1
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Li C, Wu L, Zhong C, Sun B, Chen Y, Jiang L. Nanofluidic Membrane-Assisted Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioinspired Gustatory Sensation Based on Selective Cation Transport. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403629. [PMID: 38958098 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Natural organisms have evolved precise sensing systems relying on unique ion channels, which can efficiently perceive various physical/chemical stimuli based on ionic signal transmission in biological fluid environments. However, it is still a huge challenge to achieve extensive applications of the artificial counterparts as an efficient wet sensing platform due to the fluidity of the working medium. Herein, nanofluidic membranes with selective cation transport properties and solid-state organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with amplified signals are integrated together to mimic human gustatory sensation, achieving ionic gustatory reagent recognition and a portable configuration. Cu-HHTP nanofluidic membranes with selective cation transport through their uniform micropores are constructed first, followed by assembly with OECTs to form the designed nanofluidic membrane-assisted OECTs (nanofluidic OECTs). As a result, they can distinguish typically ionic gustatory reagents, and even ionic liquids (ILs), demonstrating enhanced gustatory perception performance under a wide concentration range (10-7-10-1 m) compared with those of conventional OECTs. The linear correlations between the response and the reagent concentration further indicate the promising potential for practical application as a next-generation sensing platform. It is suggested that nanofluidic membranes mediated intramembrane cation transport based on the steric hindrance effect, resulting in distinguishable and improved response to multiple ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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2
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Belleri P, Pons I Tarrés J, McCulloch I, Blom PWM, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Gkoupidenis P, Torricelli F. Unravelling the operation of organic artificial neurons for neuromorphic bioelectronics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5350. [PMID: 38914568 PMCID: PMC11196688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic artificial neurons operating in liquid environments are crucial components in neuromorphic bioelectronics. However, the current understanding of these neurons is limited, hindering their rational design and development for realistic neuronal emulation in biological settings. Here we combine experiments, numerical non-linear simulations, and analytical tools to unravel the operation of organic artificial neurons. This comprehensive approach elucidates a broad spectrum of biorealistic behaviors, including firing properties, excitability, wetware operation, and biohybrid integration. The non-linear simulations are grounded in a physics-based framework, accounting for ion type and ion concentration in the electrolytic medium, organic mixed ionic-electronic parameters, and biomembrane features. The derived analytical expressions link the neurons spiking features with material and physical parameters, bridging closer the domains of artificial neurons and neuroscience. This work provides streamlined and transferable guidelines for the design, development, engineering, and optimization of organic artificial neurons, advancing next generation neuronal networks, neuromorphic electronics, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Belleri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Judith Pons I Tarrés
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paschalis Gkoupidenis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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3
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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4
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Song Y, Chen N, Curk T, Katz HE. A Study of the Drift Phenomena of Gate-Functionalized Biosensors and Dual-Gate-Functionalized Biosensors in Human Serum. Molecules 2024; 29:1459. [PMID: 38611739 PMCID: PMC11013244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the drift behavior of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution and human serum. Theoretical and experimental methods are illustrated in this paper to understand the origin of the drift phenomenon and the mechanism of ion diffusion in the sensing layer. The drift phenomenon is explained using a first-order kinetic model of ion adsorption into the gate material and shows very good agreement with experimental data on drift in OECTs. We show that the temporal current drift can be largely mitigated using a dual-gate OECT architecture and that dual-gate-based biosensors can increase the accuracy and sensitivity of immuno-biosensors compared to a standard single-gate design. Specific binding can be detected at a relatively low limit of detection, even in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tine Curk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
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5
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Tseng HS, Chen YL, Zhang PY, Hsiao YS. Additive Blending Effects on PEDOT:PSS Composite Films for Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13384-13398. [PMID: 38454789 PMCID: PMC10958448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) employing conductive polymers (CPs) have gained remarkable prominence and have undergone extensive advancements in wearable and implantable bioelectronic applications in recent years. Among the diverse arrays of CPs, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a common choice for the active-layer channel in p-type OECTs, showing a remarkably high transconductance for the high amplification of signals in biosensing applications. This investigation focuses on the novel engineering of PEDOT:PSS composite materials by seamlessly integrating several additives, namely, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS), and a nonionic fluorosurfactant (NIFS), to fine-tune their electrical conductivity, self-healing capability, and stretchability. To elucidate the intricate influences of the DMSO, GOPS, and NIFS additives on the formation of PEDOT:PSS composite films, theoretical calculations were performed, encompassing the solubility parameters and surface energies of the constituent components of the NIFS, PEDOT, PSS, and PSS-GOPS polymers. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive array of material analyses, which reveal the intricacies of the phase separation phenomenon and its interaction with the materials' characteristics. Our research identified the optimal composition for the PEDOT:PSS composite films, characterized by outstanding self-healing and stretchable capabilities. This composition has proven to be highly effective for constructing an active-layer channel in the form of OECT-based biosensors fabricated onto polydimethylsiloxane substrates for detecting dopamine. Overall, these findings represent significant progress in the application of PEDOT:PSS composite films in wearable bioelectronics and pave the way for the development of state-of-the-art biosensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lin Chen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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6
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Verardo C, Mele LJ, Selmi L, Palestri P. Finite-element modeling of neuromodulation via controlled delivery of potassium ions using conductive polymer-coated microelectrodes. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:026002. [PMID: 38306702 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective. The controlled delivery of potassium is an interesting neuromodulation modality, being potassium ions involved in shaping neuron excitability, synaptic transmission, network synchronization, and playing a key role in pathological conditions like epilepsy and spreading depression. Despite many successful examples of pre-clinical devices able to influence the extracellular potassium concentration, computational frameworks capturing the corresponding impact on neuronal activity are still missing.Approach. We present a finite-element model describing a PEDOT:PSS-coated microelectrode (herein, simplyionic actuator) able to release potassium and thus modulate the activity of a cortical neuron in anin-vitro-like setting. The dynamics of ions in the ionic actuator, the neural membrane, and the cellular fluids are solved self-consistently.Main results. We showcase the capability of the model to describe on a physical basis the modulation of the intrinsic excitability of the cell and of the synaptic transmission following the electro-ionic stimulation produced by the actuator. We consider three case studies for the ionic actuator with different levels of selectivity to potassium: ideal selectivity, no selectivity, and selectivity achieved by embedding ionophores in the polymer.Significance. This work is the first step toward a comprehensive computational framework aimed to investigate novel neuromodulation devices targeting specific ionic species, as well as to optimize their design and performance, in terms of the induced modulation of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Verardo
