1
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Qiu L, Li X, Holden DT, Cooks RG. Reaction acceleration at the surface of a levitated droplet by vapor dosing from a partner droplet. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12277-12283. [PMID: 39118618 PMCID: PMC11304536 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions in micrometer-sized droplets can be accelerated by up to six orders of magnitude. However, this acceleration factor (ratio of rate constants relative to bulk) drops to less than 10 for millimeter-sized droplets due to the reduction in surface/volume ratio. To enhance the acceleration in millimeter-sized droplets, we use a new synthesis platform that directly doses reagent vapor onto the reaction droplet surface from a second levitated droplet. Using Katritzky transamination as a model reaction, we made quantitative measurements on size-controlled vapor-dosed droplets, revealing a 31-fold increase in reaction rate constants when examining the entire droplet contents. This enhancement is attributed to a greater reaction rate constant in the droplet surface region (estimated as 105 times greater than that for the bulk). The capability for substantial reaction acceleration in large droplets highlights the potential for rapid synthesis of important chemicals at useful scales. For example, we successfully prepared 23 pyridinium salts within minutes. This efficiency positions droplets as an exceptional platform for rapid, in situ catalyst synthesis. This is illustrated by the preparation of pyridinium salts as photocatalysts and their subsequent use in mediation of amine oxidation both within the same droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xilai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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2
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Sarkar D, Som A, Unni K, Manna S, Thalappil P. Interfacial Growth of Large Area Single-Crystalline Silver Sheets Through Ambient Microdroplets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400159. [PMID: 38671561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The creation of micrometer-sized sheets of silver at the air-water interface by direct deposition of electrospray-generated silver ions (Ag+) on an aqueous dispersion of reduced graphene oxide (RGO), in ambient conditions, is reported. In the process of electrospray deposition (ESD), an electrohydrodynamic flow is created in the aqueous dispersion, and the graphene sheets assemble, forming a thin film at the air-water interface. The deposited Ag+ coalesce to make single-crystalline Ag sheets on top of this assembled graphene layer. Fast neutralization of Ag+ forming atomic Ag, combined with their enhanced mobility on graphene surfaces, presumably facilitates the growth of larger Ag clusters. Moreover, restrictions imposed by the interface drive the crystal growth in 2D. By controlling the precursor salt concentration, RGO concentration, deposition time, and ion current, the dimensionality of the Ag sheets can be tuned. These Ag sheets are effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), as demonstrated by the successful detection of methylene blue at nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depanjan Sarkar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
- Centre of Excellence on Molecular Materials and Functions, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
| | - Anirban Som
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
- Centre of Excellence on Molecular Materials and Functions, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
| | - Keerthana Unni
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
- Centre of Excellence on Molecular Materials and Functions, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
| | - Sujan Manna
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
- Centre of Excellence on Molecular Materials and Functions, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
| | - Pradeep Thalappil
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
- Centre of Excellence on Molecular Materials and Functions, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 60036, India
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3
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Qiu L, Cooks RG. Spontaneous Oxidation in Aqueous Microdroplets: Water Radical Cation as Primary Oxidizing Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400118. [PMID: 38302696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of the unique chemical properties of interfaces can unlock new understanding. A striking example is the finding of accelerated reactions, particularly spontaneous oxidation reactions, that occur without assistance of catalysts or external oxidants at the air interface of both aqueous and organic solutions (provided they contain some water). This finding opened a new area of interfacial chemistry but also caused heated debate regarding the primary chemical species responsible for the observed oxidation. An overview of the literature covering oxidation in microdroplets with air interfaces is provided, together with a critical examination of previous findings and hypotheses. The water radical cation/radical anion pair, formed spontaneously and responsible for the electric field at or near the droplet/air interface, is suggested to constitute the primary redox species. Mechanisms of accelerated microdroplet reactions are critically discussed and it is shown that hydroxyl radical/hydrogen peroxide formation in microdroplets does not require that these species be the primary oxidant. Instead, we suggest that hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide are the products of water radical cation decay in water. The importance of microdroplet chemistry in the prebiotic environment is sketched briefly and the role of partial solvation in reaction acceleration is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S
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4
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Jana A, Spoorthi BK, Nair AS, Nagar A, Pathak B, Base T, Pradeep T. A luminescent Cu 4 cluster film grown by electrospray deposition: a nitroaromatic vapour sensor. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8141-8147. [PMID: 37070944 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00416c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the fabrication and use of a film of a carborane-thiol-protected tetranuclear copper cluster with characteristic orange luminescence using ambient electrospray deposition (ESD). Charged microdroplets of the clusters produced by an electrospray tip deposit the clusters at an air-water interface to form a film. Different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques characterized the porous surface structure of the film. Visible and rapid quenching of the emission of the film upon exposure to 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT) vapours under ambient conditions was observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations established the favourable binding sites of 2-NT with the cluster. Desorption of 2-NT upon heating recovered the original luminescence, demonstrating the reusability of the sensor. Stable emission upon exposure to different organic solvents and its quenching upon exposure to 2,4-dinitrotoluene and picric acid showed selectivity of the film to nitroaromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Jana
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - B K Spoorthi
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Akhil S Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore), Indore 453552, India.
