1
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Lin X, Liu R, Ding C, Deng J, Guo Y, Long S, Li L, Li M. Modulation of Microstructure and Charge Transport in Polymer Monolayer Transistors by Solution Aging. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
- School of Microelectronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ruochen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chenming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
| | - Junyang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yifu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shibing Long
- School of Microelectronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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2
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Soldano C. Engineering Dielectric Materials for High-Performance Organic Light Emitting Transistors (OLETs). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3756. [PMID: 34279327 PMCID: PMC8269812 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) represent a relatively new technology platform in the field of optoelectronics. An OLET is a device with a two-fold functionality since it behaves as a thin-film transistor and at the same time can generate light under appropriate bias conditions. This Review focuses mainly on one of the building blocks of such device, namely the gate dielectrics, and how it is possible to engineer it to improve device properties and performances. While many findings on gate dielectrics can be easily applied to organic light emitting transistors, we here concentrate on how this layer can be exploited and engineered as an active tool for light manipulation in this novel class of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Soldano
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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3
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Madhu M, Ramakrishnan R, Vijay V, Hariharan M. Free Charge Carriers in Homo-Sorted π-Stacks of Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8234-8284. [PMID: 34133137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the high photoconversion efficiency observed in natural light-harvesting systems, the hierarchical organization of molecular building blocks has gained impetus in the past few decades. Particularly, the molecular arrangement and packing in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the decisive role of the nature of donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunctions in charge carrier generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent developments in emergent optoelectronic properties exhibited by self-sorted donor-on-donor/acceptor-on-acceptor arrangement of covalently linked D-A systems, highlighting the ultrafast excited state dynamics of charge transfer and transport. Segregated organization of donors and acceptors promotes the delocalization of photoinduced charges among the stacks, engendering an enhanced charge separation lifetime and percolation pathways with ambipolar conductivity and charge carrier yield. Covalently linking donors and acceptors ensure a sufficient D-A interface and interchromophoric electronic coupling as required for faster charge separation while providing better control over their supramolecular assemblies. The design strategies to attain D-A conjugate assemblies with optimal charge carrier generation efficiency, the scope of their application compared to state-of-the-art OSCs, current challenges, and future opportunities are discussed in the review. An integrated overview of rational design approaches derived from the comprehension of underlying photoinduced processes can pave the way toward superior optoelectronic devices and bring in new possibilities to the avenue of functional supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Remya Ramakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Vishnu Vijay
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
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4
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Li M, Wang J, Xu W, Li L, Pisula W, Janssen RA, Liu M. Noncovalent semiconducting polymer monolayers for high-performance field-effect transistors. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Li H, Brédas JL. Developing molecular-level models for organic field-effect transistors. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa167. [PMID: 35371512 PMCID: PMC8966973 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are not only functional devices but also represent an important tool for measuring the charge-transport properties of organic semiconductors (OSs). Thus, efforts to understand the performance and characteristics of OFET devices are not only useful in helping achieve higher device efficiencies but also critical to ensuring accuracy in the evaluations of OS charge mobilities. These studies rely on OFET device models, which connect the measured current characteristics to the properties of the OSs. Developing such OFET models requires good knowledge of the charge-transport processes in OSs. In device active layers, the OS thin films are either amorphous (e.g. in organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells) or crystalline (e.g. those optimized for charge transport in OFETs). When the electronic couplings between adjacent OS molecules or polymer chain segments are weak, the charge-transport mechanism is dominated by hopping processes, which is the context in which we frame the discussion in this Review. Factors such as disorder, mobility anisotropy, traps, grain boundaries or film morphology all impact charge transport. To take these features fully into account in an OFET device model requires considering a nano-scale, molecular-level resolution. Here, we discuss the recent development of such molecular-resolution OFET models based on a kinetic Monte Carlo approach relevant to the hopping regime. We also briefly describe the applicability of these models to high-mobility OFETs, where we underline the need to extend them to incorporate aspects related to charge delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,
USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,
USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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6
