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Krysztofik A, Pula P, Pochylski M, Zaleski K, Gapinski J, Majewski P, Graczykowski B. Fast Photoactuation and Environmental Response of Humidity-Sensitive pDAP-Silicon Nanocantilevers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403114. [PMID: 38781555 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Multi-responsive nanomembranes are a new class of advanced materials that can be harnessed in complex architectures for micro and nano-manipulators, artificial muscles, energy harvesting, soft robotics, and sensors. The design and fabrication of responsive membranes must meet such challenges as trade-offs between responsiveness and mechanical durability, volumetric low-cost production ensuring low environmental impact, and compatibility with standard technologies or biological systems This work demonstrates the fabrication of multi-responsive, mechanically robust poly(1,3-diaminopropane) (pDAP) nanomembranes and their application in fast photoactuators. The pDAP films are developed using a plasma-assisted polymerization technique that offers large-scale production and versatility of potential industrial relevance. The pDAP layers exhibit high elasticity with the Young's modulus of ≈7 GPa and remarkable mechanical durability across 20-80 °C temperatures. Notably, pDAP membranes reveal immediate and reversible contraction triggered by light, rising temperature, or reducing relative humidity underpinned by a reversible water sorption mechanism. These features enable the fabrication of photoactuators composed of pDAP-coated Si nanocantilevers, demonstrating ms timescale response to light, tens of µm deflections, and robust performance up to kHz frequencies. These results advance fundamental research on multi-responsive nanomembranes and hold the potential to boost versatile applications in light-to-motion conversion and sensing toward the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Krysztofik
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Karol Zaleski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Huang J, Yu X, Li L, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Ma J. Design of Light-Driven Biocompatible and Biodegradable Microrobots Containing Mg-Based Metallic Glass Nanowires. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2006-2016. [PMID: 38205954 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven microrobots capable of moving rapidly on water surfaces in response to external stimuli are widely used in a variety of fields, such as drug delivery, remote sampling, and biosensors. However, most light-driven microrobots use graphene and carbon nanotubes as photothermal materials, resulting in poor biocompatibility and degradability, which greatly limits their practical bioapplications. To address this challenge, a composition and microstructure design strategy with excellent photothermal properties suitable for the fabrication of light-driven microrobots was proposed in this work. The Mg-based metallic glass nanowires (Mg-MGNWs) were embedded with polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) to fabricate biocompatible and degradable microrobots with excellent photothermal effect and complex shapes. Consequently, the microrobot can be precisely driven by a near-infrared laser to achieve high efficiency and remote manipulation on the water surface for a long period of time, with a velocity of 9.91 mm/s at a power density of 2.0 W/cm2. Due to the Marangoni effect, programmable and complex motions of the microrobot such as linear, clockwise, counterclockwise, and obstacle avoidance motions can be achieved. The biocompatible and degradable microrobot fabrication strategy could have great potential in the fields of environmental detection, targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Luyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Heting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Chen JW, Wei YG, Lo HY, Lu S, Chen YC, Lei CF, Liu PL, Yu P, Tsou NT, Yasuhara A, Wu WW, Chu YH. Mechanically Robust Interface at Metal/Muscovite Quasi van der Waals Epitaxy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47715-47724. [PMID: 37769228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Quasi van der Waals epitaxy is an approach to constructing the combination of 2D and 3D materials. Here, we quantify and discuss the 2D/3D interface structure and the corresponding features in metal/muscovite systems. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the atomic arrangement at the interface. The theoretical results explain the formation mechanism and predict the mechanical robustness of these metal/muscovite quasi van der Waals epitaxies. The evidence of superior interface quality is delivered according to the outstanding performance of the designed systems in both retention (>105 s) and cycling tests (>105 cycles) through electromechanical measurements. With high-temperature X-ray reciprocal space mapping, the unique anisotropy of thermal expansion is discovered and predicted to sustain the thermal stress with a sizable thermal actuation. A maximum bending curvature of 264 m-1 at 243 °C can be obtained in the silver/muscovite heteroepitaxy. The electrothermal and photothermal methods show a fast response to thermal stress and demonstrate the interface robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Guan Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yang Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - SiCheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi-Che Chen
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fong Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nien-Ti Tsou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Akira Yasuhara
- EM Application Department of EM Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Lee GS, Kim JG, Kim JT, Lee CW, Cha S, Choi GB, Lim J, Padmajan Sasikala S, Kim SO. 2D Materials Beyond Post-AI Era: Smart Fibers, Soft Robotics, and Single Atom Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307689. [PMID: 37777874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent consecutive discoveries of various 2D materials have triggered significant scientific and technological interests owing to their exceptional material properties, originally stemming from 2D confined geometry. Ever-expanding library of 2D materials can provide ideal solutions to critical challenges facing in current technological trend of the fourth industrial revolution. Moreover, chemical modification of 2D materials to customize their physical/chemical properties can satisfy the broad spectrum of different specific requirements across diverse application areas. This review focuses on three particular emerging application areas of 2D materials: smart fibers, soft robotics, and single atom catalysts (SACs), which hold immense potentials for academic and technological advancements in the post-artificial intelligence (AI) era. Smart fibers showcase unconventional functionalities including healthcare/environmental monitoring, energy storage/harvesting, and antipathogenic protection in the forms of wearable fibers and textiles. Soft robotics aligns with future trend to overcome longstanding limitations of hard-material based mechanics by introducing soft actuators and sensors. SACs are widely useful in energy storage/conversion and environmental management, principally contributing to low carbon footprint for sustainable post-AI era. Significance and unique values of 2D materials in these emerging applications are highlighted, where the research group has devoted research efforts for more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang San Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Goo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Bong Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Lim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Materials Creation, Seoul, 06179, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sambyal P, Mahato M, Taseer AK, Yoo H, Garai M, Nguyen VH, Ali SS, Oh IK. Magnetically and Electrically Responsive Soft Actuator Derived from Ferromagnetic Bimetallic Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207140. [PMID: 36908006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in smart devices and soft robotics necessitates the use of multiresponsive soft actuators with high actuation stroke and stable reversibility for their use in real-world applications. Here, this work reports a magnetically and electrically dual responsive soft actuator based on neodymium and iron bimetallic organic frameworks (NdFeMOFs@700). The ferromagnetic NdFeMOFs@700 exhibits a porous carbon structure with excellent magnetization saturation (166.96 emu g-1 ) which allows its application to a dual functional material in both magnetoactive and electro-ionic actuations. The electro-ionic soft actuator, which is fabricated using NdFeMOFs@700 and PEDOT-PSS, demonstrates 4.5 times higher ionic charge storage capacity (68.21 mF cm-2 ) and has excellent cycle stability compared with the PEDOT-PSS based actuator. Under a low sinusoidal input voltage of 1 V, the dual-responsive actuator displays bending displacement of 15.46 mm and also generates deflection of 10 mm at 50 mT. Present results show that the ferromagnetic bimetallic organic frameworks can open a new way to make dual responsive soft actuators due to the hierarchically porous structures with its high redox activity, superior magnetic properties, and larger electrochemical capacitance. With the NdFeMOFs@700 based soft actuators, walking movement of a starfish robot is demonstrated by applying both the magnetic and electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sambyal