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
- BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leandro Julian Mele
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Luca Selmi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Palestri
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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7
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Gao Y, Zhou Y, Ji X, Graham AJ, Dundas CM, Miniel Mahfoud IE, Tibbett BM, Tan B, Partipilo G, Dodabalapur A, Rivnay J, Keitz BK. A hybrid transistor with transcriptionally controlled computation and plasticity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1598. [PMID: 38383505 PMCID: PMC10881478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are ideal devices for translating biological signals into electrical readouts and have applications in bioelectronics, biosensing, and neuromorphic computing. Despite their potential, developing programmable and modular methods for living systems to interface with OECTs has proven challenging. Here we describe hybrid OECTs containing the model electroactive bacterium Shewanella oneidensis that enable the transduction of biological computations to electrical responses. Specifically, we fabricated planar p-type OECTs and demonstrated that channel de-doping is driven by extracellular electron transfer (EET) from S. oneidensis. Leveraging this mechanistic understanding and our ability to control EET flux via transcriptional regulation, we used plasmid-based Boolean logic gates to translate biological computation into current changes within the OECT. Finally, we demonstrated EET-driven changes to OECT synaptic plasticity. This work enables fundamental EET studies and OECT-based biosensing and biocomputing systems with genetically controllable and modular design elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Austin J Graham
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christopher M Dundas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ismar E Miniel Mahfoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bailey M Tibbett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin Tan
- Microelectronics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gina Partipilo
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ananth Dodabalapur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Benjamin K Keitz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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8
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Gao Y, Zhou Y, Ji X, Graham AJ, Dundas CM, Mahfoud IEM, Tibbett BM, Tan B, Partipilo G, Dodabalapur A, Rivnay J, Keitz BK. A Hybrid Transistor with Transcriptionally Controlled Computation and Plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.16.553547. [PMID: 37645977 PMCID: PMC10462107 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are ideal devices for translating biological signals into electrical readouts and have applications in bioelectronics, biosensing, and neuromorphic computing. Despite their potential, developing programmable and modular methods for living systems to interface with OECTs has proven challenging. Here we describe hybrid OECTs containing the model electroactive bacterium Shewanella oneidensis that enable the transduction of biological computations to electrical responses. Specifically, we fabricated planar p-type OECTs and demonstrated that channel de-doping is driven by extracellular electron transfer (EET) from S. oneidensis. Leveraging this mechanistic understanding and our ability to control EET flux via transcriptional regulation, we used plasmid-based Boolean logic gates to translate biological computation into current changes within the OECT. Finally, we demonstrated EET-driven changes to OECT synaptic plasticity. This work enables fundamental EET studies and OECT-based biosensing and biocomputing systems with genetically controllable and modular design elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Austin J. Graham
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christopher M. Dundas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ismar E. Miniel Mahfoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bailey M. Tibbett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin Tan
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gina Partipilo
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ananth Dodabalapur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Keitz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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10
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Lv TR, Zhang WH, Yang YQ, Zhang JC, Yin MJ, Yin Z, Yong KT, An QF. Micro/Nano-Fabrication of Flexible Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Conductive Films for High-Performance Microdevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301071. [PMID: 37069773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demands for novel flexible organic electronic devices, conductive polymers are now becoming the rising star for reaching such targets, which has witnessed significant breakthroughs in the fields of thermoelectric devices, solar cells, sensors, and hydrogels during the past decade due to their outstanding conductivity, solution-processing ability, as well as tailorability. However, the commercialization of those devices still lags markedly behind the corresponding research advances, arising from the not high enough performance and limited manufacturing techniques. The conductivity and micro/nano-structure of conductive polymer films are two critical factors for achieving high-performance microdevices. In this review, the state-of-the-art technologies for developing organic devices by using conductive polymers are comprehensively summarized, which will begin with a description of the commonly used synthesis methods and mechanisms for conductive polymers. Next, the current techniques for the fabrication of conductive polymer films will be proffered and discussed. Subsequently, approaches for tailoring the nanostructures and microstructures of conductive polymer films are summarized and discussed. Then, the applications of micro/nano-fabricated conductive films-based devices in various fields are given and the role of the micro/nano-structures on the device performances is highlighted. Finally, the perspectives on future directions in this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Run Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wen-Hai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechano-Bioengineering Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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11
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Ji X, Lin X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors as on-site signal amplifiers for electrochemical aptamer-based sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1665. [PMID: 36966131 PMCID: PMC10039935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors are typically deployed as individual, passive, surface-functionalized electrodes, but they exhibit limited sensitivity especially when the area of the electrode is reduced for miniaturization purposes. We demonstrate that organic electrochemical transistors (electrolyte gated transistors with volumetric gating) can serve as on-site amplifiers to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors. By monolithically integrating an Au working/sensing electrode, on-chip Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) counter electrode - also serving as the channel of an organic electrochemical transistor- we can simultaneously perform testing of organic electrochemical transistors and traditional electroanalytical measurement on electrochemical aptamer-based sensors including cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. This device can directly amplify the current from the electrochemical aptamer-based sensor via the in-plane current modulation in the counter electrode/transistor channel. The integrated sensor can sense transforming growth factor beta 1 with 3 to 4 orders of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity compared to that in an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor (292 μA/dec vs. 85 nA/dec). This approach is believed to be universal, and can be applied to a wide range of tethered electrochemical reporter-based sensors to enhance sensitivity, aiding in sensor miniaturization and easing the burden on backend signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xuanyi Lin
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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12