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Yang Y, Hong Y, Wang X. Utilizing the Diffusion of Fluorinated Polymers to Modify the Semiconductor/Dielectric Interface in Solution-Processed Conjugated Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8682-8691. [PMID: 33565853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that tailoring the properties of semiconductor/dielectric interfaces with fluorinated polymers yields better performance for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, it remains a challenge to fabricate bottom-gate OFET devices on fluorinated dielectrics using solution-processed methods due to the poor wettability of fluorinated dielectrics. Here, we utilized the diffusion of fluorinated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to construct the fluorine-rich semiconductor/dielectric interface to achieve the fabrication of bottom-gate OFETs with a solution-processed poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) semiconductor layer. The consequences indicate that the fluorinated dielectrics can effectively decrease the charge traps density at the semiconductor/dielectric interface and promote the edge-on orientation of P3HT on the dielectric surface. Thus, the devices based on fluorinated PMMA modified dielectrics exhibit higher carrier mobility and electrical stability than those of the fluorine-free devices. Our investigation affords a new strategy for the design and interface optimization of devices, which may further advance the performance of OFET devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongming Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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7
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Pan Y, Huang J, Gao D, Chen Z, Zhang W, Yu G. An insight into the role of side chains in the microstructure and carrier mobility of high-performance conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of linear-chain interdigitation on device performance was studied in detail by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Dong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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8
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Waware US, Rashid M, Summers GJ, Hamouda AMS, Adnan R. Poly(aniline-co-o-nitroaniline): transport properties using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Chen H, Zhang W, Li M, He G, Guo X. Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2879-2949. [PMID: 32078296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous interfaces that are ubiquitous in optoelectronic devices play a key role in the device performance and have led to the prosperity of today's microelectronics. Interface engineering provides an effective and promising approach to enhancing the device performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and even developing new functions. In fact, researchers from different disciplines have devoted considerable attention to this concept, which has started to evolve from simple improvement of the device performance to sophisticated construction of novel functionalities, indicating great potential for further applications in broad areas ranging from integrated circuits and energy conversion to catalysis and chemical/biological sensors. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of current efficient approaches developed for building various delicate functional interfaces in OFETs, including interfaces within the semiconductor layers, semiconductor/electrode interfaces, semiconductor/dielectric interfaces, and semiconductor/environment interfaces. We also highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular functionalities into electrical circuits, which have been neglected in most previous reviews. This review will provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay between the molecular structure, assembly, and emergent functions at the molecular level and consequently offer novel insights into designing a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weining Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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10
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Mohammadi E, Kafle P, Huang KY, Zhu W, Huang J, Jung SH, Lee JK, Evans CM, Diao Y. Role of Multivalent Interactions in Dynamic-Template-Directed Assembly of Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2753-2762. [PMID: 31858776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic-template-directed assembly is a promising method to enhance molecular ordering and electronic properties of solution-coated polymer semiconductor thin films over a large area. In this work, we establish that multicomponent dynamic templates of complementary chemistries can promote polymer crystallization through cooperative multivalent interactions. We investigate this phenomenon using a combination of templating substrates including a fluoropolymer, a hydrogen-bonded liquid, and an ionic liquid (IL). Template-dependent multiscale morphology is studied by a comprehensive set of characterization techniques to understand how introducing diverse chemical moieties modulates polymer assembly. Our results clearly confirm synergistic effects between components of complementary chemistries constituting the dynamic template. The relative degree of crystallinity is improved by 50-150% for films deposited on multicomponent dynamic templates compared to their neat constituents. In addition, macroscopic alignment is increased significantly (2-5 times) compared to single-component templates. As a result, highly anisotropic charge transport is observed with apparent hole mobilities up to 3.6 cm2 V-1 s-1. In contrast, such a synergistic effect is not observed when using a multicomponent dynamic template of comparable chemistries (i.e., IL and polymerized IL). We elucidate the origin of this synergistic effect by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. When the dynamic template comprises two or more components interacting with complementary binding sites on the conjugated polymer (CP) (esp. backbone vs side chain), the template-polymer interactions is significantly enhanced compared to the sum of single component contributions. These results provide valuable insights into surface-directed CP crystallization during large-area solution coating. Template dynamics is rarely studied and represents a new opportunity for guiding assembly of soft functional matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Seok-Heon Jung
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , South Korea
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11