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashhad Kamal Taseer
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Sheraz Ali
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Liu F, Gao Y, Wang G, Wang D, Wang Y, He M, Ding X, Duan H, Luo S. Laser-Induced Graphene Enabled Additive Manufacturing of Multifunctional 3D Architectures with Freeform Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204990. [PMID: 36437047 PMCID: PMC9896062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has become an important strategy for constructing graphene smart structures with arbitrary shapes and complexities. Compared with graphene oxide ink/gel/resin based manners, laser-induced graphene (LIG) is unique for facile and scalable assembly of 1D and 2D structures but still faces size and shape obstacles for constructing 3D macrostructures. In this work, a brand-new LIG based additive manufacturing (LIG-AM) protocol is developed to form bulk 3D graphene with freeform structures without introducing extra binders, templates, and catalysts. On the basis of selective laser sintering, LIG-AM creatively irradiates polyimide (PI) powder-bed for triggering both particle-sintering and graphene-converting processes layer-by-layer, which is unique for assembling varied types of graphene architectures including identical-section, variable-section, and graphene/PI hybrid structures. In addition to exploring combined graphitizing and fusing discipline, processing efficiency and assembling resolution of LIG-AM are also balanceable through synergistic control of lasing power and powder-feeding thickness. By further studying various process dependent properties, a LIG-AM enabled aircraft-wing section model is finally printed to comprehensively demonstrate its shiftable process, hybridizable structure, and multifunctional performance including force-sensing, anti-icing/deicing, and microwave shielding and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Guantao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Meihong He
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Xilun Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Haibin Duan
- School of Automation Science and Electrical EngineeringBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
| | - Sida Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering & AutomationBeihang UniversityNo. 37 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100191China
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Li Q, Jiao Y. Ultrafast Photothermal Actuators with a Large Helical Curvature Based on Ultrathin GO and Biaxially Oriented PE Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55828-55838. [PMID: 36484521 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In nature, there are some amazing superfast actuations (Venus flytrap) and large-curvature helical deformations (the awn of Erodium). Although many bionic actuators have been made (electrothermal, hygroscopic, photoinduced), most of their actuations are slow and small, not comparable to the wonderful ones in nature. Here, we report an ultrafast photothermal actuator with large-curvature curling based on an ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) and biaxially oriented polyethylene (BOPE) bilayer film (thickness ∼11 μm). By virtue of the fast temperature changing rate (peak: 900 °C s-1 during infrared heating and -1200 °C s-1 during cooling) and the great difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion of GO and BOPE layers, the actuator deforms rapidly and greatly. The maximum bending speed and curvature can reach 5300° s-1 and 22 cm-1, respectively, which are comparable to those of wonderful natural actuators and far exceed the performances of the reported artificial actuators. Different from ordinary helical actuators made of uniaxial anisotropic materials, our actuator is based on a typical biaxial anisotropic material of BOPE. However, the morphing behaviors of this type of actuator have not been reported before. So for the first time, we systematically studied this problem through experiments and simulations using the GO-BOPE actuator as a prototype and have drawn clear conclusions. In addition, functional GO-BOPE actuators capable of winding around and manipulating tiny objects were also designed and developed. We think this ultrafast large-curvature photothermal actuator will have wide application prospects in bionic actuations and dexterous robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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Wireless Autonomous Soft Crawlers for Adjustable Climbing Actuation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang T, Fan X, Koh JJ, He C, Yeow CH. Self-Healing Approach toward Catalytic Soft Robots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40590-40598. [PMID: 36039512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics is a rapidly evolving research field that focuses on developing robots with bioinspired actuation/sensing mechanisms and highly flexible soft materials, some of which are similar to those found in living organisms. The hydrogel has the characteristics of excellent biocompatibility, softness, and elasticity, which makes it an ideal candidate material for the preparation of soft robots. Here we utilized a self-healing approach to develop a catalytically driven soft robot, which was constructed by dynamic imine bonds between modular hydrogels. One of the modules was a hydrogel formed by dynamic aldimine cross-linking of chitosan and glutaraldehyde, and the other module was a hydrogel embedded with catalase. The soft hydrogel robot moved because of catalytic reactions between the robot and environment [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fuel], giving rise to a fluidic release that supports propulsion, as inspired by the jet-propulsive mechanism in swimming dragonfly larvae. The speed of the soft robot can be mediated by adjusting the concentration of H2O2 and enable/disable movement based on the folding and unfolding of enzymes. In addition, the hydrogel formed by replacing glutaraldehyde with dialdehyde-functionalized PEG2000 had excellent elastic properties, and the soft robot based on PEG2000 had a higher movement speed than that based on glutaraldehyde under the same H2O2 concentration. Moreover, the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles can realize the magnetic guidance of the soft robot and the combination of different modules can realize different motion modes. The highly configurable self-healing catalytic soft robot holds great potential for a variety of interesting applications, including swimming robots, robot-assisted water treatment, and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaotong Fan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - J Justin Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chen-Hua Yeow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Advanced Robotics Center, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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10
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Lucchetta DE, Di Donato A, Francescangeli O, Singh G, Castagna R. Light-Controlled Direction of Distributed Feedback Laser Emission by Photo-Mobile Polymer Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172890. [PMID: 36079928 PMCID: PMC9458089 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the realization of Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasing by a high-resolution reflection grating integrated in a Photomobile Polymer (PMP) film. The grating is recorded in a recently developed holographic mixture basically containing halolakanes/acrylates and a fluorescent dye molecule (Rhodamine 6G). The PMP-mixture is placed around the grating spot and a subsequent curing/photo-polymerization process is promoted by UV-irradiation. Such a process brings to the simultaneous formation of the PMP-film and the covalent link of the PMP-film to the DFB-grating area (PMP-DFB system). The PMP-DFB allows lasing action when optically pumped with a nano-pulsed green laser source. Moreover, under a low-power light-irradiation the PMP-DFB bends inducing a spatial readdressing of the DFB-laser emission. This device is the first example of a light-controlled direction of a DFB laser emission. It could represent a novel disruptive optical technology in many fields of Science, making feasible the approach to free standing and light-controllable lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Eugenio Lucchetta
- Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.E.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Di Donato
- Dip. DII, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gautam Singh
- Department of Applied Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Riccardo Castagna
- URT-CNR, Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Polo di Chimica, Via Sant’Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.E.L.); (R.C.)