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Granelli R, Alessandri I, Gkoupidenis P, Vassalini I, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. High-Performance Bioelectronic Circuits Integrated on Biodegradable and Compostable Substrates with Fully Printed Mask-Less Organic Electrochemical Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108077. [PMID: 35642950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on volumetric ion-modulation of the electronic current to provide low-voltage operation, large signal amplification, enhanced sensing capabilities, and seamless integration with biology. The majority of current OECT technologies require multistep photolithographic microfabrication methods on glass or plastic substrates, which do not provide an ideal path toward ultralow cost ubiquitous and sustainable electronics and bioelectronics. At the same time, the development of advanced bioelectronic circuits combining bio-detection, amplification, and local processing functionalities urgently demand for OECT technology platforms with a monolithic integration of high-performance iontronic circuits and sensors. Here, fully printed mask-less OECTs fabricated on thin-film biodegradable and compostable substrates are proposed. The dispensing and capillary printing methods are used for depositing both high- and low-viscosity OECT materials. Fully printed OECT unipolar inverter circuits with a gain normalized to the supply voltage as high as 136.6 V-1 , and current-driven sensors for ion detection and real-time monitoring with a sensitivity of up to 506 mV dec-1 , are integrated on biodegradable and compostable substrates. These universal building blocks with the top-performance ever reported demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and can open opportunities for next-generation high-performance sustainable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Granelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Irene Vassalini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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13
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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14
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Kim Y, Kim G, Ding B, Jeong D, Lee I, Park S, Kim BJ, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Yoon MH. High-Current-Density Organic Electrochemical Diodes Enabled by Asymmetric Active Layer Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107355. [PMID: 34852181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their outstanding electrical/electrochemical performance, operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and decent biocompatibility, organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have shown great potential as implantable electrodes for neural recording/stimulation and as active channels for signal switching/amplifying transistors. Nonetheless, no studies exist on a general design rule for high-performance electrochemical diodes, which are essential for highly functional circuit architectures. In this work, generalizable electrochemical diodes with a very high current density over 30 kA cm-2 are designed by introducing an asymmetric active layer based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. The underlying mechanism on polarity-sensitive balanced ionic doping/dedoping is elucidated by numerical device analysis and in operando spectroelectrochemical potential mapping, while the general material requirements for electrochemical diode operation are deduced using various types of conjugated polymers. In parallel, analog signal rectification and digital logic processing circuits are successfully demonstrated to show the broad impact of circuits incorporating organic electrochemical diodes. It is expected that organic electrochemical diodes will play vital roles in realizing multifunctional soft bioelectronic circuitry in combination with organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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15
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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16
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Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Expanding the toolbox
of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction
is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor
(OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction
materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside
a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus
on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed
conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure–property
investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation
principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods
are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed
ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges
in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials
as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed.
This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed
conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing
the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to
frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative
work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design
strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles
that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even
further for future OMIEC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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17
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Zhu YC, Cai B, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Sha J, Xie S. MXene-assisted organic electrochemical transistor biosensor with multiple spiral interdigitated electrodes for sensitive quantification of fPSA/tPSA. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:386. [PMID: 34819078 PMCID: PMC8611845 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ratio of fPSA/tPSA in the "grey zone" of tPSA with the concentration range between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml is significant for diagnosis of prostate cancer, and highly efficiency quantification of the ratio of fPSA/tPSA remain elusive mainly because of their extremely low concentration in patients' peripheral blood with high biosample complexity. Methods We presented an interdigitated spiral-based MXene-assisted organic electrochemical transistors (isMOECTs) biosensor for highly sensitive determination of fPSA/tPSA. The combination of MXene and the interdigitated multiple spiral architecture synergistically assisted the amplification of amperometric signal of biosensor with dual functionalizations of anti-tPSA and anti-fPSA. Results The ultrasensitivity of the biosensor was enhanced by tunable multiple spiral architecture and MXene nanomaterials; and the sensor exhibited improved detection limit of tPSA and fPSA down to 0.01 pg/ml and acceptable performance of selectivity, repeatability and stability. Moreover, the isMOECTs displayed area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.8138, confirming the potential applications of isMOECTs in clinics. Conclusions The merits of isMOECTs biosensor demonstrated the reliability of MXene-assisted organic electrochemical transistor biosensor with multiple interdigitated spiral for ultrasensitive quantification of fPSA/tPSA, suggesting potential current and future point-of-care testing applications. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01121-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Biao Cai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Pudong New Area People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Jianjun Sha
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Shaowei Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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18
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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19
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Lieberth K, Romele P, Torricelli F, Koutsouras DA, Brückner M, Mailänder V, Gkoupidenis P, Blom PWM. Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Cell Layer Integrity with Enhanced Sensitivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100845. [PMID: 34309226 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this progress report an overview is given on the use of the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) as a biosensor for impedance sensing of cell layers. The transient OECT current can be used to detect changes in the impedance of the cell layer, as shown by Jimison et al. To circumvent the application of a high gate bias and preventing electrolysis of the electrolyte, in case of small impedance variations, an alternative measuring technique based on an OECT in a current-driven configuration is developed. The ion-sensitivity is larger than 1200 mV V-1 dec-1 at low operating voltage. It can be even further enhanced using an OECT based complementary amplifier, which consists of a p-type and an n-type OECT connected in series, as known from digital electronics. The monitoring of cell layer integrity and irreversible disruption of barrier function with the current-driven OECT is demonstrated for an epithelial Caco-2 cell layer, showing the enhanced ion-sensitivity as compared to the standard OECT configuration. As a state-of-the-art application of the current-driven OECT, the in situ monitoring of reversible tight junction modulation under the effect of drug additives, like poly-l-lysine, is discussed. This shows its potential for in vitro and even in vivo toxicological and drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Paolo Romele