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High-Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:846-852. [PMID: 31709705 PMCID: PMC6973252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to precisely tailor the morphology of polymer monolayers to control charge transport. Herein, the effect of the dissolution temperature (Tdis ) is investigated as a powerful strategy for morphology control. Low Tdis values cause extended polymer aggregation in solution and induce larger nanofibrils in a monolayer network with more pronounced π-π stacking. The field-effect mobility of the corresponding monolayer transistors is significantly enhanced by a factor of four compared to devices obtained from high Tdis with a value approaching 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Besides that, the solution kinetics reveal a higher growth rate of aggregates at low Tdis , and filtration experiments further confirm that the dependence of the fibril width in monolayers on Tdis is consistent with the aggregate size in solution. The generalizability of the Tdis effect on polymer aggregation is demonstrated using three other conjugated polymer systems. These results open new avenues for the precise control of polymer aggregation for high-mobility monolayer transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO800 Blackburn RoadClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityWellington RoadClaytonVictoria3800Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongHong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
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12
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13
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High‐Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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14
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Impact of polymorphism on the optoelectronic properties of a low-bandgap semiconducting polymer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2867. [PMID: 31253772 PMCID: PMC6599012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of organic semiconducting materials exerts critical effects on their physical properties such as optical absorption, emission and electrical conductivity, and provides an excellent platform for investigating structure–property relations. It is, however, challenging to efficiently tune the polymorphism of conjugated polymers in aggregated, semi-crystalline phases due to their conformational freedom and anisotropic nature. Here, two distinctly different semi-crystalline polymorphs (β1 and β2) of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer are formed through controlling the solvent quality, as evidenced by spectroscopic, structural, thermal and charge transport studies. Compared to β1, the β2 polymorph exhibits a lower optical band gap, an enhanced photoluminescence, a reduced π-stacking distance, a higher hole mobility in field-effect transistors and improved photocurrent generation in polymer solar cells. The β1 and β2 polymorphs provide insights into the control of polymer self-organization for plastic electronics and hold potential for developing programmable ink formulations for next-generation electronic devices. Tuning polymorphism of conjugated polymers, though a promising method for studying and controlling the structure-property relations in these materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors identify two aggregated semi-crystalline polymorphs of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer.
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15
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Mokni M, Maggioni G, Kahouli A, Carturan SM, Raniero W, Sylvestre A. Nanocomposite-parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:428-441. [PMID: 30873313 PMCID: PMC6404397 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite-parylene C (NCPC) thin films were deposited with a new technique based on the combination of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for parylene C deposition and RF-magnetron sputtering for silver deposition. This method yields good dispersion of Ag-containing nanoparticles inside the parylene C polymer matrix. Film composition and structure were studied by using several techniques. It was found that the plasma generated by the RF-magnetron reactor modifies the film density as well as the degree of crystallinity and the size of parylene C crystallites. Moreover, silver is incorporated in the parylene matrix as an oxide phase. The average size of the Ag oxide nanoparticles is lower than 20 nm and influences the roughness of the NCPC films. Samples with various contents and sizes of silver-oxide nanoparticles were investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) in view of their final application. It was found that both the content and the size of the nanoparticles influence the value of the dielectric constant and the frequency-dependence of the permittivity. In particular, β-relaxation is affected by the addition of nanoparticles as well as the dissipation factor, which is even improved. A dielectric constant of 5 ± 1 with a dissipation factor of less than 0.045 in the range from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz is obtained for a 2.7 µm thick NCPC with 3.8% Ag content. This study provides guidance for future NCPC materials for insulating gates in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and advanced electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mokni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gianluigi Maggioni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova (PD), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Abdelkader Kahouli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara M Carturan
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova (PD), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Walter Raniero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alain Sylvestre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
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16