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11
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Han M, Guo X, Chen X, Liang C, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Bai W, Zhang F, Wei H, Wu C, Cui Q, Yao S, Sun B, Yang Y, Yang Q, Ma Y, Xue Z, Kwak JW, Jin T, Tu Q, Song E, Tian Z, Mei Y, Fang D, Zhang H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Rogers JA. Submillimeter-scale multimaterial terrestrial robots. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabn0602. [PMID: 35613299 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Robots with submillimeter dimensions are of interest for applications that range from tools for minimally invasive surgical procedures in clinical medicine to vehicles for manipulating cells/tissues in biology research. The limited classes of structures and materials that can be used in such robots, however, create challenges in achieving desired performance parameters and modes of operation. Here, we introduce approaches in manufacturing and actuation that address these constraints to enable untethered, terrestrial robots with complex, three-dimensional (3D) geometries and heterogeneous material construction. The manufacturing procedure exploits controlled mechanical buckling to create 3D multimaterial structures in layouts that range from arrays of filaments and origami constructs to biomimetic configurations and others. A balance of forces associated with a one-way shape memory alloy and the elastic resilience of an encapsulating shell provides the basis for reversible deformations of these structures. Modes of locomotion and manipulation span from bending, twisting, and expansion upon global heating to linear/curvilinear crawling, walking, turning, and jumping upon laser-induced local thermal actuation. Photonic structures such as retroreflectors and colorimetric sensing materials support simple forms of wireless monitoring and localization. These collective advances in materials, manufacturing, actuation, and sensing add to a growing body of capabilities in this emerging field of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuexian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cunman Liang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qinghong Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bohan Sun
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Quansan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuhang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ziao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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12
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Zhao S, Jia R, Yang J, Dai L, Ji N, Xiong L, Sun Q. Development of chitosan/tannic acid/corn starch multifunctional bilayer smart films as pH-responsive actuators and for fruit preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:419-429. [PMID: 35217075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The design of intelligent films for pH-responsive actuators fully constructed from natural biopolymers remains challenging. This study used natural biopolymers to develop a new type of smart and multifunctional chitosan/tannic acid/corn starch (CHT/TA/CS) bilayer films, which can be used for pH-responsive actuators and fruit preservation. We studied the microstructural morphology, physicochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of the films. Compared with the CHT film, the water vapor permeability (WVP) values of the CHT/TA/CS bilayer films were reduced by 3.1 times, and the tensile strength was increased by 4.6 times. The CHT/TA/CS bilayer films also exhibited high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (94.6%) and hydroxyl (OH) (97.5%) radical scavenging activity. The bilayer films had good antimicrobial activity. The CHT/TA/CS bilayer films exhibited different directional deformation behaviors in acid-base solutions and could be used as pH-responsive actuators. By changing the solution's pH, the bilayer films could grab and release heavy objects 21 times heavier than themselves. Furthermore, the CHT/TA/CS bilayer coating prolonged the bananas' storage time from three to six days, and its weight loss was reduced by 14%. The developed CHT/TA/CS bilayer films have potential application in degradable materials, soft robotics fields, and food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ruoyu Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lei Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Na Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liu Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China.
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13
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Wang M, Zhou L, Deng W, Hou Y, He W, Yu L, Sun H, Ren L, Hou X. Ultrafast Response and Programmable Locomotion of Liquid/Vapor/Light-Driven Soft Multifunctional Actuators. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2672-2681. [PMID: 35040625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
External-stimuli-driven soft actuators overcome several limitations inherent in traditional mechanical-driven technology considering the coming age of flexible robots, which might face harsh working conditions and rigorous multifunctional requirements. However, how to achieve multi-external-stimuli response, fast speed, and precise control of the position and angle of the actuator, especially working in a toxic liquid or vapor environment, still requires long-term efforts. Here, we report a multi-external-stimuli-driven sandwich actuator with aligned carbon nanotubes as the constructive subject, which can respond to various types of liquids (organic solvents), vapor, and solar light. The actuator has an ultrafast response speed (<10 ms) and can accurately adjust the bending angle range from 0° to 180°. Through manipulating the stimuli positions, actuators can be wound into varied turns when simulating a flexible robotic arm. Hence, liquid/vapor/light-driven actuators are able to support diverse programmable motions, such as periodic blooming, gesture variations, caterpillar crawling, toxic surface evading, and bionic phototaxis. We believe that this multifunctional actuator is promising in supporting a complex scenario to complete a variety of tasks in the fields of healthcare, bioengineering, chip technology, and mobile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenyan Deng
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lejian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Lei Ren
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
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14
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Abstract
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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16
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Lui BF, Bardeen CJ. Using Small Molecule Absorbers to Create a Photothermal Wax Motor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105356. [PMID: 34854535 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic phase change materials are used in actuators like wax motors. The solid→liquid phase transition that drives expansion is commonly induced by resistive heating that requires an electrical connection. The use of light to generate a phase change provides a non-contact way to power wax motors. Here, it is demonstrated that small molecules can act as absorbers to enable a photoinduced solid→liquid melting transition in eicosane, a low molecular weight phase change material. Three different small molecule absorbers are utilized: (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), azobenzene (AZOB), and guaiazulene (GAZ). The GAZ/eicosane mixture is characterized in detail because its absorption extends out to 750 nm, opening up the possibility of using near-infrared diodes as the photon source. The GAZ/eicosane composite is incorporated into a commercial wax motor assembly and 532 nm laser light is used to lift up to 400 g. The temporal response, work and force output, and efficiency are measured, and no loss of lifting capability or degradation is observed after ten cycles of irradiation. The incorporation of small aromatic molecules with low-energy absorption features into phase change materials can provide a general way to make light powered wax motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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17
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Chang L, Wang D, Jiang A, Hu Y. Soft Actuators Based On Carbon Nanomaterials. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100437. [PMID: 35103423 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the sophisticated design of biological systems, interest in soft intelligent actuators has increased significantly in recent years, providing attractive strategies for the design of elaborate soft mechanical systems. For the construction of those soft actuators, carbon nanomaterials were extensively and successfully explored for the properties of highly conductive, electrothermal, and photothermal conversion. This review aims to trace the recent achievements for the material and structural design as well as the general mechanisms of the soft actuators, paying particular attention to the contribution of carbon nanomaterials resulted from their diversified interplaying properties, which realized the flexible and dexterous deformation responding to various environmental stimuli, including light, electricity and humidity. The properties and mechanisms of soft actuators are summarized and the potential for future applications and research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ajuan Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
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18
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Liu J, Shang Y, Liu J, Wang J, Ikeda T, Jiang L. Janus Photochemical/Photothermal Azobenzene Inverse Opal Actuator with Shape Self-Recovery toward Sophisticated Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1727-1739. [PMID: 34962760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene actuators have aroused enormous research interest due to their excellent performance and promising applications in the fields of soft robots, artificial muscles, etc. However, there are still challenges for the fabrication of azobenzene actuators with a sophisticated actuation mode owing to the unitary actuation direction and slow thermal relaxation of cis- to trans-azobenzene mesogens. To solve these problems, this paper presents a facile fabrication method of a Janus azobenzene inverse opal actuator with one side made of the monodomain azobenzene polymer and the other side made of the polydomain azobenzene inverse opal structure. Gradient-layer spacing structure of the film in its cross section is proven by synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction. The introduction of the inverse opal structure mainly provides a polydomain mesogen alignment, large specific surface area, low elastic modulus, and structure color. The synergetic actuation of the photochemical/photothermal mode produces multiple actuation directions, a larger actuation force, and an alteration of the structure color. Shape self-recovery of this Janus azobenzene actuator contributes to some promising applications, such as crawling on a smooth surface, driving an engine axis, and logic electric circuit for the coding technique. This work is of great significance for the design and fabrication of novel-type photoactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Tomiki Ikeda