- Department of Information Engineering University of Brescia Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering University of Brescia Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | | | - Maximilian Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
- Dermatology Clinic University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
- Dermatology Clinic University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 Mainz 55131 Germany
| | | | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
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20
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Kousseff CJ, Halaksa R, Parr ZS, Nielsen CB. Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction in Small-Molecule Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4397-4419. [PMID: 34491034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule organic semiconductors have displayed remarkable electronic properties with a multitude of π-conjugated structures developed and fine-tuned over recent years to afford highly efficient hole- and electron-transporting materials. Already making a significant impact on organic electronic applications including organic field-effect transistors and solar cells, this class of materials is also now naturally being considered for the emerging field of organic bioelectronics. In efforts aimed at identifying and developing (semi)conducting materials for bioelectronic applications, particular attention has been placed on materials displaying mixed ionic and electronic conduction to interface efficiently with the inherently ionic biological world. Such mixed conductors are conveniently evaluated using an organic electrochemical transistor, which further presents itself as an ideal bioelectronic device for transducing biological signals into electrical signals. Here, we review recent literature relevant for the design of small-molecule mixed ionic and electronic conductors. We assess important classes of p- and n-type small-molecule semiconductors, consider structural modifications relevant for mixed conduction and for specific interactions with ionic species, and discuss the outlook of small-molecule semiconductors in the context of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Kousseff
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary S Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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21
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Li P, Lei T. Molecular design strategies for
high‐performance
organic electrochemical transistors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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22
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n
‐Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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23
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n-Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9368-9373. [PMID: 33368944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-type conjugated polymers as the semiconducting component of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are still undeveloped with respect to their p-type counterparts. Herein, we report two rigid n-type conjugated polymers bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains, PgNaN and PgNgN, which demonstrated an essentially torsion-free π-conjugated backbone. The planarity and electron-deficient rigid structures enable the resulting polymers to achieve high electron mobility in an OECT device of up to the 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 range, with a deep-lying LUMO energy level lower than -4.0 eV. Prominently, the polymers exhibited a high device performance with a maximum dimensionally normalized transconductance of 0.212 S cm-1 and the product of charge-carrier mobility μ and volumetric capacitance C* of 0.662±0.113 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , which are among the highest in n-type conjugated polymers reported to date. Moreover, the polymers are synthesized via a metal-free aldol-condensation polymerization, which is beneficial to their application in bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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24
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Majak D, Fan J, Kang S, Gupta M. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) sensing using an aerosol jet printed organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2107-2117. [PMID: 33596277 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recreational use of marijuana/cannabis was legalized in Canada in 2018 and has been decriminalized in several other countries; however, the detection of impairment has remained elusive for law enforcement. The psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), can be detected in saliva and be correlated well with the intake of cannabis. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been used for a variety of biosensing applications like glucose, pH, ions, etc. In this work, we demonstrate the use of unfunctionalized OECTs for the detection of Δ9-THC down to 0.1 nM and 1 nM diluted in DI water and synthetic saliva buffer, respectively. These OECTs have been aerosol jet printed entirely with PEDOT:PSS as the channel material. Using a platinum gate coupled with an aerosol jet printed OECT, Δ9-THC concentration can be detected due to its oxidation reaction at the gate. These results were consistent with cyclic voltammetry measurements of Δ9-THC using Pt as the working and counter electrode. Utilizing these OECT based sensors, we have achieved high sensitivity of detection of Δ9-THC in the range from 0.1 nM to 5 μM. These OECT based Δ9-THC sensors demonstrate less than 3% error indicating good repeatability which is averaged over 15 measurements on multiple devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Majak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Seongdae Kang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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25
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Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1. [PMID: 35475166 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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26
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Han S, Yamamoto S, Polyravas AG, Malliaras GG. Microfabricated Ion-Selective Transistors with Fast and Super-Nernstian Response. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004790. [PMID: 33118196 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transistor-based ion sensors have evolved significantly, but the best-performing ones rely on a liquid electrolyte as an internal ion reservoir between the ion-selective membrane and the channel. This liquid reservoir makes sensor miniaturization difficult and leads to devices that are bulky and have limited mechanical flexibility, which is holding back the development of high-performance wearable/implantable ion sensors. This work demonstrates microfabricated ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with a transconductance of 4 mS, in which a thin polyelectrolyte film with mobile sodium ions replaces the liquid reservoir. These devices are capable of selective detection of various ions with a fast response time (≈1 s), a super-Nernstian sensitivity (85 mV dec-1 ), and a high current sensitivity (224 µA dec-1 ), comparing favorably to other ion sensors based on traditional and emerging materials. Furthermore, the ion-selective OECTs are stable with highly reproducible sensitivity even after 5 months. These characteristics pave the way for new applications in implantable and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggil Han
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 9808579, Japan
| | - Anastasios G Polyravas
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
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27
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Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) Toward Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225288. [PMID: 33202778 PMCID: PMC7698176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and organic thin-film transistors is already in an advanced stage, and the derived devices are commercially available. A more recent case is the organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), whose core component is a conductive polymer in contact with ions and solvent molecules of an electrolyte, thus allowing it to simultaneously regulate electron and ion transport. OECTs are very effective in ion-to-electron transduction and sensor signal amplification. The use of synthetically tunable, biocompatible, and depositable organic materials in OECTs makes them specially interesting for biological applications and printable devices. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of OECTs, their physical characterization, and their operation mechanism. We analyze OECT performance improvements obtained by geometry design and active material selection (i.e., conductive polymers and small molecules) and conclude with their broad range of applications from biological sensors to wearable devices.
