion; (iii) the overall TADF rate reaches a peak at θDA ≈80°. By this, the TADF on/off switching is realized via methyl moiety for regulating θDA from theoretical prediction to experimental confirmation. Importantly, the θDA near 80° would be a good descriptor for screening excellent D-A type TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Shi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Sun
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Zhao
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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46
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Bryce MR. Heavy atom effects benefit organic light emitting diode (OLED) performance. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Choi MG, Lee CH, Adachi C, Lee SY. Highly Effective Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on Symmetry and Asymmetry Nicotinonitrile Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:8274. [PMID: 36500367 PMCID: PMC9738715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed two thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, ICzCN and ICzCYP, to apply to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). These emitters involve indolocarbazole (ICz) donor units and nicotinonitrile acceptor units with a twisted donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structure for small singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) state energy gap (ΔEST) to enable efficient exciton transfer from the T1 to the S1 state. Depending on the position of the cyano-substituent, ICzCN has a symmetric structure by introducing donor units at the 3,5-position of isonicotinonitrile, and ICzCYP has an asymmetric structure by introducing donor units at the 2,6-position of nicotinonitrile. These emitters have different properties, such as the maximum luminance (Lmax) value. The Lmax of ICzCN reached over 10000 cd m-2. The external quantum efficiency (ηext) was 14.8% for ICzCN and 14.9% for ICzCYP, and both achieved a low turn-on voltage (Von) of less than 3.4 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyeong Choi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sae Youn Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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48
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Yu S, Du Y, Niu X, Li G, Zhu D, Yu Q, Zou G, Ju H. Arginine-modified black phosphorus quantum dots with dual excited states for enhanced electrochemiluminescence in bioanalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7302. [PMID: 36435863 PMCID: PMC9701201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is generally emitted via radiative transition of singlet or triplet excited state (S1 or T1). Herein, an ECL mechanism with the transitions of both S1 and T1 of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) is found, and an arginine (Arg) modification strategy is proposed to passivate the surface oxidation defects of BPQDs, which could modulate the excited states for enhancing the ECL efficiency of BPQDs. The Arg modification leads to greater spatial overlap of highest and lowest occupied molecular orbitals, and spectral shift of radiative transitions, and improves the stability of anion radical of BPQDs. To verify the application of the proposed mechanism, it is used to construct a sensitive method for conveniently evaluating the inhibiting efficiency of cyclo-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-d-tyrosine-lysine to cell surface integrin by using Arg containing peptide modified BPQDs as signal tag. The dual excited states mediated ECL emitters provide a paradigm for adjustable ECL generation and extend the application of ECL analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xianghong Niu
- grid.453246.20000 0004 0369 3615School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guangming Li
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Da Zhu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
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49
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Franceschini M, Crosta M, Ferreira RR, Poletto D, Demitri N, Zobel JP, González L, Bonifazi D. peri-Acenoacene Ribbons with Zigzag BN-Doped Peripheries. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21470-21484. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franceschini
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Crosta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rúben R. Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Poletto
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra − Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Cha Y, Li S, Feng Z, Zhu R, Fu H, Yu Z. Organic Phosphorescence Lasing Based on a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10424-10431. [PMID: 36326286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic phosphorescence materials provide an opportunity to use triplets for lasing. However, population inversion based on phosphorescence is hard to establish, owing to low luminescent quantum efficiency and intensive optical loss. By comparison, thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters exhibit excellent optical gain with the aid of the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process. In this work, we designed a multifunctional gain material, not only serving as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter with excellent optical gain but also working as a phosphorescence source with high utilization of triplets. The lone pair of electrons in oxygen substitutions promotes a fast spin-flip and high delayed fluorescence quantum yield (ΦDF = 55%), enabling TADF amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) of CH2Cl2 solution. Single-crystalline nanowires of H-aggregates effectively lower triplet energy levels with high phosphorescence quantum yield (ΦP = 27%), demonstrating Fabry-Perot mode phosphorescence lasing at 630 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Cha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuofang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjiao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300354, People's Republic of China
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