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
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19
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Shu Y, Ye K, Sun J, Yue Y, Liu C, Wang H, Lu R. Thermo-Induced Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations and Photo-Induced [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions in Polymorphs of Chalcone-Based Molecular Crystals: Multi-Stimuli Responsive Actuators. Chemistry 2021; 27:17960-17969. [PMID: 34786776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphs of 2ClChMe-4 in Form I (ribbon-like crystal) and Form II (block-like crystal) were prepared, and they exhibited curling/flipping and expansion upon heating on account of single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations. The irreversible phase transformations occurred separately at 53.2 °C and 57.8 °C for the crystals in Form I and Form II, during which the molecular conformation of 2ClChMe-4 changed and the molecules slipped along the (100) plane. Movement at the molecular level resulted in changes of cell parameters, which in turn led to macroscopic motions of the crystals upon heating. Additionally, the ribbon-like crystals of 2ClChMe-4 showed photo-induced bending driven by [2+2] cycloaddition. Accordingly, an actuator showing reversible bending behavior was fabricated triggered by light and heat successively. Like biomimetic self-actuators, such multi-stimuli mechanical responsive molecular crystals might have potential applications in soft robots, artificial muscles and microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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20
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Wang P, Barnes B, Huang Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Wang Y. Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005890. [PMID: 33938063 PMCID: PMC8560657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For thousands of years, carbon ink has been used as a black color pigment for writing and painting purposes. However, recent discoveries of nanocarbon materials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their various derivative forms, together with the advances in large-scale synthesis, are enabling a whole new generation of carbon inks that can serve as an intrinsically programmable materials platform for developing advanced functionalities far beyond color. The marriage between these multifunctional nanocarbon inks with modern printing technologies is facilitating and even transforming many applications, including flexible electronics, wearable and implantable sensors, actuators, and autonomous robotics. This review examines recent progress in the reborn field of carbon inks, highlighting their programmability and multifunctionality for applications in flexible electronics and stimuli-responsive devices. Current challenges and opportunities will also be discussed from a materials science perspective towards the advancement of carbon ink for new applications beyond color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Benjamin Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Zhao H, Qi X, Ma Y, Sun X, Liu X, Zhang X, Tian M, Qu L. Wearable Sunlight-Triggered Bimorph Textile Actuators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8126-8134. [PMID: 34570519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal bimorph actuators have attracted considerable attention in intelligent devices because of their cordless control and lightweight and easy preparation. However, current photothermal bimorph actuators are mostly based on films or papers driven by near-infrared sources, which are deficient in flexibility and adaptability, restricting their potential in wearable applications. Herein, a bimorph textile actuator that can be scalably fabricated with a traditional textile route and autonomously triggered by sunlight is reported. The active layer and passive layer of the bimorph are constructed by polypropylene tape and a MXene-modified polyamide filament. Because of the opposite thermal expansion and MXene-enhanced photothermal efficiency (>260%) of the bimorph, the textile actuator presents effective deformation (1.38 cm-1) under low sunlight power (100 mW/cm2). This work provides a new pathway for wearable sunlight-triggered actuators and finds attractive applications for smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Qi
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xuantong Sun
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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23
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Lv X, Wang W, Clancy AJ, Yu H. High-Speed, Heavy-Load, and Direction-Controllable Photothermal Pneumatic Floating Robot. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23030-23037. [PMID: 33949847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-fueled actuators are promising in many fields due to their contactless, easily controllable, and eco-efficiency features. However, their application in liquid environments is complicated by the existing challenges of rapid deformation in liquids, light absorption of the liquid media, and environmental contamination. Here, we design a photothermal pneumatic floating robot (PPFR) using a boat-paddle structure. Light energy is converted into thermal energy of air by an isolated photothermal composite, which is then converted into mechanical energy of liquid to drive the movement of PPFRs. By understanding and controlling the photothermal actuation, the PPFR can achieve an average velocity of 13.1 mm s-1 in water and can be modified for remote on-demand differential steering and self-sustained oscillation. The PPFR may be modified to provide a lifting mechanism, capable of moving 4 times the PPFR mass. Various shapes and materials are suitable for the PPFR, providing a platform for liquid surface transporting, water sampling, pollutant collecting, underwater photography, and photocontrol robots in shallow water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuande Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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24
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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25
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Duan Y, Semin S, Tinnemans P, Xu J, Rasing T. Fully Controllable Structural Phase Transition in Thermomechanical Molecular Crystals with a Very Small Thermal Hysteresis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006757. [PMID: 33709615 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The construction of a practical crystalline molecular machine faces two challenges: to realize a collective molecular movement, and to amplify this movement into a precisely controlled mechanical response in real time and space. Thermosalient single crystals display cooperative molecular movements that are converted to strong macroscopic mechanical responses or shape deformations during temperature-induced structural phase transitions. However, these collective molecular movements are hard to control once initiated, and often feature thermal hystereses that are larger than 10 °C, which greatly hamper their practical applications. Here, it is demonstrated that the phase boundaries of the thermomechanical molecular crystal based on a fluorenone derivative 4-DBpFO can be used to finely control its structural phase transition. When this phase transition is triggered at two opposite crystal faces, it is accompanied by two parallel phase boundaries that can be temperature controlled to move forward, backward, or to halt, benefitting from the stored elastic energy between the parallel boundaries. Moreover, the thermal hysteresis is greatly decreased to 2-3 °C, which allows for circular heating/cooling cycles that can produce a continuous work output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Duan
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Semin
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Theo Rasing
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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Xiao Y, Lin J, Xiao J, Weng M, Zhang W, Zhou P, Luo Z, Chen L. A multi-functional light-driven actuator with an integrated temperature-sensing function based on a carbon nanotube composite. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6259-6265. [PMID: 33885612 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actuators play an important role in the fields of intelligent robots and wearable electronics. Temperature has a great impact on the performances of many actuators. However, most of the traditional actuators only have an actuating function, failing to monitor and send real-time feedback of the temperature of the actuator. To solve the existing problem and break the single-function limit of traditional actuators, we propose a multi-functional light-driven actuator integrated with a temperature-sensing function, which is based on a carbon nanotube (CNT) and methylcellulose (MC) composite. When the CNT-MC film is assembled with biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) to form a bilayer structure, the CNT-MC/BOPP actuator can be driven by near-infrared (NIR) light. Its morphing is based on thermal expansion differences between two layers and shrinkage of MC induced by water loss. The maximal bending curvature is up to 1.03 cm-1. Meanwhile, the resistance of the actuator can change by about 10%, which realizes real-time temperature monitoring and feedback. Furthermore, we demonstrate two practical applications. First, the CNT-MC film can work as a temperature sensor, as its resistance changes with the temperature in real time. Second, we design an intelligent gripper, which can monitor the temperature during the entire working process. This multi-functional CNT-based device is expected to have a broad application prospect in artificial muscles, soft robotics and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.