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28
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Nikolka M, Simatos D, Foudeh A, Pfattner R, McCulloch I, Bao Z. Low-Voltage, Dual-Gate Organic Transistors with High Sensitivity and Stability toward Electrostatic Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40581-40589. [PMID: 32805944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High levels of performance and stability have been demonstrated for conjugated polymer thin-film transistors in recent years, making them promising materials for flexible electronic circuits and displays. For sensing applications, however, most research efforts have been focusing on electrochemical sensing devices. Here we demonstrate a highly stable biosensing platform using polymer transistors based on the dual-gate mechanism. In this architecture a sensing signal is transduced and amplified by the capacitive coupling between a low-k bottom dielectric and a high-k ionic elastomer top dielectric that is in contact with an analyte solution. The new design exhibits a high signal amplification, high stability under bias stress in various aqueous environments, and low signal drift. Our platform, furthermore, while responding expectedly to charged analytes such as the protein bovine serum albumin, is insensitive to changes of salt concentration of the analyte solution. These features make this platform a potentially suitable tool for a variety of biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nikolka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Foudeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raphael Pfattner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CISC), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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29
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Romele P, Gkoupidenis P, Koutsouras DA, Lieberth K, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. Multiscale real time and high sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifier. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3743. [PMID: 32719350 PMCID: PMC7385487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous biological regulators playing a key role for vital processes in animals and plants. The combined detection of ion concentration and real-time monitoring of small variations with respect to the resting conditions is a multiscale functionality providing important information on health states. This multiscale functionality is still an open challenge for current ion sensing approaches. Here we show multiscale real-time and high-sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifiers. The ion-sensing amplifier integrates in the same device both selective ion-to-electron transduction and local signal amplification demonstrating a sensitivity larger than 2300 mV V-1 dec-1, which overcomes the fundamental limit. It provides both ion detection over a range of five orders of magnitude and real-time monitoring of variations two orders of magnitude lower than the detected concentration, viz. multiscale ion detection. The approach is generally applicable to several transistor technologies and opens opportunities for multifunctional enhanced bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Romele
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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30
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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31
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Abstract
Lightweight nano/microscale wearable devices that are directly attached to or worn on the human body require enhanced flexibility so that they can facilitate body movement and overall improved wearability. In the present study, a flexible poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) fiber-based sensor is proposed, which can accurately measure the amount of salt (i.e., sodium chloride) ions in sweat released from the human body or in specific solutions. This can be performed using one single strand of hair-like conducting polymer fiber. The fabrication process involves the introduction of an aqueous PEDOT:PSS solution into a sulfuric acid coagulation bath. This is a repeatable and inexpensive process for producing monolithic fibers, with a simple geometry and tunable electrical characteristics, easily woven into clothing fabrics or wristbands. The conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS fiber increases in pure water, whereas it decreases in sweat. In particular, the conductivity of a PEDOT:PSS fiber changes linearly according to the concentration of sodium chloride in liquid. The results of our study suggest the possibility of PEDOT:PSS fiber-based wearable sensors serving as the foundation of future research and development in skin-attachable next-generation healthcare devices, which can reproducibly determine the physiological condition of a human subject by measuring the sodium chloride concentration in sweat.
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32
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Ji J, Zhu X, Han D, Li M, Zhang Q, Shu Y, Cheng Z, Zhang W, Hua E, Sang S. AC Electrodeposition of PEDOT Films in Protic Ionic Liquids for Long-Term Stable Organic Electrochemical Transistors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24224105. [PMID: 31739407 PMCID: PMC6891491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are widely utilized to construct highly sensitive biosensors. However, the PSS phase exhibits insulation, weak acidity, and aqueous instability. In this work, we fabricated PEDOT OECT by alternating current electrodeposition in protic ionic liquids. The steady-state characteristics were demonstrated to be stable in long-term tests. In detail, the maximum transconductance, the on/off current ratio, and the hysteresis were stable at 2.79 mS, 504, and 0.12 V, respectively. Though the transient behavior was also stable, the time constant could reach 218.6 ms. Thus, the trade-off between switching speed and stability needs to be considered in applications that require a rapid response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Ji
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiaoxian Zhu
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Dan Han
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mangmang Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Colleges of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Zhengdong Cheng
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA;
| | - Wendong Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Er Hua
- Chemical Science and Engineering College, North Minzu University, Ningxia 750021, China
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shengbo Sang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.Z.); (D.H.); (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
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33
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An organic electrochemical transistor integrated with a molecularly selective isoporous membrane for amyloid-β detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111561. [PMID: 31446202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with severe memory loss and impaired cognitive skills. A common pathological change found in AD-affected brains is the accumulation of a peptide named amyloid-β (Aβ) that can form plaques. Aβ aggregates are visible to structural scanning tools; however, these bulky and expensive instruments are accessible to trained personnel in clinical settings only, thus hampering timely diagnosis of the disease, particularly in low-resource settings. In this work, we design an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) for in vitro detection of Aβ aggregates in human serum. The OECT channel is integrated with a nanostructured isoporous membrane which has a strong affinity for Aβ aggregates. The detection mechanism relies on the membrane capturing Aβ aggregates larger than the size of its pores and thus blocking the penetration of electrolyte ions into the channel underneath. Combining the high transconductance of the OECT with the precise porosity and selectivity of the membrane, the device detects the presence of Aβ aggregates in human serum samples with excellent sensitivity. This is the first-time demonstration of a biofunctionalized, nanostructured, and isoporous membrane integrated with a high-performance transistor for biosensing. This robust, low-power, non-invasive, and miniaturized sensor aids in the development of point-of-care tools for early diagnosis of AD.