| | - Ankit Nagar
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Biswarup Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore), Indore 453552, India.
| | - Tomas Base
- Department of Synthesis, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 1001, Husinec - Rez, 25068, Czech Republic.
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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5
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Mass spectrometry in materials synthesis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Basuri P, Chakraborty A, Ahuja T, Mondal B, Kumar JS, Pradeep T. Spatial reorganization of analytes in charged aqueous microdroplets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13321-13329. [PMID: 36507174 PMCID: PMC9682915 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted charged aqueous droplets of micrometer dimensions containing spherical gold and silver nanoparticles, gold nanorods, proteins and simple molecules were visualized using dark-field and transmission electron microscopies. With such studies, we hoped to understand the unusual chemistry exhibited by microdroplets. These droplets with sizes in the range of 1-100 μm were formed using a home-built electrospray source with nitrogen as the nebulization gas. Several remarkable features such as mass/size-selective segregation and spatial localization of solutes in nanometer-thin regions of microdroplets were visualized, along with the formation of micro-nano vacuoles. Electrospray parameters such as distance between the spray tip and surface, voltage and nebulization gas pressure influenced particle distribution within the droplets. We relate these features to unusual phenomena such as the enhancement of rates of chemical reactions in microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Tripti Ahuja
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Jenifer Shantha Kumar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
- International Centre for Clean Water Chennai Tamil Nadu 600113 India
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7
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Ai Y, Xu J, Gunawardena HP, Zare RN, Chen H. Investigation of Tryptic Protein Digestion in Microdroplets and in Bulk Solution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1238-1249. [PMID: 35647885 PMCID: PMC10512443 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that ultrafast enzymatic digestion of proteins can be achieved in microdroplet within 250 μs. Further investigation of peptides resulting from microdroplet digestion (MD) would be necessary to evaluate it as an alternative to the conventional bulk digestion for bottom-up and biotherapeutic protein characterization. Herein we examined and compared protein tryptic digestion in both MD and bulk solution. In the case of MD of β-lactoglobulin B, the preservation of long peptides was observed due to the short digestion time. In addition, MD is applicable to digest both high- and low-abundance proteins in mixture. In the case of digesting NIST 8671 mAb antibody containing a low level of commonly encountered host cell protein (HCP) PLBL2 (mAb:PLBL2 = 100:1 by weight), MD produced lower levels of digestion-induced chemical modifications of asparagine/glutamine deamidation, compared with overnight digestion. No significant difference between MD and bulk digestion was observed in terms of trypsin digestion specificity based on examination of semi- and unspecific-cleaved peptides. Our study suggests that MD, a fast digestion approach, could be adopted for bottom-up proteomics research and for peptide mapping of mAbs to characterize site-specific deamidation and glycosylation, for the purpose of development of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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8
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Castrovilli MC, Tempesta E, Cartoni A, Plescia P, Bolognesi P, Chiarinelli J, Calandra P, Cicco N, Verrastro MF, Centonze D, Gullo L, Del Giudice A, Galantini L, Avaldi L. Fabrication of a New, Low-Cost, and Environment-Friendly Laccase-Based Biosensor by Electrospray Immobilization with Unprecedented Reuse and Storage Performances. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1888-1898. [PMID: 35154910 PMCID: PMC8830555 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of enzyme-based biosensors has received much attention for their selectivity and sensitivity. In particular, laccase-based biosensors have attracted a lot of interest for their capacity to detect highly toxic molecules in the environment, becoming essential tools in the fields of white biotechnology and green chemistry. The manufacturing of a new, metal-free, laccase-based biosensor with unprecedented reuse and storage capabilities has been achieved in this work through the application of the electrospray deposition (ESD) methodology as the enzyme immobilization technique. Electrospray ionization (ESI) has been used for ambient soft-landing of laccase enzymes on a carbon substrate, employing sustainable chemistry. This study shows how the ESD technique can be successfully exploited for the fabrication of a new promising environment-friendly electrochemical amperometric laccase-based biosensor, with storage capability up to two months without any particular care and reuse performance up to 63 measurements on the same electrode just prepared and 20 measurements on the one-year-old electrode subjected to redeposition. The laccase-based biosensor has been tested for catechol detection in the linear range 2-100 μM, with a limit of detection of 1.7 μM, without interference from chrome, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc and without any memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tempesta
- CNR-Institute
of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (CNR-IGAG), Area della Ricerca Roma1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Plescia
- CNR-Institute
of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (CNR-IGAG), Area della Ricerca Roma1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Pietro Calandra
- CNR-Institute
for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN), Area della Ricerca Roma1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Nunzia Cicco
- CNR-Institute
of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Contrada Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Filomena Verrastro
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Contrada Santa Loja, Tito