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27
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Hu Y, Yang L, Yan Q, Ji Q, Chang L, Zhang C, Yan J, Wang R, Zhang L, Wu G, Sun J, Zi B, Chen W, Wu Y. Self-Locomotive Soft Actuator Based on Asymmetric Microstructural Ti 3C 2T x MXene Film Driven by Natural Sunlight Fluctuation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5294-5306. [PMID: 33650851 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators and microrobots that can move spontaneously and continuously without artificial energy supply and intervention have great potential in industrial, environmental, and military applications, but still remain a challenge. Here, a bioinspired MXene-based bimorph actuator with an asymmetric layered microstructure is reported, which can harness natural sunlight to achieve directional self-locomotion. We fabricate a freestanding MXene film with an increased and asymmetric layered microstructure through the graft of coupling agents into the MXene nanosheets. Owing to the excellent photothermal effect of MXene nanosheets, increased interlayer spacing favoring intercalation/deintercalation of water molecules and its caused reversible volume change, and the asymmetric microstructure, this film exhibits light-driven deformation with a macroscopic and fast response. Based on it, a soft bimorph actuator with ultrahigh response to solar energy is fabricated, showing natural sunlight-driven actuation with ultralarge amplitude and fast response (346° in 1 s). By utilizing continuous bending deformation of the bimorph actuator in response to the change of natural sunlight intensity and biomimetic design of an inchworm to rectify the repeated bending deformation, an inchwormlike soft robot is constructed, achieving directional self-locomotion without any artificial energy and control. Moreover, soft arms for lifting objects driven by natural sunlight and wearable smart ornaments that are combined with clothing and produce three-dimensional deformation under natural sunlight are also developed. These results provide a strategy for developing natural sunlight-driven soft actuators and reveal great application prospects of this photoactuator in sunlight-driven soft biomimetic robots, intelligent solar-energy-driven devices in space, and wearable clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qixiao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chenchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zi
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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28
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Wang Y, Li M, Chang JK, Aurelio D, Li W, Kim BJ, Kim JH, Liscidini M, Rogers JA, Omenetto FG. Light-activated shape morphing and light-tracking materials using biopolymer-based programmable photonic nanostructures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1651. [PMID: 33712607 PMCID: PMC7955034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural systems display sophisticated control of light-matter interactions at multiple length scales for light harvesting, manipulation, and management, through elaborate photonic architectures and responsive material formats. Here, we combine programmable photonic function with elastomeric material composites to generate optomechanical actuators that display controllable and tunable actuation as well as complex deformation in response to simple light illumination. The ability to topographically control photonic bandgaps allows programmable actuation of the elastomeric substrate in response to illumination. Complex three-dimensional configurations, programmable motion patterns, and phototropic movement where the material moves in response to the motion of a light source are presented. A “photonic sunflower” demonstrator device consisting of a light-tracking solar cell is also illustrated to demonstrate the utility of the material composite. The strategy presented here provides new opportunities for the future development of intelligent optomechanical systems that move with light on demand. Programmable optical actuation in a material provides special possibilities for applications. Here, the authors combine photonic crystals with elastomers to provide material composites with tunable deformation and actuation as a function of moving light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jan-Kai Chang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daniele Aurelio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Wenyi Li
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marco Liscidini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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29
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Chen Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Feng Y, Zeng H, Wang L, Feng W. Light-driven bimorph soft actuators: design, fabrication, and properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:728-757. [PMID: 34821314 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots that can move like living organisms and adapt to their surroundings are currently in the limelight from fundamental studies to technological applications, due to their advances in material flexibility, human-friendly interaction, and biological adaptation that surpass conventional rigid machines. Light-fueled smart actuators based on responsive soft materials are considered to be one of the most promising candidates to promote the field of untethered soft robotics, thereby attracting considerable attention amongst materials scientists and microroboticists to investigate photomechanics, photoswitch, bioinspired design, and actuation realization. In this review, we discuss the recent state-of-the-art advances in light-driven bimorph soft actuators, with the focus on bilayer strategy, i.e., integration between photoactive and passive layers within a single material system. Bilayer structures can endow soft actuators with unprecedented features such as ultrasensitivity, programmability, superior compatibility, robustness, and sophistication in controllability. We begin with an explanation about the working principle of bimorph soft actuators and introduction of a synthesis pathway toward light-responsive materials for soft robotics. Then, photothermal and photochemical bimorph soft actuators are sequentially introduced, with an emphasis on the design strategy, actuation performance, underlying mechanism, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research Frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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30
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Yan Q, Mao L, Feng B, Zhang L, Wu Y, Huang W. Reversible Patterning Cross-Linked, Humidity-Responsive Polymer Films with Programmatically and Accurately Controlled Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7608-7616. [PMID: 33555181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel humidity-responsive and photosensitive polymer films (PCA-PAA-PEG) are prepared. These films can be patterning cross-linked by the photodimerization of coumarin pendant groups. The humidity-induced deformation can be well controlled by the pattern because of the different modulus and hydrophilicity between cross-linked and un-cross-linked segments. In addition, the pattern can be erased and the deformation direction can be changed programmatically by the de-cross-linking-re-cross-linking approach due to the reversible photodimerization of coumarin groups. The cross-linking degree also affects the humidity responsiveness of the film. The deformation of the gradient patterning cross-linked film can be more accurately controlled. Moreover, the length and width ratio (L/Ws/Wh) of the un-cross-linked segment to the cross-linked segment affects the deformation of the films as well. When L/Ws/Wh is 5/2/1 or 5/3/1, the deformation is controllable, and when L/Ws/Wh is 5/1/1 or 5/4/1, the deformation is random at the initial stage, but the whole film will bend along the short axis in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Mao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Hybrid stimuli-responsive soft robots have been extensively developed by incorporating multi-functional materials, such as carbon-based nanoparticles, nanowires, low-dimensional materials, and liquid crystals. In addition to the general functions of conventional soft robots, hybrid stimuli-responsive soft robots have displayed significantly advanced multi-mechanical, electrical, or/and optical properties accompanied with smart shape transformation in response to external stimuli, such as heat, light, and even biomaterials. This review surveys the current enhanced scientific methods to synthesize the integration of multi-functional materials within stimuli-responsive soft robots. Furthermore, this review focuses on the applications of hybrid stimuli-responsive soft robots in the forms of actuators and sensors that display multi-responsive and highly sensitive properties. Finally, it highlights the current challenges of stimuli-responsive soft robots and suggests perspectives on future directions for achieving intelligent hybrid stimuli-responsive soft robots applicable in real environments.