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34
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Lingstedt LV, Ghittorelli M, Brückner M, Reinholz J, Crăciun NI, Torricelli F, Mailänder V, Gkoupidenis P, Blom PWM. Monitoring of Cell Layer Integrity with a Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistor. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900128. [PMID: 31318183 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of CaCo-2 cell barriers is investigated by organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in a current-driven configuration. Ion transport through cellular barriers via the paracellular pathway is modulated by tight junctions between adjacent cells. Rupturing its integrity by H2 O2 is monitored by the change of the output voltage in the transfer characteristics. It is demonstrated that by operating the OECT in a current-driven configuration, the sensitive and temporal resolution for monitoring the cell barrier integrity is strongly enhanced as compared to the OECT transient response measurement. As a result, current-driven OECTs are useful tools to assess dynamic and critical changes in tight junctions, relevant for clinical applications as drug targeting and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona V. Lingstedt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matteo Ghittorelli
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Brescia Via Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Maximilian Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Jonas Reinholz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - N. Irina Crăciun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Brescia Via Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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35
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Qing X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhong W, Wang D, Wang W, Liu Q, Liu K, Li M, Lu Z. Wearable Fiber-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors as a Platform for Highly Sensitive Dopamine Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13105-13113. [PMID: 30896142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based organic electrochemical transistors (FECTs) provide a new platform for the realization of an ultrafast and ultrasensitive biosensor, especially for the wearable dopamine (DA)-monitoring device. Here, we presented a fully filament-integrated fabric, it exhibited remarkable mechanical compatibility with the human body, and the minimum sensing unit was an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based on PVA- co-PE nanofibers (NFs) and polypyrrole (PPy) nanofiber network. The introduction of NFs notably increased the specific surface area and hydrophilicity of the PA6 filament, resulting in the formation of a large area of intertwined PPy nanofiber network. The electrical performance of PPy nanofiber network-modified fibers improved considerably. For the common FECTs, the typical on/off ratio was up to two orders of magnitude, and the temporal recovery time between on and off states was shortened to 0.34 s. Meanwhile, the device exhibited continuous cycling stability. In addition, the performances of FECT-based dopamine sensors depending on different gate electrodes have also been investigated. The PPy/NFs/PA6 filament-based dopamine sensor was more superior to the gold and platinum (Pt) wires, and the sensor presented long-term sensitivity with a detection region from 1 nM to 1 μM, rapid response time to a set of DA concentrations, remarkable selectivity in the presence of sodium chloride, uric acid, ascorbic acid and glucose, and superior reproducibility. Moreover, it could also be woven into the fabric product. The novel and wearable FECT device shows the potential to become the state-of-the-art DA-monitoring platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Yuedan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Xincheng Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Weibing Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Dong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Mufang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Zhentan Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
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Liao J, Si H, Zhang X, Lin S. Functional Sensing Interfaces of PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Chemical and Biological Sensors: A Mini Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E218. [PMID: 30634408 PMCID: PMC6359468 DOI: 10.3390/s19020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for applications in in vitro and in vivo measurements. OECTs have two important sensing interfaces for signal monitoring: One is the gate electrode surface; the other is the channel surface. This mini review introduced the new developments in chemical and biological detection of the two sensing interfaces. Specific focus was given on the modification technological approaches of the gate or channel surface. In particular, some unique strategies and surface designs aiming to facilitate signal-transduction and amplification were discussed. Several perspectives and current challenges of OECTs development were also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hewei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Wu X, Surendran A, Ko J, Filonik O, Herzig EM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Leong WL. Ionic-Liquid Doping Enables High Transconductance, Fast Response Time, and High Ion Sensitivity in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805544. [PMID: 30417445 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are highly attractive for applications ranging from circuit elements and neuromorphic devices to transducers for biological sensing, and the archetypal channel material is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. The operation of OECTs involves the doping and dedoping of a conjugated polymer due to ion intercalation under the application of a gate voltage. However, the challenge is the trade-off in morphology for mixed conduction since good electronic charge transport requires a high degree of ordering among PEDOT chains, while efficient ion uptake and volumetric doping necessitates open and loose packing of the polymer chains. Ionic-liquid-doped PEDOT:PSS that overcomes this limitation is demonstrated. Ionic-liquid-doped OECTs show high transconductance, fast transient response, and high device stability over 3600 switching cycles. The OECTs are further capable of having good ion sensitivity and robust toward physical deformation. These findings pave the way for higher performance bioelectronics and flexible/wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhijith Surendran
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jieun Ko
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Oliver Filonik
- Munich School of Engineering, Herzig Group, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva M Herzig