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Li M, An C, Pisula W, Müllen K. Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Donor-Acceptor Polymers as Prototypical Semiconductors for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1196-1205. [PMID: 29664608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are of great interest as organic semiconductors, because they offer a rational tailoring of the electronic properties by modification of the donor and acceptor units. Nowadays, D-A polymers exhibit field-effect mobilities on the order of 10-2-100 cm2 V-1 s-1, while several examples showed a mobility over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. The development of cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole (CDT-BTZ) copolymers one decade ago represents an important step toward high-performance organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. The significant rise in field-effect mobility of CDT-BTZ in comparison to the existing D-A polymers at that time opened the door to a new research field with a large number of novel D-A systems. From this point, the device performance of CDT-BTZ was gradually improved by a systematic optimization of the synthesis and polymer structure as well as by an efficient solution processing into long-range ordered thin films. The key aspect was a comprehensive understanding of the relation between polymer structure and solid-state organization. Due to their fundamental role for the field of D-A polymers in general, this Account will for the first time explicitly focus on prototypical CDT-BTZ polymers, while other reviews provide an excellent general overview on D-A polymers. The first part of this Account discusses strategies for improving the charge carrier transport, focusing on chemical aspects. Improved synthesis as an essential stage toward high purity, and high molecular weight is a prerequisite for molecular order. The modification of substituents is a further crucial feature to tune the CDT-BTZ packing and self-assembly. Linear alkyl side chains facilitate intermolecular π-stacking interactions, while branched ones increase solubility and alter the polymer packing. Additional control over the supramolecular organization of CDT-BTZ polymers is introduced by alkenyl substituents via their cis-trans isomerization. The last discussed chemical concept is based on heteroatom variation within the CDT unit. The relationships found experimentally for CDT-BTZ between polymer chemical structure, solid-state organization, and charge carrier transport are explained by means of theoretical simulations. Besides the effects of molecular design, the second part of this Account discusses the processing conditions from solution. The film microstructure, defined as a mesoscopic domain organization, is critically affected by solution processing. Suitable processing techniques allow the formation of a long-range order and a uniaxial orientation of the CDT-BTZ chains, thus lowering the trapping density of grain boundaries for charge carriers. For instance, alignment of the CDT-BTZ polymer by dip-coating yields films with a pronounced structural and electrical anisotropy and favors a fast migration of charge carriers along the conjugated backbones in the deposition direction. By using film compression with the assistance of an ionic liquid, one even obtains CDT-BTZ films with a band-like transport and a transistor hole mobility of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. This device performance is attributed to large domains in the compressed films being formed by CDT-BTZ with longer alkyl chains, which establish a fine balance between polymer interactions and growth kinetics during solvent evaporation. On the basis of the prototypical semiconductor CDT-BTZ, this Account provides general guidelines for achieving high-performance polymer transistors by taking into account the subtle balance of synthetic protocol, molecular design, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cunbin An
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Peng H, Yan Y, Yang Y, Zhou L, Wu W, Sun Q, Zhuang J, Han ST, Ko CC, Xu Z, Xie X, Li RKY, Roy VAL. Interface Engineering via Photopolymerization-Induced Phase Separation for Flexible UV-Responsive Phototransistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7487-7496. [PMID: 29411961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interface engineering has been recognized to be substantially critical for achieving efficient charge separation, charge carrier transport, and enhanced device performance in emerging optoelectronics. Nevertheless, precise control of the interface structure using current techniques remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and versatile protocol wherein in situ thiol-ene click photopolymerization-induced phase separation is implemented for constructing heterojunction semiconductor interfaces. This approach generates continuous mountainlike heterojunction interfaces that favor efficient exciton dissociation at the interface while providing a continuous conductive area for hole transport above the interface. This facile low-temperature paradigm presents good adaptability to both rigid and flexible substrates, offering high-performance UV-responsive phototransistors with a normalized detectivity up to 6.3 × 1014 cm Hz1/2 W-1 (also called jones). Control experiments based on ex situ photopolymerization and in situ thermal polymerization are also implemented to demonstrate the superiority of this novel paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | | | - Zongxiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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Li M, Mangalore DK, Zhao J, Carpenter JH, Yan H, Ade H, Yan H, Müllen K, Blom PWM, Pisula W, de Leeuw DM, Asadi K. Integrated circuits based on conjugated polymer monolayer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:451. [PMID: 29386502 PMCID: PMC5792516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still a great challenge to fabricate conjugated polymer monolayer field-effect transistors (PoM-FETs) due to intricate crystallization and film formation of conjugated polymers. Here we demonstrate PoM-FETs based on a single monolayer of a conjugated polymer. The resulting PoM-FETs are highly reproducible and exhibit charge carrier mobilities reaching 3 cm2 V-1 s-1. The high performance is attributed to the strong interactions of the polymer chains present already in solution leading to pronounced edge-on packing and well-defined microstructure in the monolayer. The high reproducibility enables the integration of discrete unipolar PoM-FETs into inverters and ring oscillators. Real logic functionality has been demonstrated by constructing a 15-bit code generator in which hundreds of self-assembled PoM-FETs are addressed simultaneously. Our results provide the state-of-the-art example of integrated circuits based on a conjugated polymer monolayer, opening prospective pathways for bottom-up organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua H Carpenter
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.