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33
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Zhang C, Chen R, Yang L, Wu H, Ji S, Zhang J, Zhou L, Ye H, Wu S, Zhang J, Wang C, Hu Y. Structural Color Surface on Transparent PDMS Fabricated by Carbon-Assisted Laser Interference Lithography for Real-Time Quantification of Soft Actuators Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45641-45647. [PMID: 32937064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic and real-time monitoring of the motion state of soft actuators is of great significance for optimizing their performance. However, present noncontact measurement approaches based on diffractive groove arrays fabricated by imprinting have some limitation, e.g., the grooves should be processed before the solidification of soft materials or the depth and period of grooves cannot be flexibly adjusted. Here, a flexible and high-efficiency fabrication approach carbon-assisted laser interference lithography (CLIL) for periodical groove structures with structural color is proposed. This technique is to irradiate the interference laser on the PDMS surface coated by a carbon layer, which is used for enhanced laser absorption. The processing parameters are systematically studied and optimized to achieve a bright structural color. Benefiting from the advantages of CLIL, the structural color can be processed on a solidified transparent surface with controllable characteristics such as groove period and depth. Lastly, the motion of an electric-driven actuator can be real-time quantified by calibrating the relationship between the observation angle and the observed structural color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Renfei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengyun Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hanchang Ye
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Jiao C, Zhang J, Liu T, Peng X, Wang H. Mechanically Strong, Tough, and Shape Deformable Poly(acrylamide- co-vinylimidazole) Hydrogels Based on Cu 2+ Complexation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44205-44214. [PMID: 32871067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape deformable hydrogels have drawn great attention due to their wide applications as soft actuators. Here we report a novel kind of mechanically strong, tough, and shape deformable poly(acrylamide-co-vinylimidazole) [poly(AAm-co-VI)] hydrogel prepared by photoinitiated copolymerization and the followed immersing in a Cu2+ aqueous solution. Strong Cu2+ complexation with imidazole groups dramatically enhances the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, whose tensile strength, elastic modulus, toughness, and fracture energy reach up to 7.7 ± 0.76 MPa, 15.4 ± 1.2 MPa, 23.2 ± 2.5 MJ m-3, and 22.1 ± 2.3 kJ m-2, respectively. More impressively, shape deformation (bending) can be easily achieved by coating Cu2+ solution on one side of hydrogel strips. Furthermore, precise control of the shape deformation from 1D to 2D and 2D to 3D can be achieved by adjusting Cu2+ concentration, coating time, region, and one or two side(s) of hydrogel samples. The Cu2+ complexation provides a simple way to simultaneously improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels and enable them with shape deformability. The mechanically strong, tough, and shape deformable hydrogels might be a promising candidate for soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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35
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Xu L, Peng Q, Zhao X, Li P, Xu J, He X. A Photoactuator Based on Stiffness-Variable Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Yarn. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40711-40718. [PMID: 32805842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Actuators based on carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn have attracted extensive attention due to their great properties and potential applications such as artificial muscles, sensors, intelligent robots, and so on. However, the CNT yarn actuators with one-dimensional structure were often only used to drive through electrochemical, thermal, or electrical stimulation, which limits the applications of CNT yarn actuators. In addition, the slow response speed, low output stress, uncontrollable driving deformation, and self-recovery without an external stimulus are also great challenges. Here, we propose a photoactuator with large output stress, fast response speed, large and reversible driving deformation, and good reusability based on stiffness-variable CNT nanocomposite yarn (CNT-NCY). Such a CNT-NCY photoactuator can achieve torsional and contractive actuation under irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) light; it is important that the actuation is reversible and controllable. The maximum rotation rate of the CNT-NCY photoactuator during the torsional actuation is about 45 rpm, and the contractive deformation can reach more than 9%. This CNT-NCY photoactuator can create more than 12 MPa output stress, which is 40 times higher than that of the human skeletal muscle. The driving mechanism of this CNT-NCY photoactuator has been analyzed, and its potential application has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Pengyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, P. R. China
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36
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Wang S, Gao Y, Wei A, Xiao P, Liang Y, Lu W, Chen C, Zhang C, Yang G, Yao H, Chen T. Asymmetric elastoplasticity of stacked graphene assembly actualizes programmable untethered soft robotics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4359. [PMID: 32868779 PMCID: PMC7459344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ever-increasing interest yet grand challenge in developing programmable untethered soft robotics. Here we address this challenge by applying the asymmetric elastoplasticity of stacked graphene assembly (SGA) under tension and compression. We transfer the SGA onto a polyethylene (PE) film, the resulting SGA/PE bilayer exhibits swift morphing behavior in response to the variation of the surrounding temperature. With the applications of patterned SGA and/or localized tempering pretreatment, the initial configurations of such thermal-induced morphing systems can also be programmed as needed, resulting in diverse actuation systems with sophisticated three-dimensional structures. More importantly, unlike the normal bilayer actuators, our SGA/PE bilayer, after a constrained tempering process, will spontaneously curl into a roll, which can achieve rolling locomotion under infrared lighting, yielding an untethered light-driven motor. The asymmetric elastoplasticity of SGA endows the SGA-based bi-materials with great application promise in developing untethered soft robotics with high configurational programmability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Anran Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chinyin Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Chu H, Yang W, Sun L, Cai S, Yang R, Liang W, Yu H, Liu L. 4D Printing: A Review on Recent Progresses. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E796. [PMID: 32842588 PMCID: PMC7570144 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. However, the microstructures fabricated using 3D printing is static. To overcome this challenge, four-dimensional (4D) printing which defined as fabricating a complex spontaneous structure that changes with time respond in an intended manner to external stimuli. 4D printing originates in 3D printing, but beyond 3D printing. Although 4D printing is mainly based on 3D printing and become an branch of additive manufacturing, the fabricated objects are no longer static and can be transformed into complex structures by changing the size, shape, property and functionality under external stimuli, which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, recent major progresses in 4D printing are reviewed, including AM technologies for 4D printing, stimulation method, materials and applications. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of 4D printing were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lujing Sun
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rendi Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
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38
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Wang M, Li Q, Shi J, Cao X, Min L, Li X, Zhu L, Lv Y, Qin Z, Chen X, Pan K. Bio-Inspired High Sensitivity of Moisture-Mechanical GO Films with Period-Gradient Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33104-33112. [PMID: 32573195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Moisture actuators can accomplish humidity-triggered energy-conversion process, through material screening and structural design. Inspired by natural caterpillars and the hydrophilic properties of graphene oxide (GO), this work proposes a geometrical design of period-gradient structures in GO films for fabricating moisture actuators. These novel period-gradient-structured GO films exhibit excellent dynamic performance that they could deform at 1000° with a small radius in several seconds at a high relative humidity (RH ≈ 80%). The properties of fast actuating speed and high response to deformation are achieved through the structural designing of the sole GO film by a one-step formation process. A mechanics-based theoretical model combined with the finite element simulation is presented to demonstrate the actuating mechanism in geometry, moisture, and mechanics, which lays the foundation for potential applications of GO films in remote control, environmental monitoring, and man-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingti Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qicong Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lizhen Min