Scalo 85050, Potenza, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Gullo
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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9
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Hao H, Leven I, Head-Gordon T. Can electric fields drive chemistry for an aqueous microdroplet? Nat Commun 2022; 13:280. [PMID: 35022410 PMCID: PMC8755715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction rates of common organic reactions have been reported to increase by one to six orders of magnitude in aqueous microdroplets compared to bulk solution, but the reasons for the rate acceleration are poorly understood. Using a coarse-grained electron model that describes structural organization and electron densities for water droplets without the expense of ab initio methods, we investigate the electric field distributions at the air-water interface to understand the origin of surface reactivity. We find that electric field alignments along free O-H bonds at the surface are ~16 MV/cm larger on average than that found for O-H bonds in the interior of the water droplet. Furthermore, electric field distributions can be an order of magnitude larger than the average due to non-linear coupling of intramolecular solvent polarization with intermolecular solvent modes which may contribute to even greater surface reactivity for weakening or breaking chemical bonds at the droplet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Itai Leven
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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10
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Ray Chowdhuri A, Spoorthi BK, Mondal B, Bose P, Bose S, Pradeep T. Ambient microdroplet annealing of nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6370-6377. [PMID: 34084436 PMCID: PMC8115297 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of polydisperse nanoparticles to their monodisperse analogues and formation of organized superstructures using them involve post synthetic modifications, and the process is generally slow. We show that ambient electrospray of preformed polydisperse nanoparticles makes them monodisperse and the product nanoparticles self-assemble spontaneously to form organized films, all within seconds. This phenomenon has been demonstrated with thiol-protected polydisperse silver nanoparticles of 15 ± 10 nm diameter. Uniform silver nanoparticles of 4.0 ± 0.5 nm diameter were formed after microdroplet spray, and this occurred without added chemicals, templates, and temperature, and within the time needed for electrospray, which was of the order of seconds. Well organized nanoparticle assemblies were obtained from such uniform particles. A home-made and simple nanoelectrospray set-up produced charged microdroplets for the generation of such nanostructures, forming cm2 areas of uniform nanoparticles. A free-standing thin film of monodisperse silver nanoparticles was also made on a liquid surface by controlling the electrospray conditions. This unique method may be extended for the creation of advanced materials of many kinds. Polydisperse silver nanoparticles were converted to a highly ordered assembly of nanoparticles by microdroplet-induced chemistry, under ambient conditions, within seconds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Ray Chowdhuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
| | - B K Spoorthi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Paulami Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Sandeep Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 India
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11
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Wei Z, Li Y, Cooks RG, Yan X. Accelerated Reaction Kinetics in Microdroplets: Overview and Recent Developments. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:31-51. [PMID: 32312193 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-121319-110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Various organic reactions, including important synthetic reactions involving C-C, C-N, and C-O bond formation as well as reactions of biomolecules, are accelerated when the reagents are present in sprayed or levitated microdroplets or in thin films. The reaction rates increase by orders of magnitude with decreasing droplet size or film thickness. The effect is associated with reactions at the solution-air interface. A key factor is partial solvation of the reagents at the interface, which reduces the critical energy for reaction. This phenomenon is of intrinsic interest and potentially of practical value as a simple, rapid method of performing small-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Yangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA;
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12
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Basuri P, Gonzalez LE, Morato NM, Pradeep T, Cooks RG. Accelerated microdroplet synthesis of benzimidazoles by nucleophilic addition to protonated carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12686-12694. [PMID: 34094463 PMCID: PMC8163001 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a metal-free novel route for the accelerated synthesis of benzimidazole and its derivatives in the ambient atmosphere. The synthetic procedure involves 1,2-aromatic diamines and alkyl or aryl carboxylic acids reacting in electrostatically charged microdroplets generated using a nano-electrospray (nESI) ion source. The reactions are accelerated by orders of magnitude in comparison to the bulk. No other acid, base or catalyst is used. Online analysis of the microdroplet accelerated reaction products is performed by mass spectrometry. We provide evidence for an acid catalyzed reaction mechanism based on identification of the intermediate arylamides. Their dehydration to give benzimidazoles occurs in a subsequent thermally enhanced step. It is suggested that the extraordinary acidity at the droplet surface allows the carboxylic acid to function as a C-centered electrophile. Comparisons of this methodology with data from thin film and bulk synthesis lead to the proposal of three key steps in the reaction: (i) formation of an unusual reagent (protonated carboxylic acid) because of the extraordinary conditions at the droplet interface, (ii) accelerated bimolecular reaction because of limited solvation at the interface and (iii) thermally assisted elimination of water. Eleven examples are shown as evidence of the scope of this chemistry. The accelerated synthesis has been scaled-up to establish the substituent-dependence and to isolate products for NMR characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - L Edwin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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13