| | - Dago M de Leeuw
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft, 2629 HS, The Netherlands
| | - Kamal Asadi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
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Patel BB, Diao Y. Multiscale assembly of solution-processed organic electronics: the critical roles of confinement, fluid flow, and interfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:044004. [PMID: 29176055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9d7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting small molecules and polymers provide a rich phase space for investigating the fundamentals of molecular and hierarchical assembly. Stemming from weak intermolecular interactions, their assembly sensitively depends on processing conditions, which in turn drastically modulate their electronic properties. Much work has gone into molecular design strategies that maximize intermolecular interactions and encourage close packing. Less understood, however, is the non-equilibrium assembly that occurs during the fabrication process (especially solution coating and printing) which is critical to determining thin film morphology across length scales. This encompasses polymorphism and molecular packing at molecular scale, assembly of π-bonding aggregates at the tens of nanometers scale, and the formation of domains at the micron-millimeter device scale. Here, we discuss three phenomena ubiquitous in solution processing of organic electronic thin films: the confinement effect, fluid flows, and interfacial assembly and the role they play in directing assembly. This review focuses on the mechanistic understanding of how assembly outcomes couple closely to the solution processing environment, supported by salient examples from the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal B Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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Wu X, Chu Y, Liu R, Katz HE, Huang J. Pursuing Polymer Dielectric Interfacial Effect in Organic Transistors for Photosensing Performance Optimization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700442. [PMID: 29270350 PMCID: PMC5737237 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are essential to provide the devices with overall flexibility, stretchability, and printability and simultaneously introduce charge interaction on the interface with organic semiconductors (OSCs). The interfacial effect between various polymer dielectrics and OSCs significantly and intricately influences device performance. However, understanding of this effect is limited because the interface is buried and the interfacial charge interaction is difficult to stimulate and characterize. Here, this challenge is overcome by utilizing illumination to stimulate the interfacial effect in various OFETs and to characterize the responses of the effect by measuring photoinduced changes of the OFETs performances. This systemic investigation reveals the mechanism of the intricate interfacial effect in detail, and mathematically explains how the photosensitive OFETs characteristics are determined by parameters including polar group of the polymer dielectric and the OSC side chain. By utilizing this mechanism, performance of organic electronics can be precisely controlled and optimized. OFETs with strong interfacial effect can also show a signal additivity caused by repeated light pulses, which is applicable for photostimulated synapse emulator. Therefore, this work enlightens a detailed understanding on the interface effect and provides novel strategies for optimizing OFET photosensory performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wu
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Yingli Chu
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins University3400 North Charles StreetBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Jia Huang
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
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Marszalek T, Gazicki-Lipman M, Ulanski J. Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1532-1545. [PMID: 28884059 PMCID: PMC5550802 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
An emerging new technology, organic electronics, is approaching the stage of large-scale industrial application. This is due to a remarkable progress in synthesis of a variety of organic semiconductors, allowing one to design and to fabricate, so far on a laboratory scale, different organic electronic devices of satisfactory performance. However, a complete technology requires upgrading of fabrication procedures of all elements of electronic devices and circuits, which not only comprise active layers, but also electrodes, dielectrics, insulators, substrates and protecting/encapsulating coatings. In this review, poly(chloro-para-xylylene) known as Parylene C, which appears to become a versatile supporting material especially suitable for applications in flexible organic electronics, is presented. A synthesis and basic properties of Parylene C are described, followed by several examples of use of parylenes as substrates, dielectrics, insulators, or protecting materials in the construction of organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Marszalek
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gazicki-Lipman
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1-15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Ulanski
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Janasz L, Gradzka M, Chlebosz D, Zajaczkowski W, Marszalek T, Kiersnowski A, Ulanski J, Pisula W. Microstructure-Dependent Charge Carrier Transport of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Ultrathin Films with Different Thicknesses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4189-4197. [PMID: 28383267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the interfacial order of conjugated polymers plays an essential role for the performance of field-effect transistors, comprehensive understanding on the charge carrier transport in ultrathin semiconducting films below thicknesses of 10 nm is required for the development of transparent and flexible organic electronics. In this study, ultrathin films based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) as conjugated polymer model system with a thickness range from single monolayer up to several multilayers are investigated in terms of microstructure evolution and electrical properties of different molecular weights. Interestingly, a characteristic leap in field-effect mobility is observed for films with thickness greater than four layers. This threshold mobility regarding film thickness is attributed to the transition from 2D to 3D charge carrier transport along with an increased size of the P3HT aggregates in the upper layers of the film. These results disclose key aspects on the role of the film interlayer on the charge carrier transport through conjugated polymers in transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Janasz