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhuan Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Based Light-Responsive Hydrogel Composite for Bendable Bilayer Photoactuator. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071419. [PMID: 32708124 PMCID: PMC7407751 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators based on hydrogel materials, which can convert light energy directly into mechanical energy, are of the utmost importance, especially with enhancements in device development. However, the hunt for specific photothermal nanomaterials with distinct performance remains challenging. In this study, we successfully fabricated a bilayer hydrogel actuator consisting of an active photothermal layer from incorporated Ti3C2Tx MXene in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) p(NIPAm)hydrogel structure and a passive layer from the N-(2-hydroxylethylpropyl)acrylamide (HEAA) hydrogel structure. The uniform and effective incorporation of MXene into the NIPAm hydrogel structures were characterized by a battery of techniques. The light responsive swelling properties of the MXene-embedded NIPAm-based hydrogel demonstrated fully reversible and repeatable behavior in the light on–off regime for up to ten consecutive cycles. The effect of MXene loading, the shape of the actuator, and the light source effects on the bilayer NIPAm-HEAA hydrogel structure were investigated. The bilayer hydrogel with MXene loading of 0.3% in the NIPAm hydrogel exhibited a 200% change of the bending angle in terms of its bidirectional shape/volume after 100 s exposure to white light at an intensity of 70 mW cm−2. Additionally, the bending behavior under real sunlight was evaluated, showing the material’s potential applicability in practical environments.
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40
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Photo-Mechanical Response Dynamics of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Linear Actuators. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132933. [PMID: 32629912 PMCID: PMC7372473 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With continuous miniaturization of many technologies, robotics seems to be lagging behind. While the semiconductor technologies operate confidently at the nanometer scale and micro-mechanics of simple structures (MEMS) in micrometers, autonomous devices are struggling to break the centimeter barrier and have hardly colonized smaller scales. One way towards miniaturization of robots involves remotely powered, light-driven soft mechanisms based on photo-responsive materials, such as liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). While several simple devices have been demonstrated with contracting, bending, twisting, or other, more complex LCE actuators, only their simple behavior in response to light has been studied. Here we characterize the photo-mechanical response of a linear light-driven LCE actuator by measuring its response to laser beams with varying power, pulse duration, pulse energy, and the energy spatial distribution. Light absorption decrease in the actuator over time is also measured. These results are at the foundation of further development of soft, light-driven miniature mechanisms and micro-robots.
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41
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Yang L, Zhang T, Sun W. Construction of biocompatible bilayered light‐driven actuator composed of
rGO
/
PNIPAM
and
PEGDA
hydrogel. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liai Yang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base) Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing Beijing China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base) Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing Beijing China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base) Beijing China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing Beijing China
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringDrexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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Zhao J, Li Q, Miao B, Pi H, Yang P. Controlling Long-Distance Photoactuation with Protein Additives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000043. [PMID: 32307812 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance wireless actuation indicates precise remote control over materials, sensors, and devices that are widely utilized in biomedical, defence, disaster relief, deep ocean, and outer space applications to replace human work. Unlike radio frequency (RF) control, which has low tolerance toward electromagnetic interference (EMI), light control represents a promising method to overcome EMI. Nonetheless, long-distance light-controlled wireless actuation able to compete with RF control has not been achieved until now due to the lack of highly light-sensitive actuator designs. Here, it is demonstrate that amyloid-like protein aggregates can organize photomodule single-layer reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into a well-defined multilayer stack to display long-distance photoactuation. The amyloid-like proteinaceous component docks the rGO layers together to form a hybrid film, which can reliably adhere onto various material surfaces with robust interfacial adhesion. The sensitive photothermal effect and a fast bending in 1 s to switch a circuit are achieved after forming the film on a plastic substrate and irradiating the bilayer film with a blue laser from 100 m away. A photoactuation distance of 50 km can be further extrapolated based on a commercial high-power laser. This study reveals the great potential of amyloid-like aggregates in remote light control of robots and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Bianliang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hemu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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Gao D, Lin MF, Xiong J, Li S, Lou SN, Liu Y, Ciou JH, Zhou X, Lee PS. Photothermal actuated origamis based on graphene oxide-cellulose programmable bilayers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:730-738. [PMID: 32065179 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of 3D architectures enabled by stimuli-responsive soft materials can yield novel functionalities for next generation soft-bodied actuating devices. Apart from additive manufacturing processes, origami inspired technology offers an alternative approach to fabricate 3D actuators from planar materials. Here we report a class of near-infrared (NIR) responsive 3D active origamis that deploy, actuate and transform between multistable structural equilibria. By exploiting the nonlinear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide/ethylene cellulose (GO/EC) bilayers are readily fabricated to deliver precise origami structure control, and rapid low-temperature-triggered photothermal actuation. Complexity in 3D shapes is produced through heterogeneously patterning GO domains on 2D EC thin films, which allows us to customize 3D architectures that adapt to various robotic functions. The strategy also enables the construction of material systems possessing naturally inaccessible properties, such as remotely controlled mechanical metamaterials with auxetic behavior and bionic flowers with a rapid blooming rate. Harnessing deformability with multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) upon light irradiation, this work leads to breakthroughs in the design and implementation of shape-morphing functions with soft origamis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Meng-Fang Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shi Nee Lou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jing-Hao Ciou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Smart Devices Based on the Soft Actuator with Nafion-Polypropylene-PDMS/Graphite Multilayer Structure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for multi-functional soft actuators with simple fabrication and fast response to multiple stimuli is increasing in the field of smart devices. However, for existing actuators that respond to a single stimulus, it is difficult to meet the requirements of application diversity. Herein, a type of multi-stimulus responsive soft actuator based on the Nafion-Polypropylene-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Graphite multilayer membranes is proposed. Such actuators have an excellent reversible response to optical/thermal and humidity stimulation, which can reach a 224.56° bending angle in a relative humidity of 95% within 5 s and a maximum bending angle of 324.65° in 31 s when the platform temperature is 80 °C, and has a faster response (<0.5 s) to optical stimuli, as an asymmetric structure allows it to bend in both directions. Based on such an actuator, some applications like flexible grippers and switches to carry items or control circuits, bionic flytraps to capture and release “prey”, have also been developed and studied. These provide potential applications in the fields of soft sensors, artificial skin and flexible robots.