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Sahota N, AbuSalim DI, Wang ML, Brown CJ, Zhang Z, El-Baba TJ, Cook SP, Clemmer DE. A microdroplet-accelerated Biginelli reaction: mechanisms and separation of isomers using IMS-MS. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4822-4827. [PMID: 31160956 PMCID: PMC6509997 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00704k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) combined with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques is used to examine the Biginelli reaction in an ensemble of ions generated from droplets. We find evidence for rapid dihydropyrimidinone formation from condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, benzaldehyde, and urea on the very short timescales associated with the electrospray process (∼10 μs to ∼1.0 ms). Control bulk-solution reactions show no product formation even after several days. This implies that the in-droplet reaction rate is enhanced by an astonishing factor. Examination of the reaction conditions and characterization of the intermediates en route to product shows evidence for variations in the reaction mechanism. IMS separation shows that the Knoevenagel condensation intermediate from benzaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate exists as both the cis- and trans-isomer, in a ∼5 to 1 ratio. We suggest that the dramatic acceleration arises because of increased reagent confinement as electrosprayed droplets shrink. The ability of IMS-MS to resolve intermediates (including isomers) provides a new means of understanding reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Sahota
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Melinda L Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Zhicaho Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
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14
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Zhang Y, Fang H, Zhang Y, Wen M, Wu D, Wu Q. Active cobalt induced high catalytic performances of cobalt ferrite nanobrushes for the reduction of p-nitrophenol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 535:499-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Sarkar D, Mondal B, Som A, Ravindran SJ, Jana SK, Manju CK, Pradeep T. Holey MoS 2 Nanosheets with Photocatalytic Metal Rich Edges by Ambient Electrospray Deposition for Solar Water Disinfection. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2018; 2:1800052. [PMID: 31565316 PMCID: PMC6607134 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new method for creating nanopores in single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets (NSs) by the electrospray deposition of silver ions on a water suspension of the former is introduced. Electrospray-deposited silver ions react with the MoS2 NSs at the liquid-air interface, resulting in Ag2S nanoparticles which enter the solution, leaving the NSs with holes of 3-5 nm diameter. Specific reaction with the S of MoS2 NSs leads to Mo-rich edges. Such Mo-rich defects are highly efficient for the generation of active oxygen species such as H2O2 under visible light which causes efficient disinfection of water. 105 times higher efficiency in disinfection for the holey MoS2 NSs in comparison to normal MoS2 NSs is shown. Experiments are performed with multiple bacterial strains and a virus strain, demonstrating the utility of the method for practical applications. A conceptual prototype is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depanjan Sarkar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Anirban Som
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Swathy Jakka Ravindran
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Sourav Kanti Jana
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - C. K. Manju
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
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16
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Zhang Q, Li X, Yi W, Li W, Bai H, Liu J, Xi G. Plasmonic MoO2 Nanospheres as a Highly Sensitive and Stable Non-Noble Metal Substrate for Multicomponent Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11765-11771. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhang
- Institute
of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinshi Li
- Institute
of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wencai Yi
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Li
- Institute
of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute
of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Liu
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Xi
- Institute
of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Fang H, Wang D, Yuan L, Wu X, Guo H, Chen H, Huang K, Feng S. Electric-field-induced assembly of Ag nanoparticles on a CuO nanowire using ambient electrospray ionization. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct electric-field-induced assembly of a hybrid nanostructure of charged Ag clusters on a CuO nanowire was carried out using ambient electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin City 132012
- P. R. China
| | - Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Hongping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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18
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Zheng F, Wang D, Fang H, Wang H, Wang M, Huang K, Chen H, Feng S. Controlled Crystallization of Sodium Chloride Nanocrystals in Microdroplets Produced by Electrospray from an Ultra-Dilute Solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Fang H, Huang K, Yuan L, Wu X, Wang D, Chen H, Feng S. The direct synthesis of Au nanocrystals in microdroplets using the spray-assisted method. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Without any surfactants or inorganic ligands, the Au nanocrystals with different morphologies have been synthesized using the spray-assisted method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Dianli University
- Jilin City 132012
- P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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