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Gradzka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Chlebosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstrasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Kiersnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Ulanski
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Li M, An C, Marszalek T, Baumgarten M, Yan H, Müllen K, Pisula W. Controlling the Surface Organization of Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Polymers by their Aggregation in Solution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9430-9438. [PMID: 27604515 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of conjugated polymers is found to have a significant influence on the surface organization of deposited films. Difluorobenzothiadiazole-based polymers show a strong pre-aggregation in solution, but the addition of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene efficiently reduces such aggregates, leading to the transition of the surface organization from edge- to face-on orientation in deposited films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cunbin An
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research, Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego, 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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Li M, Marszalek T, Müllen K, Pisula W. Role of Sub-Nanometer Dielectric Roughness on Microstructure and Charge Carrier Transport in α,ω-Dihexylsexithiophene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16200-16206. [PMID: 27280702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dielectric roughness on the microstructure evolution of thermally evaporated α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene (α,ω-DH6T) thin films from a single molecular layer to tens of monolayers (ML) is studied. Thereby, the surface roughness of dielectrics is controlled within a sub-nanometer range. It is found that the grain size of an α,ω-DH6T ML is affected by dielectric roughness, especially for 1.5 ML, whereby the transistor performance is barely influenced. This can be attributed to a domain interconnection in the second layer over a long-range formed on the rough surface. With deposition of more layers, both microstructure and charge carrier transport exhibit a roughness-independent behavior. The structural characterization of α,ω-DH6T 10 ML by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals that the interlayer distance is slightly decreased from 3.30 to 3.15 nm due to a higher roughness, while an unchanged π-stacking distance is in excellent agreement with the roughness-independent hole mobility. This study excludes the influence of molecular-solvent interaction and preaggregation taking place during solution deposition, and provides further evidence that the microstructure of the interfacial layer of organic semiconductors has only minor impact on the bulk charge carrier transport in thicker films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Li M, Hinkel F, Müllen K, Pisula W. Self-assembly and charge carrier transport of solution-processed conjugated polymer monolayers on dielectric surfaces with controlled sub-nanometer roughness. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9211-6. [PMID: 27080325 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years organic field-effect transistors have received extensive attention, however, it is still a great challenge to fabricate monolayer-based devices of conjugated polymers. In this study, one single layer of poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) is directly dip-coated, and its self-assembly is precisely tuned from nanofibers to granular aggregates by controlling the dielectric roughness on a sub-nanometer scale. The charge carrier transport of the monolayer transistor exhibits a strong dependence on the dielectric roughness, which is attributed to the roughness-induced effects of higher densities of grain boundaries and charge trapping sites as well as surface scattering. These results mark a great advance in the bottom-up fabrication of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Li M, Marszalek T, Zheng Y, Lieberwirth I, Müllen K, Pisula W. Modulation of Domain Size in Polycrystalline n-Type Dicyanoperylene Mono- and Bilayer Transistors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4268-4273. [PMID: 26958861 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A single molecular layer (monolayer) of organic semiconductors is proven to be sufficient to create a conducting channel for charge carriers in field-effect transistors, which is an ideal platform to investigate the correlation between molecular self-assembly and device performance. Herein, ultrathin films including mono- and bilayers of an n-type dicyanoperylene (PDI8-CN2) are solution-processed by dip-coating. The domain size of the polycrystalline layers is modulated via the surface roughness of the dielectric within an extremely narrow window from 0.15 to 0.39 nm. When the surface roughness is varied from smooth to rough, the domain size and molecular order in the monolayer are significantly decreased, leading to the reduction in electron mobility by 3 orders of magnitude. On the contrary, a lower roughness dependence is observed in the case of the bilayers, with only a slight difference in domain size and charge carrier transport. On the smooth surface, the bilayers exhibit a transistor performance identical to that of the bulk film, confirming that the first few layers near the dielectric dominate the charge carrier transport. Additionally, these results provide insights into the intrinsic role of the interfacial microstructure of small molecular organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Deb K, Bera A, Saha B. Tuning of electrical and optical properties of polyaniline incorporated functional paper for flexible circuits through oxidative chemical polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An organic semiconductor polyaniline based material with outstanding physical properties was prepared on a flexible paper substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Deb
- Department of Physics
- National Institute of Technology Agartala
- Jirania
- India
| | - Arun Bera
- Department of Physics
- National Institute of Technology Agartala
- Jirania
- India
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Department of Physics
- National Institute of Technology Agartala
- Jirania
- India
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