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45
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Controllably coated graphene oxide particles with enhanced compatibility with poly(ethylene-co-propylene) thermoplastic elastomer for excellent photo-mechanical actuation capability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Dong X, Xu J, Xu X, Dai S, Zhou X, Ma C, Cheng G, Yuan N, Ding J. Sunlight-Driven Continuous Flapping-Wing Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6460-6470. [PMID: 31942793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven actuators that directly convert light into mechanical work have attracted significant attention due to their wireless advantage and ability to be easily controlled. However, a fundamental impediment to their application is that the continuous motion of light-driven flexible actuators usually requires a periodically switching light source or the coordination of other additional hardware. Here, for the first time, continuous flapping-wing motion under sunlight is realized through the utilization of a simple nanocrystalline metal polymer bilayer structure without the coordination of additional hardware. The light-driven performance can be controlled by adjusting the grain size of the upper nanocrystalline metallic layer or selecting metals with different thermodynamic parameters. The achieved highest frequency of flapping-wing motion is 4.49 Hz, which exceeds the frequency of real butterfly wings, thus informing the further development of sunlight-driven bionic flying animal robotics without external energy consumption. The flapping-wing motion has been used to realize a light-driven whirligig, a light-driven sailboat, and photoelectric energy harvesting. Furthermore, the flexible bilayer actuator features the ability to be driven by light and electricity, low-power actuation, a large deflection, fast actuation speed, long-time stability, strong design ability, and large-area facile fabrication. The bilayer film considered herein represents a simple, general, and effective strategy for preparing photoelectric-driven flexible actuators with target performances and informs the standardization and industrial application of flexible actuators in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Guanggui Cheng
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , P. R. China
| | | | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , P. R. China
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Shi J, Liu S, Zhang L, Yang B, Shu L, Yang Y, Ren M, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen W, Chai Y, Tao X. Smart Textile-Integrated Microelectronic Systems for Wearable Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901958. [PMID: 31273850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The programmable nature of smart textiles makes them an indispensable part of an emerging new technology field. Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems (STIMES), which combine microelectronics and technology such as artificial intelligence and augmented or virtual reality, have been intensively explored. A vast range of research activities have been reported. Many promising applications in healthcare, the internet of things (IoT), smart city management, robotics, etc., have been demonstrated around the world. A timely overview and comprehensive review of progress of this field in the last five years are provided. Several main aspects are covered: functional materials, major fabrication processes of smart textile components, functional devices, system architectures and heterogeneous integration, wearable applications in human and nonhuman-related areas, and the safety and security of STIMES. The major types of textile-integrated nonconventional functional devices are discussed in detail: sensors, actuators, displays, antennas, energy harvesters and their hybrids, batteries and supercapacitors, circuit boards, and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shi
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Su Liu
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lin Shu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhang L, Yan Q, Mao L, Wu Y, Huang W. Pre‐Stretched Double Network Polymer Films Based on Agarose and Polyacrylamide with Sensitive Humidity‐Responsive Deformation, Shape Memory, and Self‐Healing Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Shuaifeng Zhou
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Yan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Lina Mao
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Wu
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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Krupa I, Sobolčiak P, Mrlik M. Smart Non-Woven Fiber Mats with Light-Induced Sensing Capability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E77. [PMID: 31906164 PMCID: PMC7022566 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article is focused on the facile procedure for 2D graphene oxide (GO) fabrication, utilizing reversible de-activation polymerization approach and therefore enhanced compatibility with surrounding polymer matrix. Such tunable improvement led to a controllable sensing response after irradiation with light. The neat GO as well as surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) grafted particles were investigated by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. To confirm the successful surface reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy was utilized. The composites in form of non-woven fiber mats containing ungrafted GO and controllably grafted GO with compact layer of polymer dispersed in poly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) were prepared by electrospinning technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical performance was characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal conductivity was employed to confirm that the conducting filler was well-dispersed in the polymer matrix. The presented controllable coating with polymer layer and its impact on the overall performance, especially photo-actuation and subsequent contraction of the material aiming on the sensing applications, was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Krupa
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Patrik Sobolčiak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Miroslav Mrlik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
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Sachyani Keneth E, Scalet G, Layani M, Tibi G, Degani A, Auricchio F, Magdassi S. Pre-Programmed Tri-Layer Electro-Thermal Actuators Composed of Shape Memory Polymer and Carbon Nanotubes. Soft Robot 2019; 7:123-129. [PMID: 31580782 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2018.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their high deformability, lightness, and safe interaction with the surrounding environment, flexible actuators are key ingredients in soft robotics technologies. Among these, electro-thermal actuators (ETAs), based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are used to generate agile movements when current is applied. The extent of movement is determined mostly by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the materials arranged in a bi-/tri-layer structure. However, current CNT-based ETAs usually accomplish only simple actions with limited movements. In this work, we successfully developed novel ETAs that are capable of carrying out various controllable movements, such as extremely high bending curvature or unique actuations mimicking a wheel and a worm. These superior functionalities are achieved by adding a third layer or hinges composed of a thermo-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) onto a bi-layer CNT-kapton ETA. To predict the unique movements of the "triangle" and "worm" actuators, finite element simulations were performed. The combination of SMP and electro-thermal behavior demonstrates its potential for applications in the field of soft actuators and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Sachyani Keneth
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giulia Scalet
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Layani
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Tibi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion I.I.T., Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Degani
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion I.I.T., Haifa, Israel.,Technion Autonomous Systems Program (TASP), Technion I.I.T., Haifa, Israel
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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