- Munich School of Engineering, Herzig Group, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Dynamics and Structure Formation - Herzig Group, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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38
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Wang N, Liu Y, Fu Y, Yan F. AC Measurements Using Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Accurate Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25834-25840. [PMID: 28846372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been successfully employed for a variety of applications , especially chemical and biological sensing. Although the device response to analytes can be directly monitored by measuring steady-state channel currents of the devices, it is challenging to obtain stable signals with high signal-to-noise ratios. In this work, we developed a novel method for electrochemical sensing by measuring both the transconductance and the phase of the AC channel current for the first time. Then we successfully realized highly sensitive ion strength sensors and dopamine sensors based on the AC method. Our results indicate that the AC method is more sensitive than typical DC methods and can provide more stable data in sensing applications. Considering that the sensors can be conveniently integrated with AC circuits, this technology is expected to find broad applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong
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39
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Piro B, Mattana G, Reisberg S. Transistors for Chemical Monitoring of Living Cells. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E65. [PMID: 29973542 PMCID: PMC6164306 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review here the chemical sensors for pH, glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine or glutamate, made of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte-gated OFETs (EGOFETs), for the monitoring of cell activity. First, the various chemicals that are produced by living cells and are susceptible to be sensed in-situ in a cell culture medium are reviewed. Then, we discuss the various materials used to make the substrate onto which cells can be grown, as well as the materials used for making the transistors. The main part of this review discusses the up-to-date transistor architectures that have been described for cell monitoring to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piro
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
| | - Giorgio Mattana
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
| | - Steeve Reisberg
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
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40
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Parlak O, Keene ST, Marais A, Curto VF, Salleo A. Molecularly selective nanoporous membrane-based wearable organic electrochemical device for noninvasive cortisol sensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2904. [PMID: 30035216 PMCID: PMC6054510 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors have emerged as an alternative evolutionary development in the field of healthcare technology due to their potential to change conventional medical diagnostics and health monitoring. However, a number of critical technological challenges including selectivity, stability of (bio)recognition, efficient sample handling, invasiveness, and mechanical compliance to increase user comfort must still be overcome to successfully bring devices closer to commercial applications. We introduce the integration of an electrochemical transistor and a tailor-made synthetic and biomimetic polymeric membrane, which acts as a molecular memory layer facilitating the stable and selective molecular recognition of the human stress hormone cortisol. The sensor and a laser-patterned microcapillary channel array are integrated in a wearable sweat diagnostics platform, providing accurate sweat acquisition and precise sample delivery to the sensor interface. The integrated devices were successfully used with both ex situ methods using skin-like microfluidics and on human subjects with on-body real-sample analysis using a wearable sensor assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Parlak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott Tom Keene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew Marais
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vincenzo F. Curto
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence–École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne, Center Microelectronics De Provence Georges Charpak, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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41
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Fabrication and Use of Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Sensing of Metabolites in Aqueous Media. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8060928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Zhang L, Wang G, Xiong C, Zheng L, He J, Ding Y, Lu H, Zhang G, Cho K, Qiu L. Chirality detection of amino acid enantiomers by organic electrochemical transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 105:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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43
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High-sensitivity ion detection at low voltages with current-driven organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1441. [PMID: 29650956 PMCID: PMC5897342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions dissolved in aqueous media play a fundamental role in plants, animals, and humans. Therefore, the in situ quantification of the ion concentration in aqueous media is gathering relevant interest in several fields including biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, healthcare products, water and food test and control, agriculture industry and security. The fundamental limitation of the state-of-art transistor-based approaches is the intrinsic trade-off between sensitivity, ion concentration range and operating voltage. Here we show a current-driven configuration based on organic electrochemical transistors that overcomes this fundamental limit. The measured ion sensitivity exceeds by one order of magnitude the Nernst limit at an operating voltage of few hundred millivolts. The ion sensitivity normalized to the supply voltage is larger than 1200 mV V−1 dec−1, which is the largest value ever reported for ion-sensitive transistors. The proposed approach is general and can be extended to any transistor technology, thus opening opportunities for high-performance bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor is a type of transistor that modulates the channel current by the ion concentration and is thus explored for bio-applications. Here Ghittorelli et al. show a current-driven device configuration to increase the sensitivity by ten times than conventional approaches.
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44
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Doris SE, Pierre A, Street RA. Dynamic and Tunable Threshold Voltage in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706757. [PMID: 29498110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have found applications in chemical and biological sensing and interfacing, neuromorphic computing, digital logic, and printed electronics. However, the incorporation of OECTs in practical electronic circuits is limited by the relative lack of control over their threshold voltage, which is important for controlling the power consumption and noise margin in complementary and unipolar circuits. Here, the threshold voltage of OECTs is precisely tuned over a range of more than 1 V by chemically controlling the electrochemical potential at the gate electrode. This threshold voltage tunability is exploited to prepare inverters and amplifiers with improved noise margin and gain, respectively. By coupling the gate electrode with an electrochemical oscillator, single-transistor oscillators based on OECTs with dynamic time-varying threshold voltages are prepared. This work highlights the importance of electrochemistry at the gate electrode in determining the electrical properties of OECTs, and opens a path toward the system-level design of low-power OECT-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Doris
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Adrien Pierre
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Robert A Street
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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45
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Xu H, Lv Y, Deng Y, Zhu Q. In situ probing electronic dynamics at organic bulk heterojunction/aqueous electrolyte interfaces by charge modulation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1267-1275. [PMID: 29250633 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing an organic bulk heterojunction (OBHJ) with an aqueous electrolyte (aqE) solution has the potential for applications in biological sensing and neuronal stimulus, by taking advantage of the benefits of the high excitation efficiency and biocompatibility of the OBHJ. At the OBHJ/aqE interface, local charge transfer and transport processes, which are influenced by the polymer/fullerene interface and ion migration, are critically important for device performance but poorly understood. Here, we have introduced charge modulation spectroscopy (CMS) in aqE-gated heterojunction transistors to in situ investigate electronic dynamics at the OBHJ/aqE interface. By correlating impedance spectroscopy measurements and the gating-voltage dependence of the mobility, we show that the existence of local disordered structures, caused by an intermixed fullerene phase, can induce electrochemical doping effects with ion injections. These ions will be trapped in fullerene domains, thus limiting carrier transports via strong carrier-ion interactions with ion-induced trapping. However, carrier-ion interactions have little influence over the charge transfer process due to the existing large energy-offset between the polymer and the fullerene. Furthermore, time-resolved CMS responses reveal that carrier-ion interactions can induce obvious perturbations in polaron relaxations. Our findings provide possibilities for the design and manipulation of novel and low-cost sensing systems for future bio-recognition devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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46
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Curto VF, Marchiori B, Hama A, Pappa AM, Ferro MP, Braendlein M, Rivnay J, Fiocchi M, Malliaras GG, Ramuz M, Owens RM. Organic transistor platform with integrated microfluidics for in-line multi-parametric in vitro cell monitoring. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:17028. [PMID: 31057869 PMCID: PMC6445009 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Future drug discovery and toxicology testing could benefit significantly from more predictive and multi-parametric readouts from in vitro models. Despite the recent advances in the field of microfluidics, and more recently organ-on-a-chip technology, there is still a high demand for real-time monitoring systems that can be readily embedded with microfluidics. In addition, multi-parametric monitoring is essential to improve the predictive quality of the data used to inform clinical studies that follow. Here we present a microfluidic platform integrated with in-line electronic sensors based on the organic electrochemical transistor. Our goals are two-fold, first to generate a platform to host cells in a more physiologically relevant environment (using physiologically relevant fluid shear stress (FSS)) and second to show efficient integration of multiple different methods for assessing cell morphology, differentiation, and integrity. These include optical imaging, impedance monitoring, metabolite sensing, and a wound-healing assay. We illustrate the versatility of this multi-parametric monitoring in giving us increased confidence to validate the improved differentiation of cells toward a physiological profile under FSS, thus yielding more accurate data when used to assess the effect of drugs or toxins. Overall, this platform will enable high-content screening for in vitro drug discovery and toxicology testing and bridges the existing gap in the integration of in-line sensors in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo F. Curto
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Bastien Marchiori
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
- Flexible Electronics Department, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Adel Hama
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Magali P. Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Marcel Braendlein
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Michel Fiocchi
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Marc Ramuz
- Flexible Electronics Department, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
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47
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Braendlein M, Pappa AM, Ferro M, Lopresti A, Acquaviva C, Mamessier E, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Lactate Detection in Tumor Cell Cultures Using Organic Transistor Circuits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605744. [PMID: 28134450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A biosensing platform based on an organic transistor circuit for metabolite detection in highly complex biological media is introduced. The sensor circuit provides inherent background subtraction allowing for highly specific, sensitive lactate detection in tumor cell cultures. The proposed sensing platform paves the way toward rapid, label-free, and cost-effective clinically relevant in vitro diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Braendlein
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Marc Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Alexia Lopresti
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Claire Acquaviva
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
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48
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Pappa AM, Inal S, Roy K, Zhang Y, Pitsalidis C, Hama A, Pas J, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Assembly on Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10427-10434. [PMID: 28263552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oppositely charged polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were built up in a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly on top of the conducting polymer channel of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), aiming to combine the advantages of well-established PEMs with a high performance electronic transducer. The multilayered film is a model system to investigate the impact of biofunctionalization on the operation of OECTs comprising a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) film as the electrically active layer. Understanding the mechanism of ion injection into the channel that is in direct contact with charged polymer films provides useful insights for novel biosensing applications such as nucleic acid sensing. Moreover, LbL is demonstrated to be a versatile electrode modification tool enabling tailored surface features in terms of thickness, softness, roughness, and charge. LbL assemblies built up on top of conducting polymers will aid the design of new bioelectronic platforms for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirsty Roy
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Adel Hama
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Jolien Pas
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
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49
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Braendlein M, Lonjaret T, Leleux P, Badier J, Malliaras GG. Voltage Amplifier Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600247. [PMID: 28105401 PMCID: PMC5238735 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are receiving a great deal of attention as amplifying transducers for electrophysiology. A key limitation of this type of transistors, however, lies in the fact that their output is a current, while most electrophysiology equipment requires a voltage input. A simple circuit is built and modeled that uses a drain resistor to produce a voltage output. It is shown that operating the OECT in the saturation regime provides increased sensitivity while maintaining a linear signal transduction. It is demonstrated that this circuit provides high quality recordings of the human heart using readily available electrophysiology equipment, paving the way for the use of OECTs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Braendlein
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
| | - Thomas Lonjaret
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
- MicroVitae TechnologiesHôtel TechnologiqueMeyreuil13590France
| | - Pierre Leleux
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
| | - Jean‐Michel Badier
- Institut de Neurosciences des SystèmesAix‐Marseille Université, INS/Inserm13005MarseilleFrance
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
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50
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Strakosas X, Huerta M, Donahue MJ, Hama A, Pappa AM, Ferro M, Ramuz M, Rivnay J, Owens RM. Catalytically enhanced organic transistors forin vitrotoxicology monitoring through hydrogel entrapment of enzymes. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Miriam Huerta
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis; Cinvestav; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Mary J. Donahue
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Adel Hama
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Magali Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Marc Ramuz
- Department of Flexible Electronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics; Center of Microelectronics in Provence, École des Mines de Saint-Étienne; Gardanne 13541 France
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